Search

Thermochromic phase change materials (TPCMs) are gaining increasing interest among scientists. These multifunctional materials can store thermal energy but also, at the same time, during the phase transition, they can change colour. Thermal conductivity is also extremely important for this type of material, which is why various additives are used for this purpose. This work aimed to study the properties of thermochromic phase change materials with an inorganic modifier. Stearic acid, behenyl alcohol, and bromocresol purple were used as thermochromic system components, while boron nitride particles were used as an additive. The key tests for such systems are thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), which allow determining the thermal stability of the materials (at around 170 °C) and phase transition parameters (thermal energy storage of 300 J/g in the range of 40–75 °C). The thermochromic properties were tested, and satisfactory results were obtained. In the end, laser flash analysis (LFA) tests indicated that boron nitride improves the thermal conductivity of the organic thermochromic phase change material by almost 30%. The results showed that the tested materials have great potential as thermochromic phase change materials for thermal energy storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of the research was to explain the differences between nominal and actual chemical compositions of silicate-phosphate glasses in the SiO2-P2O5-K2O-MgO-SO3 system. The actual compositions of the materials were determined with X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyses. Changes in the chemical composition were explained by examining the melting processes for selected glass batches with differential scanning calorimetry-thermogravimetry-related gas analysis by mass spectrometry (DSC-TG-EGA (MS)) and high-temperature X-ray diffraction (HT-XRD). It was found that changes in the chemical composition of the sulfur-bearing glasses were associated with the release of gaseous products. The main gases released during thermal decomposition of the selected glass batch were water vapor, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and ammonia. Since these glasses have potential for use as glassy fertilizers, there is no doubt that the present study is important from an environmental point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multicomponent cobalt phosphate–silicate glasses from P2O5–SiO2–K2O–MgO–CaO–Co2O3 system in which molar ratio of P2O5 to SiO2 is 41:6 and cobalt ions are gradually incorporated at the expense of magnesium and calcium ions were prepared via melt-quenched technique. The obtained amorphous solids were subjected to the thermal and spectroscopic studies and density measurements in order to gain information about the structure and physical properties. As DSC, XRD, FTIR and pycnometry techniques were applied, the glass transition temperature, specific heat change, crystallization temperature, density, molar volume, oxygen packing density and associated infrared spectra were collected for each glass. Then, the process of induced crystallization was performed on the selected glass samples. The related glass-crystalline materials were evaluated via XRD method. As a result, crystalline phases associated with crystallization temperature were identified. The alterations in determined parameters, stoichiometry of connected crystalline phases and features of infrared spectra allow to conclude the impact of cobalt ions on structure of analyzed glasses due to the direct dependence of structure, physical and thermal properties. The conducted research constitutes a basis for further analysis of cobalt phosphate–silicate glasses and makes a contribution to the knowledge concerning the phosphate glasses family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we investigate silicate-phosphate glasses from the SiO 2 –P 2 O 5 –K 2 O–MgO–SO 3 system enriched with various amounts of sulfur, as a nutrient indispensable for the proper development of plants, in order to gain a profound understanding of the structure of such materials. An inherent capability of glasses from the studied system to incorporate sulfate groups into the vitreous matrix was discussed on the basics of the results from XRF, XRD and internal Al 2 O 3 standard techniques. It has been found, that as much as 3 mol.% of SO 3 can be loaded into the glass batches to obtain fully amorphous material, while beyond this limit K 2 SO 4 crystallizes within the matrix. Comprehensive spectroscopic investigation, comprising Raman, Middle Infrared (MIR), 29Si and 31P MAS-NMR, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XANES and XAS) techniques, has been implemented in order to determine an impact of sulfur on silicate-phosphate glass framework. On this basics, it has been concluded, that sulfur exists in the vitreous matrix in the form of specific domains, in which [SO 4 ]2- anions are surrounded by the shell of charge-compensating K+ cations. Such sulfate groupings maintain their individuality without direct bonding to silico-oxygen or phospho-oxygen subnetwork. Spectroscopic results revealed also, that the presence of sulfur affects silico-oxygen subnetwork to a significantly greater extent than the phospho-oxygen one. It has been demonstrated, that along with SO 3 addition, the more polymerized Q S i 3 units increase in abundance at the expense of less polymerized Q S i 2 groups. Results of the present study are believed to contribute to a greater understanding of the nature of sulfur-bearing oxide glasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to analyze the structure of two groups of glasses: first sulfur-free from the SiO 2 -P 2 O 5 -K 2 O-MgO system and second sulfur-containing from the SiO 2 -P 2 O 5 -K 2 O-MgO-SO 3 system with various network formers content in the form of P 2 O 5 and SiO 2. The sulfur speciation in the sulfur-bearing glasses was also determined. The sulfur-containing glasses were obtained under reducing conditions. The bulk composition of the glasses was confirmed by X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy. The amorphous nature of the samples was verified using XRD analysis. The structure of the materials was studied with the 29Si and 31P MAS NMR and XAS spectroscopic techniques. It was found that the addition of sulfur increased the ability of glasses with higher amounts of P 2 O 5 to form. XAS spectra demonstrate that S-bearing glasses contain sulfur in the reduced form as S2-. The 31P and 29Si MAS NMR spectra did not detect P-S and Si-S linkages. • The sulfur increased the glass-forming ability of the silicate-phosphate glasses obtained under reducing conditions. • MAS NMR studies did not reveal connections between sulfur and phosphorus or sulfur and silicon in the S-bearing glasses. • Sulfur K-edge XANES studies indicated that sulfur occurs in a reduced form S2- in the structure of sulfur-bearing glasses. • Sulfur ions remove charge-balancing cations from the silicate and phosphate subnetwork of the glasses. • The closest neighbour of sulfur in the structure of the analyzed sulfur-bearing glasses is potassium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A glass set with a high content of blast-furnace slag and a reduced amount of traditional raw materials requires optimization of the raw material composition and adjustment of its specificity to the temperature regime of melting, homogenizing and clarifying the glass mass. The introduction of an increased amount of blast-furnace slag allows to reduce the cost of raw materials: soda, limestone and high-class sand, reduce energy costs, whose consumption significantly decreases and reduces CO2 emissions in line with EU requirements. The tests of thermal analysis of a glass set with different contents of Calumite are aimed at learning the mechanism of its operation by determining the changes caused by its different presence in the course of subsequent reactions between the components of the glass set. Analysis of the influence of the addition of different Calumite slag contents treated as a substitute for the raw material on the melting process of glassware sets was analyzed. The tests were carried out using differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetry (TG) based on the model glass [mass%]: 73.0% SiO2, 1.0% Al2O3, 10.0% CaO, 2.0% MgO and 14.0% Na2O. The effect of combining Calumite with sulphate and multi-component fining agent—mixtures of As2O3, Sb2O3, NaNO3 in proportions of 1:1:1 for chemical reaction and phase transformation, was investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyrolysis of ladder-like silsesquioxanes in oxygen-free atmosphere leads to the formation of silicon oxycarbides (black glasses). Black glasses are materials of amorphous silica structure where some amount of O ions were replaced by C ions. This exchange leads to local increase in bonds density and therefore improvement in mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties. Thanks to this modification, silicon oxycarbide glasses can be used in a variety of applications like: protective coatings and interconnectors in solid oxide fuel cells. Xerogels were prepared by sol-gel method, and ladder-like silsesquioxanes were used as precursors. Samples were burned at 200-1000 °C in inert atmosphere. Structural studies in the middle infrared range (MIR) and SEM with EDX confirmed the presence of SiOC bonds in obtained materials. MIR analysis of solid samples together with TG/dTG measurements allowed defining the process for the formation of black glasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spectra of phosphate-silicate glasses from the P 2 O 5 –SiO 2 –K 2 O–MgO–CaO system modified with the addition of CuO or ZnO have been studied by means of FTIR, Raman and 31 P MAS NMR spectroscopy. All glasses were synthesized by the conventional melt-quenching technique and their homogeneous chemical composition was controlled and confirmed. By using the aforementioned research techniques, the presence of structural units with various degrees of polymerization was shown in the structure of analyzed phosphate-silicate glasses: Q 3 , Q 2 , Q 1 and Q 0 . It was found that an increase in the content of CuO or ZnO in the composition of analyzed glasses, which are introduced at the expense of decreasing amounts of CaO and MgO, has a different influence on the phospho-oxygen network. It was shown that copper ions cause its gradual polymerization, while zinc ions cause its depolymerization. At the same time, polymerization of the silico-oxygen subnetwork was found. Additionally, in the case of glasses containing increasing amounts of ZnO, a change of the role of zinc ions in the vitreous matrix was confirmed (from the modifier to a structure-forming component). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multicomponent glasses from the SiO 2 -P 2 O 5 -K 2 O-CaO-MgO-ZnO system acting as slow release fertilizers were synthesized by the melt-quenching technique. The influence of ZnO addition on the structure of the glasses was examined by spectroscopic (FTIR, Raman, 31 P and 29 Si MAS NMR), DSC, and XRD techniques. The presence of Q 4 , Q 3 , Q 2 and Q 1 silicate units and Q 0 and Q 1 phosphate units was found in the tested glasses. It was shown that role of zinc in the structure of such glasses changes depending on its quantity form the modifier of the silicate-phosphate network to the structure forming component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal properties of glasses from the PO-SiO-KO-MgO-CaO system modified by MnO addition was studied by DSC, XRD and FTIR methods. It has been found that the replacement of MgO and CaO modifiers by MnO in the structural network of phosphate glasses results in decrease in the glass transition temperature ( T) and thermal stability parameter (Δ T). The identified crystallization products proved to be diversified, including different type of polyphosphates and silicates. It was determined that the type of the crystallizing phosphate phases is consistent with the classification of phosphate glasses, based on the O/P ratio. During the crystallization in higher temperature ranges and with the content of MnO over 25 mol%, a change of crystallization products was noted, including the transition of the diopside type silicate (CaMgSiO) into the akermanite type silicate (CaMgSiO). Simultaneously, the nature of transitions taking place during heating of the analyzed glasses was explained on the basis of crystallochemical factors (strengths of bonds) and chemical affinity of the glass components (Δ G of formation). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of modifications of the clay rocks containing smectite on their thermal expansion have been studied at the example of the claystones from Dylągówka (Dynów Foothills, south-eastern Poland). Hot-stage microscopy was employed combining a dedicated procedure of digital image analysis. The chemical modification of three rock types from the Dylągówka deposit included the treating with an addition of NaCO, activation with a HSO solution, and firing at 560 °C. X-ray diffraction and thermal analyses (DTA, TG) helped determine the impact of the modification processes on the structural changes in smectite, the major component of the rocks in question. The investigations into thermal expansion have shown that the clay rock varieties poor in CaO can be acid-activated with a significant improvement their expansion in comparison with such an ability of natural rock equivalents. It is a result of introducing silica into the melt that forms on heating the natural clay rock at high temperatures due to its presence of alkalis (NaO and KO). The silica, in turn, comes from the protonated silica gel generated due to the acid treatment of smectite-bearing rocks. The liquid phase (the melt) with a high viscosity may form a cover on the surface of granules of the product being fired and prevents the expulsion of gases into the ambience. An addition of NaCO is favourable as it considerably lowers the firing temperature of the expanded product, both in the case of clay raw materials poor and rich in CaO. The acid activation of the latter variety (CaO-rich) is less effective because of the reaction of acid (HSO used by the authors) with calcite; the mineral is decomposed, and at least part of the acid does not activate a clay material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a tally of the results of thermal analysis TG/DTG/DSC of selected fuels (hard coal, agro biomass and forest biomass), waste (coal sludge, fly ash), quartz sand with the organic material, and recyclate of polyamide PA6. The materials differ in composition and calorific values. The aim of the study was a complex comparative analysis of the tested materials inthe scope of potential use of coal fuels, biomass and coal waste to create polymer composites, as well as thermal co-utilization of polymer waste, and energy recovery from plastic waste. The thermal analysis permits to illustrate the change of a sample mass and to obtain information at what temperature ranges these changes occur. It also enables to notice whether any changes related to heat absorption or release take place in the tested substance, as well as identify exothermic and endothermic effects during thermal process. The authors stated that the changes of values on the DSC, TG and DTG curves of the tested materials during the thermal process result mainly from their primary composition. The analyzed quartz sand with organic substance, and fly ash, show the lowest exothermic effects in the air atmosphere, in contrast to other tested materials, due to low carbon content and volatiles matter. Among the considered fuels: hard coal, coal sludge, biomass, coal has the highest carbon content and calorific value, which is reflected in the maximum DSC values. • The polyamide is distinguished from the tested materials by high calorific value. • The endothermic peak at 219.9 °C is responsible for melting of polyamide. • The tested materials show specificity of behavior in high temperature conditions. • It is important to recognize of possibility creating different polymer composites. • The properties of polymer waste make it possible to energy recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glasses have been synthesized in the system P 2 O 5 SiO 2 K 2 O MgO CaO modified by addition of MoO 3 . Glasses were prepared by conventional fusion method from 40 g batches. The influence of Mo-cations on the analysed glass structure was investigated by means of Raman and 31 P MAS-NMR techniques. It has been found that molybdate units can form Mo[MoO 4 /MoO 6 ] O P and/or Mo[MoO 4 /MoO 6 ] O Si bonds with non-bridging oxygens atoms of Q 2 methaphosphate units, resulting in the transformation of chain methaphosphate structure into pyrophosphate and finally into orthophosphate structure. It has been also found that increasing amount of MoO 3 in the structure of investigated glasses causes their gradual depolymerization and molybdenum ions in the analysed glass matrix act as modifying cations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infrared spectroscopy and density are advantageous tools for the investigations of glasses and they have been used to obtain information concerning the local structure of phosphate–silicate glasses from P 2 O 5 –SiO 2 –K 2 O–MgO–CaO system modified with the addition of MoO 3 . It has been found that MoO 3 plays the network modifier role in the studied glasses which follows from the gradual breakage of oxygen bridges, i.e. P–O–P, Si–O–Si and/or Si–O–P, and the following formation of connections such as Mo[MoO 4 ]–O–Si and/or Mo[MoO 4 ]–O–P. In summary, it is concluded that the increase of MoO 3 content in the structure of glasses of P 2 O 5 –SiO 2 –K 2 O–MgO–CaO system results in weakening of the structure, resulting in their frameworks depolymerisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The DSC, XRD and 31 P MAS NMR methods were applied to study the interactions between the transition elements (Zn, Cu, Mn, Mo) and structural components of glasses from the P 2 O 5 K 2 O CaO MgO TE (Zn/Cu/Mn/Mo) system. In order to determine the structure of domains being the result of interactions in transition elements containing silicate–phosphate glasses, the course of thermally induced crystallization of glasses was considered. To explain the different local chemical affinity of the studied transition elements to the P O TE bridging bonds formation, the crystallochemical analysis based on the ionicity of the chemical bonds was used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Glasses from the SiO2 P2O5 K2O CaO MgO MoO3 system were prepared and analysed. [•] Glasses were characterised by spectroscopic methods. [•] The introduction of MoO3 into the glass structure results in framework depolymerisation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] Glasses from the SiO2 P2O5 K2O CaO MgO MnO2 system were prepared and analyzed. [•] Glasses were characterized by spectroscopic methods. [•] The relation between the structure and chemical activity of glasses was found. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Aim of the study was analysis of two groups of glasses: silicate-phosphate (41 mol.% SiO-6 mol.% PO) and with inverse phosphate-silicate matrix (41 mol.% PO-6 mol.% SiO) modified by the addition of molybdenum ions. Their effect on glass forming ability, glass transition effect, crystallization process, and kind of crystallizing phases was examined using such methods as DSC, XRD, and SEM. It was found that the solubility limit of MoO in silicate-phosphate glasses is 4.4 < [MoO] < 5.7 mol.%, whereas in phosphate-silicate glasses MoO is fully dissolved. It was found that in the case of both matrixes addition of molybdenum ions decreases the glass transition temperature ( T), as well as the value of specific heat change (∆ c) accompanying the glass transformation. The presence of molybdenum caused reduced the thermal stability of the studied glasses and a multi-step crystallization of silicate-phosphate glasses. It was found that the crystallizing phases were silicates and phosphates in both groups of glasses. Only in the case of silicate-phosphate glasses containing MoO in an amount ≥3.3 mol.% one of the crystallization product was powellite (CaMoO). The nature of transitions taking place during heating of the analyzed glasses was in accordance with crystallochemical factors (strengths of bonds) and chemical affinity of the glass components (∆ G formation). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicate-phosphate glasses of SiO-PO-KO-MgO-CaO system containing manganese cations were investigated to obtain information about the influence of manganese ions on the thermal behavior of such glasses. Amorphous state of glasses and the course of phase transformation and crystallization taking place during their heating were investigated by DSC, XRD, and FTIR methods. It was shown that an increasing content of manganese replacing calcium and magnesium in the structure of analyzed glasses causes decrease of glass transition temperature ( T) and heat capacity change (Δ c) accompanying the glass transformation. Simultaneously, thermal stability of the glasses increased. Products of multistage crystallization of glasses containing up to 8 mol% of MnO were: marokite (CaMnO), phosphate of CaMgK(PO) type, and diopside (CaMgSiO). Product of crystallization of glasses containing higher amount of manganese was braunite (MnOSiO). This was accompanied by change of structure of magnesium calcium silicates from diopside-type structure to akermanite-type silicates (CaMgSiO). The data interpretation was based on bonds and chemical interactions of the individual components forming the glass structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal behaviour and structure of glasses from the SiO–PO–KO–MgO–CaO system modified by FeO addition were studied by DSC, XRD and FTIR methods. It has been found that the replacement of MgO and CaO modifiers by FeO in the structural network of silicate–phosphate glass results in decrease of the glass transition temperature ( T) and heat capacity change (Δ C) accompanying the glass transformation. Simultaneously, the ability for crystallization, its course and the type of the forming phases depend on the relative proportions between iron and phosphorus as components forming the silicate–phosphate structure. The type of the crystal phases forming in the course of heating the considered glass has been found to be in agreement with the character of the domains occurring in this glass, confirmed by FTIR examinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immobilization of lead contamination in soils by precipitation of non-assimilable for plants Pb-phosphate was considered. Glassy fertilizer of controlled release rate of the nutrients for plants as a source of phosphate anions was applied. Thermal analysis methods (TG/DTG/DTA) were used for the identification of components of Pb-precipitate, which being in statu nascendi have nonstoichiometric composition and disordered crystallographic structure difficult to identify by XRD method. Application of TA methods permits to demonstrate the negative role of Pb complexing citric acid solution simulating the natural soil conditions, which inhibits the Pb-phosphate of pyromorphite type formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glasses of the SiO2–P2O5–K2O–MgO–CaO–B2O3 system acting as nutrients carriers in the soil environment were synthesised by the melt-quenching technique. Thermal properties were studied using DTA/DSC methods and the influence of B2O3 and P2O5 content on thermal stability and crystallization process of these glasses was examined. The structure of the glass network was characterized by FTIR, 31P, and 11B MAS NMR. The chemical activity of the glasses in the 2 mass% citric acid solution was measured by the ICP-AES method. The analysis indicated that the formation of P–O–B units with chemically stable tetrahedral borate groups decreases the glass solubility in conditions simulating the soil environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glasses and devitrificates from the SiO2–B2O3–P2O5–K2O–CaO–MgO system with constant contents of SiO2 and P2O5 network formers, modified by the addition of B2O3, were analyzed. All materials were synthesized by the traditional melt-quenching technique. The glass stability (GS) parameters (Krg, ∆T, KW, KH) were determined. The effect of the addition of B2O3 on the GS, liquation phenomenon, crystallization process, and the type of crystallizing phases were examined using SEM-EDS, DSC, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy imaging methods. It was observed that the addition of B2O3 increased the tendency of the glass to crystallize. Both phosphates (e.g., Ca9MgK(PO4)7, Mg3Ca3(PO4)4), and silicates (e.g., K2Mg5(Si12O30), CaMg(Si2O6), MgSiO3) crystallized in the studied system. The Raman spectrum for the orthophosphate Mg3Ca3(PO4)4 stanfieldite type was obtained. Boron ions were introduced into the structures of crystalline compounds at high crystallization temperatures. The type of crystallizing phases was found to be related to the phenomenon of liquation, and the order of their occurrence was dependent on the Gibbs free enthalpy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure of silicate-phosphate glass containing the different amounts of phosphorus, magnesium and calcium cations, acting as macroelements was examined by FTIR, XRD and thermal (DTA/DSC) methods. It has been found that in the structure of silicate-phosphate glass modified by an addition of Mg2+ and Ca2+ there are formed domains characterized by certain degree of ordering of the units present in their composition, while the structure of the newly formed domains is similar to the structure of the crystal compounds formed during crystallization of these glasses. The changing character of domains structure may be the reason of different chemical activity of glass acting as glassy fertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of the work is the characterization of lightweight aggregates intended for construction using the example of silica-clay raw material from south-eastern Poland (Dylągówka-Zapady deposit). The primary objective of the research is to assess the possibility of managing the accumulated organic waste, including cellulose pulp. This storage is problematic for processing plants and local government bodies and incurs high costs annually. Therefore, based on the patent (Kukułka et al. Method of producing raw meal, dried clay granules, and fired clay granules and the production line of raw meal, dried clay granules, and baked clay granules. Patent RP no P.429284.), an attempt was made to confirm the assumptions of the technology of fired clay granules, which can be used for zootechnical, agricultural, and construction purposes. The presented work assessed the physicochemical transformations in the clay-silica raw material after adding a significant amount of cellulose waste (10%, 20%, and 30%) in the temperature range of 25–1300 °C were assessed. Thermal methods such as thermodilatometry, Hot-Stage Microscopy with image analysis (IA-HSM) and thermal DSC/TG analysis with gas analysis were used for this purpose. Based on the first method, a temperature range was established in which sintering occurs without an apparent effect of densification. Therefore, the range of 850–950 °C was used to obtain fired granules, which were tested as a material for lightweight aggregates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incorporation of sulfate anions in a suitable host matrix has proven to be a challenging task for glass technologists around the world. Therefore, the present work reports on the solubility and retention of sulfate species, as an invaluable macronutrient for plants, in a multicomponent silicate-phosphate glasses from the SiO2–P2O5–K2O–MgO–CaO–XSO3 system. Glasses containing target [SO4]2− concentrations 0–5 mol.% were synthesized via high-temperature melt-quenching technique, the last stage of which constituted fritting the acquired melt in water. It was observed that this synthesis route broadened the glass-forming range of materials from the studied system, the sulfate capacity of which was determined to be ∼ 2 mol.%. At higher [SO4]2− concentrations, additional sulfur was retained in glasses as crystalline inclusions of sulfate salt. An in-depth insight into the materials' structure revealed that sulfate species exist in the vitreous matrix as units not bonded to either the silico-oxygen or phosphor-oxygen subnetworks, and their addition leads to a gradual increase in the polymerization degree of the former, and to the opposite effect as regards the latter. Thermal analysis of the tested glasses supported the structural studies and demonstrated that the addition of sulfur initially reduces materials' glass stability, leading to its increase after SO3 content reaches 1 mol.%. It was also shown that [SO4]2− species affect local environments of Si and Mg atoms indirectly, inducing changes in the medium-range structure beyond their first coordination spheres presumably involving the rearrangement of potassium cations within the vitreous matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood characterized by desired mechanical properties and wood joining material is essential for creating wooden structures. The polymer adhesives are suitable for such applications due to the possibility of energy dissipation from stresses generated by wooden structures and the elimination of thermal bridging, which are common problems in metal joining materials. This research focuses on the thermophysical properties of the laboratory-prepared flexible and rigid polyurethanes to select an appropriate polymer adhesive. Our results showed that the highest thermal stability was in the case of the new PSTF-S adhesive, which reached 230 °C, but the lowest mass loss in the air environment was around 54% for the PS material. The mean thermal expansion coefficient for F&R PU adhesives was 124–164∙10−6 K−1. The thermal diffusivity of examined adhesives varied between 0.100 and 0.180 mm2s−1. The thermal conductivity, depending on the type of polyurethane, was in the 0.13–0.29 W∙m−1∙K−1 range. The relative decrease in thermal diffusivity after heating the adhesives to 150 °C was from 2% for materials with the lowest diffusivity to 23% for the PU with the highest value of heat transfer. It was found that such data can be used to simulate wooden construction joints in future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The topic of waste incineration/co-incineration is critical, given the increasingly stringent regulations on environmental aspects. The widespread use of polymeric materials generates significant waste, posing an ecological problem. Current regulations mandate a reduction in the landfilling of plastic waste, which should be replaced by recycling, with the possibility of exploiting the energy potential due to its high calorific value. The electricity generation in Poland is mainly based on coal, so using polymers as alternative fuels is an important research issue. The research results presented in this paper make it possible to compare the properties of selected waste plastics and coal and their behavior during thermal processes, considering the quality of the gases released. Based on the thermal analyses, a FuzzyTherm model was introduced based on one of the fuzzy logic methods, one of the main artificial intelligence modeling approaches. The model predicts the temperatures corresponding to endothermic and exothermic reactions. The model achieved good accuracy. The maximum relative error between measured and calculated data is lower than 11%. These aspects constitute an innovative element of this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron phosphate glasses are materials that can have many applications like durable matrixes in waste immobilization techniques, biomaterials, optoelectronic devices, etc. Their possible usage is related to their glass network and thermal properties. The influence of Na2O content on thermal properties and crystallization ability of iron phosphate glass of base composition 30 Fe2O3–70 P2O5 mol% were studied. Increasing the content of Na2O causes a decrease in transformation temperature and increase in ΔCp. Characteristic temperatures, thermal stability and crystallizing phases were determined. Increasing content of sodium causes depolarization of iron phosphate glass network which causes a continuous change in ΔCp and glass transformation temperature. Discontinuous change in some glass properties suggests structure rebuilding about 30 mol% of Na2O. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analysis of DSC/TG/DTG thermal studies for PA6 polyamide, coal fuels and polyamide composites with these materials. The test results are aimed at comparing the thermal effects and behavior of these materials under high temperature conditions and are the basics to know of the creation and use of polymer composites with various coal fillers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fabrication and photophysical characterization of polymeric fiber preforms, obtained from a polymerization process of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) doped with terbium(III)-tris-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate) (Tb(tmhd) 3) at 1.12–1.13 mmol concentration and co-doped with europium(III)-tris-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate) (Eu(tmhd) 3) at different concentrations, is reported. The preforms show a variation in photoluminescent emission due to energy transfer from Tb3+ to Eu3+ embedded in PMMA matrix. FTIR and FTR spectroscopy measurements indicate that lanthanide complexes are not chemically bonded to the polymeric matrix, however, the successful interaction between them, enables the formation of a composite with excellent multicolor photoluminescent properties. Moreover, thermal resistance of PMMA doped with the Ln(tmhd) 3 complexes improves (∼100 °C). The best thermal properties were obtained for a 1.12 and 2.62 mmol concentration of Tb3 and Eu3+ complex in PMMA respectively. Image 1 • Fabrication and characterization of PMMA fiber preforms co-doped by Tb(tmhd)3 and Eu(tmhd)3. • Successful transfer energy from Tb3+ to Eu3+ complex, obtaining colorful emission. • Thermal properties of Ln complexes improved when they are incorporated in the polymeric matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The synthesis of tialite was carried out by means of the solid state reaction technique using heterogeneous nucleation. The influence of the temperature of synthesis and simultaneous sintering (1250–1350 °C) on the yield of reaction and densification of the systems was investigated. Reference samples, consisting of stoichiometric mixture of titanium and aluminium oxides as well as the samples containing such additives as MgO, SiO 2 and MgTi 2 O 5 were prepared. Applying the DSC analysis the synthesis temperatures of systems differing in the substrate composition were determined. The phase composition of synthesis products was determined by means of XRD analysis combined with Rietveld's method. The density of the obtained materials was determined by the Archimedes method. SEM observations enabled microstructures and homogeneity of sinters to be compared. On the basis of the conducted research it was found that using oxide additives containing magnesium cations allows the synthesis efficiency exceeding 95% as early as at the temperature of characterized by a homogeneous microstructure with a lower number and a smaller size of microcracks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the research was to determine the influence of GdO addition on the thermal stability of glasses from BaF-NaF-NaO-GdO-AlO-SiO system. Thermal analysis was carried out using DSC method. An impact of GdO on thermal parameters such as transformation temperature ( T ), onset temperature of crystallization ( T ), peak crystallization temperature ( T ), change of specific heat (Δ C ) and enthalpy of crystallization (Δ H) was determined. On the basis of thermal analysis, controlled crystallization was conducted. The glass-ceramic materials were identified by XRD. Crystallization kinetics of the glasses was made on the basis of two models: Kissinger and Ozawa. Changes of the glass structure were evaluated in FTIR study. It was determined that the addition of GdO to the aluminosilicate glass increases the transformation temperature, simultaneously with reducing the Δ c and thermal stability Δ T values. It results in the decrease of Δ H. As shown, Gd significantly increases the crystallization activation energy of NaAlSiO. Complete substitution of AlO with GdO leads to forming of Gd(SiO)O. Forming of Na-silicates is not observed. Because of the participation of Gd in forming of fluoride phases (BaGdF, GdF), crystallization of Gd(SiO)O is impeded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study provides a deep insight into the implications of sulphate addition on glass forming properties of materials from the SiO2–P2O5–K2O–MgO/CaO/MgOCaO systems, by combining: preliminary investigation of as-synthesized materials (XRD, XRF, SEM–EDS), detailed characteristics of their thermal behaviour (DSC), estimation of various glass-stability parameters, in-depth analysis of the course of crystallization and an identification of the crystallized products (XRD, Raman imaging technique). Performed investigations revealed that obtaining amorphous materials is only possible in the system containing MgO as a alkaline earth glass modifier, whereas melts of other tested compositions display high tendency to crystallize during cooling. Thermal investigation showed that the influence of SO3 addition on thermal properties of studied materials strongly depends on their composition, but generally such additive increased values of glass transformation temperature and decreased vitreous state transformation range and onset of the crystallization process, compared to the base samples, which is a signal of decrease in thermal stability. Examination of devitrificates revealed the character and distribution of domains present in the structure of studied materials. It was showed that irrespective of composition of the base glass, it is K2SO4 that precipitates once the sulphate capacity of glass is exceeded and exists in the studied materials as groupings either distributed in the voids of silicate phase, or surrounding the remnants of the gas bubbles embodied within the glass body. The results demonstrated in the present study provide guiding suggestions for development of SO3-containing silicate–phosphate glasses intended especially for applications where release of bioactive ions is sought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many attempts are made worldwide to create cheap, efficient, and eco-friendly water desalination systems. Passive solar stills (SS) are considered to be such. This paper presents the results of the experimental and theoretical investigation of the effects of using phase-change materials (PCM) on the performance of SS. The experiments were conducted for two paraffin waxes, as PCM and 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0 kg of PCM were used. The results of the experimental studies were used to validate a mathematical model, which was based on the energy balance ordinary differential equations. The equations were solved numerically since the approximate solutions obtained numerically are sufficient and relatively simple as compared to the exact analytical solutions. A theoretical analysis was then carried out and a novel and detailed dependence on the water evaporation rate as a function of water temperature and the difference between water and cover temperature was determined. It was also found that the productivity of the SS with PCM strongly depends on the operating conditions. For uniform initial temperatures of the SS, its productivity decreases with an increasing PCM-to-water mass ratio, and the maximum decrease is 10.8%. If the SS is not thermally insulated, the PCM can take the role of a thermal insulator and increase productivity by 1.1%, but there is an optimal PCM-to-water mass ratio. The greatest increase in productivity, by up to 47.1%, can be obtained when the PCM is heated outside the SS and inserted into the SS when the water temperature starts to decrease. In this case, the productivity increases with the increasing PCM-to-water mass ratio. These outcomes fill a knowledge gap caused by a lack of justification for why in some cases, the application of PCM fails to improve the productivity of SS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents results of in-plane shear tests carried out at the ZAG laboratory in Ljubljana (Slovenia) on a RC frame with masonry infill made of clay blocks (KEBE OrthoBlock). The frame was loaded with constant vertical loads at the top of the columns and then by gradually increasing horizontal cyclic loads at the top beam level. Acquired forces and measured displacements allowed capturing hysteretic behavior for determination of dissipation energy. In addition, two Digital Image Correlation (DIC) systems, Aramis and the CivEng Vision, were used to visualize the behavior of the tested specimens, with an emphasis on computing locally required information about the behavior of highly deformable interfaces. Three types of specimens were tested in-plane: the reference specimen in form of plain RC frame, the reference specimen with constructed masonry infill without any strengthening and the specimen, previously damaged and then strengthened on both sides using glass mesh bonded to the infill and the RC frame using flexible adhesive made of polyurethane matrix (Glass Fiber Reinforced PolyUrethane - GFRPU system). The strengthening process, allowed the specimen to withstand additional cyclic loads, reaching a maximum drift of 3.6 % without serious damage disqualifying the structure from further exploitation. The GFRPU strengthening system was found to be highly effective in preventing infill collapse of damaged masonry infill wall during in-plane loading. Additionally, the results of extended thermal analysis of PU are presented as polymers are, in general, a material, poorly resistant to heat. However, the analyzed PU manifested stable properties up to 200 degrees Celsius, which makes this material promising in civil engineering applications at elevated temperatures. • In-plane push-over cyclic tests of RC frame strengthened by flexible GFRPU system. • Maximum frame drift of the value 3.6 %, without serious damage. • GFRPU strengthening system was very effective and resistant to out-of-plane forces. • FRPU matrices made of PU are resistant to elevated temperatures. • Local large deformations of GFRPU system identified by DIC measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure and properties of the glass can be modified by introducing appropriate additives. Dolomite is one of the primary raw materials modifying the properties of glass, in which the essential component is calcium-magnesium double carbonate CaCO3∙MgCO3. The paper presents the research results on glasses obtained by smelting pure amphibolite and amphibolite modified with 10 and 20% dolomite additives. The raw material used was mined in the Poland region of Lower Silesia. The glass melting process was carried out in an electric furnace at 1450 °C for 2 h. The structure and properties of the glasses and crystallization products were determined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy—Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Viscosity and Vickers microhardness were also measured. It was found that the modification of amphibolite glass by adding dolomite affects the glasses' properties and structure. The research results determined the effect of dolomite addition on the properties of alumino-silicate glasses in terms of the mineral fibre products used in the construction industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glass transformation effect of mixed SiO-PO-KO-MgO-CaO-CuO glasses was studied by DSC, XRD, SEM, and Raman spectroscopy methods. The relationship between the parameters characterizing glass transformation effect and an amount of phosphorous and copper forming the glassy structure was discussed. It was shown that an increasing content of phosphorous increased solubility of copper in the structure of the studied glasses which was the result of P-O-Cu bonds formation. Degree of changes of T, ∆ c, and time of relaxation values were higher in glasses with higher content of PO and CuO. The observed relations were explained on the basis of the local atomic interactions in the structure of glass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The DSC, XRD, FTIR, and P MAS-NMR methods were applied to study complex crystallization processes occurring during the thermal treatment of multicomponent SiO-PO-KO-CaO-MgO glasses modified by the addition of variable amount of copper. The crystallization temperatures were found to decrease with the increasing copper content. The products of multistage crystallization identified by XRD and characterized by FTIR and NMR are the CaKMg(PO) and CaCu(PO) phosphates of whitlockite-type, and the CaMgSiO and CuMgSiO silicates of diopside type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Silico-phosphate glasses of XCaPO4–SiO2 (X=Na+ and/or K+) system have been the subject of the presented investigations. One of the most important problems is to ensure proper biomaterial mechanical resistance. This can be achieved by introduction of proper additions, usually Al3+, into glass structure or/and partial glass devitrification. To design direct crystallization process properly it is necessary to know the texture and structure of the glassy precursor. Microscopic investigations have made it possible to find out that in all the glasses studied liquation takes place. A small addition of Al3+ influences homogeneity of the glass texture. It has been established (EDX investigations) that addition of aluminium dramatically changes the composition of the matrix and inclusions. Spectroscopic investigations (FTIR, NMR) have shown that both, the matrix and the inclusions exhibit domain composition whose structure is close to that of the corresponding crystalline phases. Domains can be considered as the specific ‘‘crystallization nuclei’’ which have a decisive impact on the process of directed glass crystallization. Based on DTA examinations it has been found out that crystallization of the glasses from XCaPO4–SiO2 system is a multistep process while the crystallization of glasses from XCaPO4–SiO2–AlPO4 system is a one step process. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The development of civilization is associated with generating an increasing amount of various types of waste. More and more restrictive legal regulations require limiting their storage, which thermal methods should replace. Thermal recycling of plastic waste also enables the use of their energy potential. In this article, the authors presented basic research results comparing the combustion process course of selected plastic waste with coal waste, agro and forest biomass. For this purpose, thermal analysis methods were used to determine temperatures at which the maximum heat generation and emission of selected gases occurs during waste combustion. The proximate and ultimate analysis, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis, and mercury content analysis made it possible to determine the composition of considered waste. The model using fuzzy logic methods was developed to predict the maximum values of generation heat from the tested materials at temperatures. The authors assumed the following research hypotheses: 1) the calorific value and composition of the materials are reflected in the maximum values of heat generated and pollutant emissions, and 2) the developed fuzzy logic-based model allows the prediction of maximum values generated heat from the tested waste, during the analyzed thermal processes. The results of thermal analysis for the considered waste with the given composition, as well as the results of predicting the behaviour of these materials in thermal conditions, constitute the innovation of this article. • Thermal curves reflect the initial materials' composition. • EGA curves identify released gases. • The model predict the thermal process course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, there is a growing interest in the development of multi-colored materials based on the combination of two or more systems (organic or inorganic) as a strategy to take advantage of their combined physical or chemical properties. These multi-colored materials have found potential applications as sensors, amplifiers, and optical fibers. In this work, the physical characteristics of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) doped with Terbium(III)-tris-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate) (Tb(tmhd) 3) at 1.57–1.58 mmol and Rhodamine B (RhB) at different concentrations were analyzed. The emission obtained from these samples (multichromophoric samples) varied as function of RhB concentration due to an efficient energy transfer process (33–65%). The role of PMMA as inert matrix that assists in the recombination process was confirmed by FTIR and Raman spectra analysis. Moreover, an improvement in thermal resistance of the materials was observed due to the presence of the dopants during the polymerization process. Unlabelled Image • Fabrication and characterization of PMMA co-doped with Tb(tmhd)3 and RhB for luminescent optical application. • Multichromophoric samples to an efficient energy transfer from Tb3+ complex to RhB. • PMMA works like an inert matrix which helps during recombination process. • Thermal properties of PMMA were modified when photoluminescent materials added. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron phosphate-silicate glasses from P2O5–SiO2–K2O–MgO–CaO–Fe2O3 system were subjected to the thermal and spectroscopic studies in order to gain information about their structure and thermal behavior in the range of glass transition effect. Research includes results obtained via DSC, MIR and DRIFT spectroscopy. Designated values of glass transition temperature and specific heat change slightly increases with Fe2O3 incorporation. Spectra collected during thermal treatment of glasses containing 2 and 30 mol% Fe2O3 exhibited various changes. Fe2O3 addition affected the glass structure by its reinforcement and led to its preservation during thermal treatment. The connection between density, molar volume, oxygen packing density and the chemical composition's alteration were also established because of the direct dependence of physical properties and the structure. Obtained results supported thermal and spectroscopic studies. Conducted research is considered as a contribution to the knowledge about the family of iron phosphate glasses, which are known from their interesting properties and widely used applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Novel method of mephedrone detoxication or supervised withdrawal is proposed. • Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are used as an efficient propranolol delivery systems. • Molecular modeling describe the propranolol sorption mechanism. • In vivo experiments confirm low cytotoxicity of MOFs on Danio rerio model. In this study, we describe the innovative use of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) as propranolol (PRO) carriers for mephedrone (4-MMC) overdose treatment or supervised withdrawal. The group of model Zr-based MOFs including UiO-66, UiO-67, MOF-808, and NU-1000, and PRO@MOF composites were synthesised and characterised. The PRO release was tested in water and simulated body fluid (SBF) environments. The prepared PRO@MOF differed in the amount and pore sizes, as well as in the surface properties, which affected the kinetics of PRO release. The inhibitory effect of SBF resulted in a more gradual, and controlled PRO release from PRO@MOF composites, further confirming the feasibility of this type of solution in real applications. The sorption mechanism in prepared PRO@MOF composites was studied by molecular dynamics (MD) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The molecular calculations (ring orientation, partial charges and bond orders) confirmed π–π stacking as the main contribution to the interaction between the electronic structures of PRO molecule and MOFs linker. The in vivo studies demonstrated the lack of cytotoxicity of MOFs and composites, and pre-evidence confirmed the effectiveness of using PRO-loaded MOFs as drug carriers in a 4-MMC overdose. The study provides a new potential detoxification system for addicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glass transformation effect of liquation glasses from the SiO2–B2O3–P2O5–K2O–MgO–CaO system was studied by DSC, SEM–EDS and 31P, 29Si and 11B MAS NMR spectroscopy methods. The relation between the B2O3 content in the analysed glasses and phase separation phenomenon, structure and glass transition effects was discussed. It was shown that increasing content of B2O3 causes the formation of P–O–BIII, P–O–BIV and Si–O–BIII and Si–O–BIV bonds which results in the appearance of liquation in analysed glasses. Simultaneously, double glass transition effect was observed with gradual decrease of Tg and Ea values. The observed relations were explained using crystalochemical parameters (iG, L) of chemical bonds present in the structure of analysed glasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assessment of impact of incorporation of various amount of Fe2O3 at the expense of MgO and CaO on the glassy phase formation and thermal stability exhibited in P2O5–SiO2–K2O–MgO–CaO–Fe2O3 system was carried out. The characteristic temperatures for iron phosphate–silicate glasses and glass-crystalline materials were designated from associated DSC curves. Selected samples were subjected to the process of induced crystallization, and products combined with particular exothermic effects were identified. Combination of DSC, XRD and SEM–EDS methods enabled to collect invaluable data concerning the course of crystallization of not only iron phosphate–silicate glasses subjected to the process of induced crystallization, but also glass-crystalline materials obtained directly through melt-quenched technique. The amount of particular crystalline products associated with selected devitrificates was determined via Rietveld technique. Results of the conducted study indicated that Fe2O3 addition conduces to the decrease in crystallization temperatures and thermal stability which was reflected in calculated values of ΔT and KW parameters. Concomitantly, glass with 20 mol% iron (III) oxide addition exhibited significantly improved, distinctive thermal stability among the materials in the analyzed series. The connection of crystalline phases with gradual alterations in polymerization degree of glass matrix was also established. The performed study is a contribution to the knowledge of iron phosphate glasses family and associated glass-crystalline materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glass, in its various forms, represents one of the largest single outlet for boron products. Boron is a powerful glass component and also confers high chemical resistance for glasses in general. As a component it works by reducing melting point, viscosity, thermal expansion coefficient, and increasing transparency and brightness, and even heat resistance of the glass. Almost every time the use of boron improves fluxing capabilities of a batch, reduces glass batch melting temperature and also reduces the tendency of glass to crystallization. These specific properties arise from a structural role played by boron in the glass structure. Boron is a network former and is fully integrated to the glass structure in the form of different structural units, in which its coordination can be either three-fold and/or four-fold. Its role and influence on the glass structure is well known. It mainly concerns borosilicate and borophosphate glass, which contains two types of network formers i.e. SiO 2 and P 2 O 5 . Due to the lack of literature data about glass additionally containing B 2 O 3 in its composition, the structural features of boron in silicate-borate-phosphate glass are reviewed. The different boron-containing units and spectroscopic techniques (X-ray method, Raman and FTIR spectroscopy) used to identify them are described. Glasses from a SiO 2 P 2 O 5 K 2 O CaO MgO system modified by B 2 O 3 addition were analysed. Using spectroscopic methods it was found that the analysed glass samples contained triangular and tetrahedral boron groups along with Si O and P O vibrations. The structural studies indicate the coexistence of BO 3 and BO 4 structural groups but only in the case of higher content of B 2 O 3 in the glass chemical composition (above 12 mol%). The existence of Si O Si, P O P and B O Si vibrations was also confirmed. In summary, it is concluded that the increasing content of B 2 O 3 in the structure of glass from SiO 2 B 2 O 3 P 2 O 5 K 2 O MgO CaO system results in gradual increase of degree of silicate-borate-phosphate framework polymerization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper analyzes the impact of incorporation of various amounts of Fe 2 O 3 into phosphate-silicate glasses. Amorphous solids in the P 2 O 5 SiO 2 K 2 O MgO CaO system with constant molar ratio of P 2 O 5 and SiO 2 as 41: 6 and 0÷30 mol.% iron oxide addition were successfully obtained. Fe 2 O 3 was incorporated at the expense of CaO and MgO. Materials were subjected to Raman and Mössbauer studies in order to analyze their structure. Transformation between glasses with low Fe 2 O 3 addition and samples containing more than 4 mol.% iron ions was reflected on Raman and Mössbauer spectra. Diverse valent states and coordination of iron ions manifested themselves in results of Mössbauer study. The role of iron ions as network modifiers and formers was also implied. The performed study constitutes an invaluable basis for further analysis of the obtained materials, whereas the provided methods can be applied for many challenging projects, hence making them a scientific novelty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work is to describe the changes in the properties of ceramifiable silicone rubber-based composites caused by the incorporation of novel alternative minerals in comparison to other popular, widely utilized fillers. TiO2, calcined kaolin and calcium-based minerals mix (CbMix) consisting of CaO (6.26 wt%), CaCO3 (26.18 wt%) and Ca(OH)2 (67.56 wt%) have not been considered as a dispersed phase of ceramifiable silicone composites destined for wire covers yet. Mineral fillers: TiO2 (anatase), mica (phlogopite), CbMix, CaCO3, Al(OH)3, kaolin and calcined kaolin affect the processing and the various properties of silicone rubber-based composites destined for wire covers differently. The properties—flammability, smoke intensity, micromorphology and mechanical durability after ceramification—are assessed by measuring: the kinetics of vulcanization, stress at different levels of elongation, tensile strength and the elongation at break of the materials. Although the curing process of the composites is disturbed by the addition of CbMix, it benefits from an increase in oxygen index value, which reaches 31.4%. What is more, also its flammability parameters measured by cone calorimetry improve, such as the total heat released (THR) reaching 9.3 MJ/m2. Samples containing kaolin and calcined kaolin exhibit the best mechanical properties before ceramification, whereas composites filled with calcium-based powders (CbMix, CaCO3) mechanically display the strongest mineral char after heat treatment, possibly due to a more homogenous micromorphology and the creation of calcium silicates at elevated temperature. Significant amounts of wollastonite, parawollastonite and pseudowollastonite are visible in their structure after ceramification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optical temperature sensing properties of a low-phonon fluoroindate glass co-doped with different trivalent lanthanide ions (IFG:Ln3+/Yb3+, Ln = Er, Tm, and Tm-Ho) were assessed using the fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) technique. The temperature-dependent upconverted luminescence was carried out in the temperature range between 300 and 583 K using the thermally-coupled energy levels, non-thermally coupled levels, and their additional combinations. The highest relative sensitivity was obtained in the IFG:Tm3+/Yb3+ sample at 355 K (1.4% K−1), from 3F 2 , 3H 4 → 3H 6 FIR evaluation, while the maximum absolute sensitivity was found in the IFG:Ho3+/Yb3+ system at 583 K (0.020 K−1), from Tm(1G 4 →3H 6 +3H 4 →3H 6)-Ho(3F 4 →5I 7) FIR assessment. Furthermore, the chromaticity diagram (CIE) evidenced an important change of color when the temperature increased in IFG:Er3+/Yb3+ sample, because this showed an evident transition from green to yellowish. Also, the heating effect caused by 980 nm excitation is negligible in most of the samples. Additionally, their amorphous nature was confirmed by X-ray diffraction and their thermal stability was evaluated using differential thermal analysis resulting in a great glass thermal stability up to 583 ± 2 K. Therefore, IFG:RE3+/Yb3+ glass systems are considered as excellent candidate for temperature sensing. [Display omitted] • The temperature induces changes in the emission color of Er3+, Tm3+, and Ho3+ ions. • The fluoroindate glass matrix promoted thermal excitation between energy levels. • Thermal excitation favors some negligible radiative transitions. • The assessment of non-TCLs overcomes energy gap limitations and enhances sensitivity. • The FIR repeatability indicates good viability in optical temperature applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]