Search

Background: In recent years, lactose-free infant formulas have been increasingly used. Digestible maltodextrins are commonly used as a substitute for lactose in these formulas, but the effects on energy metabolism are unknown.Objective: We aimed to evaluate the differences in energy metabolism and substrate oxidation in piglets fed milk replacers containing lactose compared with maltodextrin as the only source of carbohydrates.Methods: Piglets (Tempo × Topigs 20) from 8 litters were fed milk replacers containing lactose or maltodextrin (28% w/w, milk powder basis) from 1 to 9 wk of age (n =  4 litters/milk replacer). At 5 wk of age, 4 females and 4 entire males (mean ± SEM bodyweight, 10 ± 0.3 kg) were selected per litter, and housed in 16 groups of 4 littermates, with 2 females and 2 males per pen (n = 8 groups/milk replacer). Between 7 and 9 wk of age, groups were housed for 72 h in climate respiration chambers, and fed their experimental milk replacer in 2 meals per day, at 08:30 and 16:30. Heat production data were calculated from the continuous measurement of gaseous exchanges and analyzed using general linear models in SAS.Results: Resting metabolic rate was 6% less in maltodextrin- than in lactose-fed piglets, notably before the morning meal. The postprandial respiratory quotient was 13% greater in maltodextrin- than in lactose-fed piglets after both meals. Net rates of carbohydrate oxidation were on average 5% greater in maltodextrin- than in lactose-fed piglets, particularly after the afternoon meal, whereas net rates of fat oxidation were 9% less in maltodextrin- than in lactose-fed piglets, particularly after the morning meal.Conclusions: Compared with lactose, maltodextrin in milk replacers reduced resting metabolic rate in the fasting state, and induced a shift in postprandial substrate oxidation profiles in pigs. Further research is warranted to evaluate the consequences of these metabolic changes for body composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dietary calcium and phosphorus are required for bone and muscle development. Deficiencies of these macrominerals reduce bone mineral and muscle accretion potentially via alterations of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) and satellite cell (SC) activities.Objectives: With increasing interest in the role of early-life events on lifetime health outcomes, we aimed to elucidate the impact of dietary calcium and phosphorus, from deficiency through excess, on MSC and SC characteristics during neonatal development.Methods: Neonatal pigs [30 females, 1-d-old, 1.46 ± 0.04 kg body weight (BW)] were fed milk replacers for 16 d that were isonitrogenous and isocaloric with a consistent ratio of calcium to phosphorus, but either 25% deficient (calcium: 0.78%; phosphorus: 0.60%; CaPD), adequate (calcium: 1.08%; phosphorus: 0.84%; CaPA), or 25% in excess (calcium: 1.38%; phosphorus: 1.08%; CaPE) of calcium and phosphorus requirements based on sow-milk composition and extrapolation from NRC requirements for older pigs. BW and feed intake were recorded daily. Blood was collected for serum phosphorus, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) determination. Humeri were collected for MSC isolation and radii/ulnae bone were collected for analysis. Longissimus dorsi muscle was collected for SC isolation and analysis.Results: There was 4.6% increase in bone ash percentage in CaPE- versus CaPD-fed pigs (P < 0.05). In vivo proliferation indicated a 41.3% increase in MSCs in CaPA compared with CaPD and a 19% increase in SCs in CaPA compared with both CaPE and CaPD. MSCs from CaPD had 2- to 5-fold greater expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4), and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) but lower osteocalcin (BGLAP) and fibronectin (FN1) expression than CaPA (P < 0.05). SCs from CaPD-fed pigs had 19% lower in vivo proliferation than in CaPA-fed pigs.Conclusions: These findings demonstrated that feeding a diet marginally deficient in calcium and phosphorus to neonatal pigs had a great impact on bone development, MSC, and SC characteristics. These dietary deficiencies may program future bone health and muscle development by altering MSC and SC activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Commercially available junctional tourniquets (JTQs) have several drawbacks. We developed a low-cost, compact, easy to apply JTQ. The aim of this study was to assess the tourniquets' safety and efficacy in a swine model of controlled hemorrhage.Materials and Methods: Five pigs were subjected to controlled bleeding of 35% of their blood volume. Subsequently, the JTQ was applied to the inguinal area for 180 minutes. Afterwards, the tourniquet was removed for additional 60 minutes of follow up. During the study, blood flow to both hind limbs and blood samples for tissue damage markers were repeatedly assessed. Following sacrifice, injury to both inguinal areas was evaluated microscopically and macroscopically.Results: Angiography demonstrated complete occlusion of femoral artery flow, which was restored following removal of the tourniquet. No gross signs of tissue damage were noticed. Histological analysis revealed mild necrosis and infiltration of inflammatory cells. Blood tests showed a mild increase in potassium and lactic acid levels throughout the protocol.Conclusions: The tourniquet achieved effective arterial occlusion with minimal tissue damage, similar to reports of other JTQs. Subjected to further human trials, the tourniquet might be a suitable candidate for widespread frontline deployment because of its versatility, compactness, and affordable design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Rapid aeromedical evacuation (AE) is standard of care in current conflicts. However, not much is known about possible effects of hypobaric conditions. We investigated possible effects of hypobaria on organ damage in a swine model of acute lung injury.Methods: Lung injury was induced in anesthetized swine via intravenous oleic acid infusion. After a stabilization phase, animals were subjected to a 4 hour simulated AE at 8000 feet (HYPO). Control animals were kept at normobaria. After euthanasia and necropsy, organ damage was assessed by combined scores for hemorrhage, inflammation, edema, necrosis, and microatelectasis.Results: Hemodynamic, neurological, or hematologic measurements were similar prior to transport. Hemodynamic instability became apparent during the last 2 hours of transport in the HYPO group. Histological injury scores in the HYPO group were higher for all organs (lung, kidney, liver, pancreas, and adrenal glands) except the brain, with the largest difference in the lungs (P < 0.001).Conclusions: Swine with mild acute lung injury subjected to a 4 hour simulated AE showed more injury to most organs and, in particular, to the lungs compared with ground transport. This may exacerbate otherwise subclinical pathology and, eventually, manifest as abnormalities in gas exchange or possibly end-organ function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Hemorrhage control is the top priority in far-forward care. Preclinical studies are essential for determining safety and efficacy before novel therapeutics can be tested in humans. Unfortunately, poor methodological quality jeopardizes translational potential.Methods: We systematically reviewed 136 recent publications describing swine models of hemostasis and hemorrhage reduction to assess compliance with established standards for scientific reporting. Quality measures were summarized by descriptive statistics; randomization was assessed by using baseline group differences to test the uniform distribution assumption for observed P-values.Results: Most articles did not report information essential to assess study validity and reliability of experimental results. Studies claiming random allocation showed clear evidence of systematic bias. Sample sizes were small, but nearly all studies reported statistically significant effects in the direction of "benefit." Excessive hypothesis testing increased the risk of false positives.Conclusions: Methodological quality was poor. Although funding agencies actively promote good scientific practice, investigators have been slow to comply. Poorly executed and reported animal research is an ethical and translational issue, wasting animals and potentially harming patients. To properly assess the therapeutic benefit of novel interventions, investigators must rely less on rote hypothesis testing, develop skills in experimental design and quantitative analysis, and comply with best-practice reporting guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient management of swine production systems requires understanding of complex reproductive physiological mechanisms. Our objective in this study was to investigate potential causal biological relationships between reproductive performance traits in high-producing gilts and sows. Data originated from a nutrition experiment and consisted of 200 sows and 440 gilts arranged in body weight blocks and randomly assigned to dietary treatments during late gestation at a commercial swine farm. Reproductive performance traits consisted of weight gain during late gestation, total number born and number born alive in a litter, born alive average birth weight, wean-to-estrous interval, and total litter size born in the subsequent farrowing. Structural equation models combined with the inductive causation algorithm, both adapted to a hierarchical Bayesian framework, were employed to search for, estimate, and infer upon causal links between the traits within each parity group. Results indicated potentially distinct reproductive networks for gilts and for sows. Sows showed sparse connectivity between reproductive traits, whereas the network learned for gilts was densely interconnected, suggesting closely linked physiological mechanisms in younger females, with a potential for ripple effects throughout their productive lifecycle in response to early implementation of tailored managerial interventions. Cross-validation analyses indicated substantial network stability both for the general structure and for individual links, though results about directionality of such links were unstable in this study and will need further investigation. An assessment of relative statistical power in sows and gilts indicated that the observed network discrepancies may be partially explained on a biological basis. In summary, our results suggest distinctly heterogeneous mechanistic networks of reproductive physiology for gilts and sows, consistent with physiological differences between the groups. These findings have potential practical implications for integrated understanding and differential management of gilts and sows to enhance efficiency of swine production systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotion expression plays a crucial role for regulating social interactions. One efficient channel for emotion communication is the vocal-auditory channel, which enables a fast transmission of information. Filter-related parameters (formants) have been suggested as a key to the vocal differentiation of emotional valence (positive versus negative) across species, but variation in relation to emotions has rarely been investigated. Here, whether pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) closed-mouth grunts differ in source- and filter-related features when produced in situations assumed to be positive and negative is investigated. Behavioral and physiological parameters were used to validate the animals' emotional state (both in terms of valence and arousal, i.e., bodily activation). Results revealed that grunts produced in a positive situation were characterized by higher formants, a narrower range of the third formant, a shorter duration, a lower fundamental frequency, and a lower harmonicity compared to negative grunts. Particularly, formant-related parameters and duration made up most of the difference between positive and negative grunts. Therefore, these parameters have the potential to encode dynamic information and to vary as a function of the emotional valence of the emitter in pigs, and possibly in other mammals as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The study was carried to determine the interaction effects of pen enrichment and sex on behavioral activities, skin lesions and physiology of Windsnyer pigs. Methods: Forty-eight growing Windsnyer pigs of both sex, with an average initial body weight of 21.6 (±9.01) kg were used. Four pigs were randomly assigned to either enriched or barren pens at a stocking density of 0.35 m2/pig. Enriched pens contained 2 L bottles filled with stones and suspended at head level on ropes stretching across the pens. In addition, two plastic balls (90 mm in diameter) and 500 mL bottles (235 mm long) were placed on the floor of each enriched pen. Results: Pigs in barren environments had higher heart rates (p<0.001) than those in enriched pens. There was an interaction of pen environment and sex on rectal temperature (p<0.001). Females in enriched pens had higher rectal temperatures (p<0.05) than females in barren pens. There was no interaction of pen environment and sex on time spent eating and drinking (p>0.05). Time spent bullying was influenced (p<0.05) by pen environment and sex. Female pigs in barren environment spent more time on bullying than females in enriched pens. There was an interaction of pen environment and sex on time spent lying down and walking (p<0.05). Female pigs in enriched pens spent more time lying down than females in barren pens. Males in barren pens spent more time walking than males in enriched pens while no effect of pen environment was observed in females. There was an interaction of pen environment and sex on the number of skin lesions in the head, neck and shoulder region and other parts of the body (p<0.05). Conclusion: It was concluded that pen enrichment reduced the number of skin lesions and anti-social behaviors, especially for female pigs. There is a need, therefore of housing indigenous pigs under confinement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to measure the effects of orally administered glutamate (Glu) on suckling piglet (SP) intestinal morphology and volatile fatty acids (VFA). Forty‐eight newborn piglets with similar initial weights (1.55 ± 0.20 kg) were selected from six sows (eight piglets/sow) and randomly assigned into four groups. There was daily administration of the following: 0.18 g/kg body weight (BW) of sodium chloride (CN group); 0.06 g/kg BW monosodium glutamate (LMG group); 0.50 g/kg BW monosodium glutamate (MMG group); and 1.00 g/kg BW monosodium glutamate (HMG group). Four piglets (one/group) were randomly selected from each sow for tissue sampling at days 7 and 21. MMG group jejunal villus height and crypt depth significantly increased (p < 0.05) compared to the CN group as of days 7 and 21. HMG group jejunal villus height and crypt depth reduced (p < 0.05) compared to the MMG group. LMG group jejunum goblet cell count was greater (p < 0.05) than that of the MMG or HMG groups. MMG and HMG group ileal villus height was greater (p < 0.05) than either CN or LMG groups as of day 7. HMG ileal crypt depth decreased (p < 0.05) compared to LMG and MMG groups. The MMG group had greater (p < 0.05) acetic acid, isobutyric acid, butyric acid and pentanoic acid contents in their caecum than the other groups as of day 21. It also had greater acetic acid, propanoic acid, isobutyric acid, butyric acid and isopentanoic acid contents in the colon than the other groups on day 21. No significant VFA content differences in the caecum or the colon were observed among groups on day 7. These results indicated that oral administration with monosodium glutamate (MSG) at 0.50 g/kg BW/day improved SP intestinal morphology and increased caecal and colonal VFA contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The search for substitutes for antibiotics has recently become urgent. In our previous work, dietary α‐ketoglutarate (AKG) combined with allicin improved growth performance and enhanced immunity in growing pigs, whereas the effects on them of intestinal microbiota were unclear. Here, we further investigate the effects of dietary AKG and allicin supplementation on the composition and diversity of intestinal microbiota in growing pigs. RESULTS: Treatment with a combination of AKG and allicin enhanced cecal bacteria richness and diversity, as evidenced by changes in Chao 1, ACE, Shannon, and Simpson values when compared to the control group and antibiotics group. At the phylum level, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were the two most abundant phyla. Treatment with a combination of AKG and allicin increased the numbers of Firmicutes and reduced the numbers of Bacteroidetes. Prevotella was the most abundant genus; it was increased by treatment with a combination of AKG and allicin. Furthermore, compared with the antibiotic group, the level of acetate was increased in the AKG group with or without allicin. Treatment with a combination of AKG and allicin increased the levels of cecal butyrate and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) when compared with the control group in growing pigs. CONCLUSION: Dietary 1.0% AKG combined with 0.5% allicin improved cecal microbial composition and diversity, which might further promote VFA metabolism in growing pigs. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of duration of energy delivery on adverse events (AEs) and heat sink effects during high power microwave ablation (MWA) of normal swine lung. Materials and methods: High power (100 W) MWA was performed with short (2 min, 18 ablations) or long (10 min, nine ablations) duration of energy delivery in unilateral lung of swine (n = 10). CT imaging was done prior to sacrifice at 2 or 28 d post-treatment, with additional imaging at 7 and 14 d for the latter cohort. Ablation zones were assessed with CT imaging and histopathology analysis. Differences in AEs and ablation characteristics between groups were compared with Fisher’s exact test and Student’s t-test, respectively. Results: There were no significant differences in formation of air-filled needle tract, cavitation, and pneumonia (p > 0.5) between the treatment groups. Intra-procedural pneumothorax requiring chest tube placement occurred in three animals. Substantial (>20%, p = 0.01) intra-procedural ablation zone distortion was observed in both groups. The presence of large airways or blood vessels did not result in heat sink effect within the ablation zones and was not indicative of reduced ablation size. Increased energy delivery yielded larger (8.9 ± 3.1 cm3 vs. 3.4 ± 1.7 cm3, p < 0.001) spherical ablations (sphericity: 0.70 ± 0.10 vs. 0.56 ± 0.13, p = 0.01). Conclusions: High power MWA of normal lung with longer duration of energy delivery can create larger spherical ablations, without significant differences in post-procedure AEs when compared with shorter energy delivery time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS) has been recommended by the FAO for the evaluation of protein quality in human foods, but the application of DIAAS is currently limited because of a lack of published data on the true ileal amino acid (AA) digestibility of AAs in foods. The importance of DIAAS is highlighted. To calculate DIAAS, it is necessary to determine the true ileal AA digestibility of human foods using the growing pig as an animal model for the human based on previous FAO recommendations. A method is described in detail in Supplemental Methods to determine the true ileal AA digestibility of foods for humans using the pig as a model for the adult human. Adoption of the method will enable consistency in the development of databases on predicted true ileal AA digestibility in human foods for the calculation of DIAAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Low-birth-weight (LBW) neonates are susceptible to intestinal dysfunction. Furthermore, the antioxidant capacity of LBW neonates is significantly lower compared with that of normal-birth-weight (NBW) neonates both at birth and at weaning. In LBW neonates, dietary supplementation with arginine has shown beneficial effects on intestinal function.Objective: The present study explored the potential mechanisms of arginine-induced protective effects against intestinal dysfunction in LBW piglets.Methods: Forty 4-d-old LBW piglets [body weight (BW): 1.05 ± 0.04 kg] (Large White × Landrace) were assigned to 4 treatments and artificially fed a whole-milk powder- and whey protein concentrate-based diet (containing 0.65% arginine) either not supplemented with arginine (LBWC) or supplemented with 0.5%, 1.0%, or 1.5% l-arginine for 21 d. In addition, 10 NBW siblings (BW: 1.96 ± 0.03 kg) were selected and fed the basal diet. Growth performance, intestinal morphology, mRNA expression of tight junction protein, redox-sensitive genes and nitric oxide (NO) synthase, cytokines, and redox indexes were determined. Data were subjected to 1-factor ANOVA.Results: LBW piglets exhibited poorer growth performance (29.9%), lower Claudin1 mRNA level (63.6%), lower antioxidant capacity (22.9 ∼ 24.3%), and higher jejunum interleukin 1 (IL-1) concentration (18.8%) compared with NBW piglets. Dietary supplementation with 0.5% and 1.0% l-arginine significantly enhanced daily BW gain of LBW piglets by 13.6% and 18.2%, respectively. Compared with LBWC, dietary supplementation with 1.0% l-arginine increased the serum insulin concentration (32.2%) and villus height in the jejunum (12.2%) and ileum (20.5%). In the jejunum, the mRNA levels for Claudin1 (105%) and glutathione peroxidase (36%) were higher, and the concentrations of IL-1 (31.7%) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) (30%) were lower in arginine-treated piglets than in the LBWC group. However, NO synthase activity and NO concentration in the jejunum of LBW piglets were not influenced by l-arginine supplementation.Conclusion: The results suggested that supplementation with 1.0% l-arginine not only promoted growth performance and improved intestinal functions in LBW piglets but also improved intestinal barrier functions and enhanced antioxidant capacity by an NO-independent pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Actinidin, a cysteine protease in kiwifruit (KF), increases both the gastric digestion and gastric-emptying rate of beef muscle protein.Objective: This study aimed to determine the relation between the rate of digested nitrogen entering the small intestine (SI; a function of the extent of gastric digestion and gastric-emptying rate) and the disappearance of amino acids (AAs) in different parts of the SI at set times postfeeding.Methods: Male 9-wk-old pigs (n = 90; mean ± SD body weight: 28 ± 2.9 kg) were fed a diet containing 14% beef for 3 d. The beef-based diet was supplemented with green KF pulp (containing actinidin), gold KF pulp supplemented with actinidin, or gold KF pulp alone (no actinidin). The KF or actinidin amounts corresponded to the intake of 2 KFs/human meal. On day 3, pigs were killed at 0.5, 1, 3, 5, and 7 h postprandially. Stomach chyme was analyzed to determine the rate of digested nitrogen entering the SI. Apparent AA digestibility at set times was determined in the proximal, medial, and distal SI. Polynomial and correlation analyses were conducted.Results: The rate of digested nitrogen entering the SI was higher (P < 0.001) with actinidin (e.g., >44% at 5 h postprandially). Actinidin also increased the apparent AA digestibility at the proximal and medial SI (P ≤ 0.05) at set times (e.g., 42% and 15% greater for arginine, respectively), but not in general for the distal SI (P > 0.05). At the proximal SI, apparent AA digestibility was correlated more strongly with the digested nitrogen entering the SI (r = 0.73, P < 0.001; n = 57) than with gastric emptying (r = 0.64, P < 0.001) or gastric protein digestion (r = 0.57, P < 0.001). Similar trends were observed for the medial SI.Conclusion: The rate of digested nitrogen entering the SI is an accurate predictor of the rate of AA digestibility and the location of AA absorption in the pig SI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • From 2000, Korean CSFV changed from genotype 3 to 2 (subgenotypes 2.1b and 2.1d). • Subgenotype 2.1d(prevalent in Korea) was detected in wild boar and breeding pigs. • The mean substitution rate for circulating Korean CSFVs is 2.2114(×10−3 s/s/y). Abstract The 5′ UTR (n=102) and full-length E2 (n=37) genes of classical swine fever viruses (CSFVs) circulating in South Korea over the past 30 years (1987–2017) were examined to determine the evolutionary rate and estimated time of the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA). From 2000, the Korean classical swine fever (CSF) antigen changed from genotype 3 to 2, which comprises subgenotypes 2.1b (2002–2013) and 2.1d (2011–2017). There are genotypic variations in the full-length E2 gene of Korean CSFV genotypes 2.1b and 2.1d (seven separate amino acid substitutions); these are useful distinguishing markers. The mean substitution rate (×103 substitutions/site/year) for Korean CSFV was estimated to be 2.2088 (95% highest posterior density (HPD): lower, 1.7045; upper, 2.7574) and the mean tMRCA was estimated to be 1901 (95% HPD: lower, 1865; upper, 1933). The effective population size of Korean CSFV genotype 2 increased rapidly from 2002 to 2003, after which it remained constant. The occurrence of CSF in Korea is expected to decline in the future; however, it will likely be more prevalent in wild boar than in domestic pigs. Thus, there is a risk of transmission from wild boar to breeding pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L-Glutamate (Glu) has traditionally not been considered as a nutrient needed in diets for humans and other animals (including swine) due to the unsubstantiated assumption that animals can synthesize sufficient amounts of Glu to meet their needs. The lack of knowledge about Glu nutrition has contributed to suboptimal efficiency of global livestock production. Over the past 25 years, there has been growing interest in Glu metabolism in the pig, which is an agriculturally important species and also a useful model for studying human biology. Because of analytical advances in its analysis, Glu is now known to be a highly abundant free amino acid in milk and intracellular fluid, a major constituent of food and tissue proteins, and a key regulator of gene expression, cell signaling, and anti-oxidative reactions. Emerging evidence shows that dietary supplementation with 2% Glu maintains gut health and prevents intestinal dysfunction in weanling piglets, while enhancing their growth performance and survival. In addition, the inclusion of 2% Glu is required for dietary arginine to maximize the growth performance and feed efficiency in growing pigs, whereas dietary supplementation with 2% Glu reduces the loss of skeletal muscle mass in endotoxin-challenged pigs. Furthermore, supplementing 2% Glu to a corn- and soybean-meal-based diet promotes milk production by lactating sows. Thus, an adequate amount of dietary Glu as a quantitatively major nutrient is necessary to support maximum growth, development, and production performance of swine. These results also have important implications for improving the nutrition and health of humans and other animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the immunoexpression of Ki‐67 protein, androgen receptor (AR), and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) in testicular tissues of male pigs immunocastrated using GnRH vaccine (Improvac™, Zoetis Co., Ltd., Thailand) with different times. Totally, 30 male pigs were classified by castration protocol into three groups: T1 (n = 10) consisted of pigs immunocastrated at 14 and 18 weeks of age, T2 (n = 10) included pigs immunocastrated at 9 and 19 weeks of age, and C (n = 10) contained intact pigs. The results revealed that testicular length of pigs in C was longer than that of both T1 (8.1 ± 0.76 vs 6.5 ± 0.5 cm, p < 0.001) and T2 (8.1 ± 0.76 vs 6.9 ± 1.0, p = 0.007). Spearman correlation coefficients showed negative correlation between testicular length and H‐score of AR (r = −0.38, p = 0.037), as well as positive correlation between testicular length and Ki‐67 index (r = 0.602, p < 0.001). Generally, mean Ki‐67 index and mean H‐scores of AR and ERβ of pigs in T1 were not different from those in T2 (p > 0.05). However, mean Ki‐67 index and mean AR H‐scores of T1 and T2 were significantly different from C group (p < 0.05). In summary, the immunocastration significantly affected testicular length, including expressions of Ki‐67, AR, and ERβ in pig testes. Moreover, the duration between two shots of GnRH vaccine could be extended from 4 to 10 weeks without difference in Ki‐67 protein, AR, and ERβ immunoexpressions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contents: In the past 30 years, sows have been successfully selected for a shorter weaning‐to‐oestrus interval and increased litter size. This review discusses the consequences of this selection for the reproductive physiology of sows, including the consequences for litter characteristics at birth. It also discusses breeding and management opportunities to deal with this changed genetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Abstract Being advertised and distributed as attractive substitutes of cannabis, synthetic cannabinoids (SC) are gaining increasing relevance in forensic and clinical toxicology. As no data from controlled human studies are available, SC are sold and consumed without the knowledge of their toxicokinetic (TK) and toxicodynamic properties. Hence, animal models coupled with mathematical approaches should be used to ascertain those properties. Therefore, a controlled pig TK study allowing for extrapolation to human data was performed. For this purpose, eleven pigs received a single pulmonary dose of 200 µg/kg body weight each of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 4-ethylnaphthalene-1-yl-(1-pentylindole-3-yl)methanone (JWH-210) as well as 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-(1-pentyl-indole-3-yl)methanone (RCS-4) via an ultrasonic nebulizer. Blood and urine samples were repeatedly drawn over 8 h. Serum-concentration-time profiles of the parent compounds were determined using LC-MS/MS. Urine specimens were analyzed by LC-HR-MS/MS in order to elucidate the main metabolites. Maximum serum concentrations were reached 10–15 min after beginning of nebulization and amounted to 66 ± 36 ng/mL for THC, 41 ± 11 ng/mL for JWH-210, and 34 ± 8.9 ng/mL for RCS-4. The serum-concentration-time profiles of THC, JWH-210, and RCS-4 were best described by three-compartment models with first order absorption and elimination processes. Absorption from the lungs to serum was modeled by first-order processes. The determination of the bioavailability yielded 23.0%, 24.2%, and 45.7% for THC, JWH-210, and RCS-4, respectively. Furthermore, the developed THC model was upscaled to humans using allometric scaling techniques. A successful prediction of human concentration-time profiles could be done. Also the metabolic patterns were in good agreement with human data. In conclusion, these findings are the first reported regarding the TK properties of SC after pulmonary administration to pigs. The presented method of TK serves as an appropriate predictor of human TK of cannabinoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lowering the CP level in piglet diets reduces the risk of postweaning diarrhea and N excretion to the environment. The question remains at what point CP becomes limiting. An experiment was designed with 2 standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys levels (10 and 11 g) and 6 CP levels (140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190 g/kg) in a 2 × 6 factorial design (with 6 pens of 6 animals each per treatment). Linear and quadratic (QP) mixed models of performance in function of CP were fitted to study the effect of SID Lys and CP and their interaction. To determine optima, QP models and broken line models with linear (BLL) or quadratic (BLQ) ascending portions were fitted through the data. It was hypothesized 1) that the response to a decreasing digestible CP level could be described with broken line models and 2) that the break point of these models is dependent on the dietary SID Lys level. Decreasing the CP level decreased ADG (P < 0.001). For G:F, the effect of decreasing CP level depended on the SID Lys level (P of the interaction = 0.028 in the linear model and P = 0.002 in the QP model). According to the BLL model, with 11 g SID Lys in the diet, G:F started to decline with CP levels < 176 g CP [SID Lys:CP = 0.062, SID Lys:apparent total tract digestible (ATTD) CP = 0.077], and with 10 g SID Lys, CP levels < 165 g/kg (SID Lys:CP = 0.061, SID Lys:ATTD CP = 0.075) depressed performance. Serum creatinine levels showed a linear decrease with increasing SID Lys:CP levels (P < 0.001). Across both SID Lys levels, when fitting a BLL model, minimal serum urea levels were reached at an SID Lys:CP ratio of 0.064. This seems to be the point where CP and not Lys limits muscle deposition. The small difference in break point between serum urea level and performance suggests that the composition of nonessential AA may also be at stake. The effect of decreasing CP level depends on SID Lys, and using a maximal SID Lys:CP ratio may be useful for optimizing the AA profile of dietary CP. When the SID Lys:CP ratio exceeds 0.064 (SID Lys:ATTD CP > 0.079), protein and not individual AA limits growth in most piglets between 4 and 9 wk of age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feet and legs of replacement females were objectively evaluated at selection, i.e., approximately 150 d of age (n = 319) and post first parity, i.e., any time after weaning of first litter and before second parturition (n = 277) to 1) compare feet and leg joint angle ranges between selection and post first parity; 2) identify feet and leg joint angle differences between selection and first 3 wk of second gestation; 3) identify feet and leg joint angle differences between farms and gestation days during second gestation; and 4) obtain genetic variance components for conformation angles for the two time points measured. Angles for carpal joint (knee), metacarpophalangeal joint (front pastern), metatarsophalangeal joint (rear pastern), tarsal joint (hock), and rear stance were measured using image analysis software. Between selection and post first parity, significant differences were observed for all joints measured (P < 0.05). Knee, front and rear pastern angles were less (more flexion), and hock angles were greater (less flexion) as age progressed (P < 0.05), while the rear stance pattern was less (feet further under center) at selection than post first parity (only including measures during first 3 wk of second gestation). Only using post first parity leg conformation information, farm was a significant source of variation for front and rear pasterns and rear stance angle measurements (P < 0.05). Knee angle was less (more flexion; P < 0.05) as gestation age progressed. Heritability estimates were low to moderate (0.04-0.35) for all traits measured across time points. Genetic correlations between the same joints at different time points were high (>0.8) between the front leg joints and low (<0.2) between the rear leg joints. High genetic correlations between time points indicate that the trait can be considered the same at either time point, and low genetic correlations indicate that the trait at different time points should be considered as two separate traits. Minimal change in the front leg suggests conformation traits that remain between selection and post first parity, while larger changes in rear leg indicate that rear leg conformation traits should be evaluated at multiple time periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to increasing concerns about the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in livestock production and their complete ban in the European Union in 2006, suitable alternatives are urgently needed. Among others, anti-inflammatory activities of AGP are discussed as their putative mode of action. As numerous phytochemicals are known to modulate the cellular antioxidant capacity and immune response, we studied the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of a phytogenic (plant-derived) feed additive (PFA) in intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). The effects of the PFA were compared with those of selected phytogenic ingredients (grape seed extract [GRS], licorice extract [LIC], menthol [MENT], methyl salicylate [MES], oak bark extract [OAK], oregano essential oil [ORE], and a plant powder mix [PLA]), and with the effects of the AGP tylosin (TYL). Oxidative or inflammatory stress was induced by stimulating IPEC-J2 with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2; 0.5 mM) or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α; 10 ng/mL), respectively. The antioxidative effects of feed additives were assessed with a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-sensitive probe and by measuring the expression of 6 antioxidative target genes via quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). Anti-inflammatory potential was analyzed using a nuclear factor kappa- light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF- κB) reporter gene assay. Moreover, the expression levels of 6 NF-κB target genes were measured using RT-qPCR analysis, and the release of IL-6 was analyzed via ELISA. Significant decreases in cellular ROS upon H2O2 treatment were observed for the PFA (P < 0.001), LIC (P < 0.001), ORE (P < 0.05), and GRS (P < 0.01). No significant changes in the expression of antioxidative genes were found. NF-κB activation upon TNF-α treatment was significantly inhibited by the PFA (P < 0.05) and by ORE (P < 0.001). Moreover, the PFA and ORE significantly reduced the gene expression of IL-6 (P < 0.001), IL-8 (P < 0.001), and C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2; P < 0.05), as well as the release of IL-6 (P < 0.05). The other phytogenic compounds as well as the AGP TYL did not significantly affect any of the inflammatory parameters. In summary, we revealed the antioxidative properties of the PFA, LIC, ORE, and GRS, as well as anti-inflammatory properties of the PFA and ORE in IPEC-J2, providing a better understanding of the mode of action of this PFA under our experimental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased circulating lipopolysaccharide (LPS) results from heat stress (HS) and bacterial infection, both of which are associated with reduced female fertility. Specific effects of low-level, repeated LPS exposure on the ovary are unclear, as many studies utilize a bolus model and/or high dosage paradigm. To better understand the effects of chronic LPS exposure on ovarian signaling and function, post-pubertal gilts (n = 20) were orally administered altrenogest for 14 d to synchronize the beginning of the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle. For 5 d after synchronization, gilts (163 ± 3 kg) received IV administration of LPS (0.1 μg/kg BW, n = 10) or saline (CT, n = 10) 4× daily. Blood samples were obtained on days 1, 3, and 5 of LPS treatment. Follicular fluid was aspirated from dominant follicles on day 5, and whole ovarian homogenate was used for transcript and protein abundance analysis via quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting, respectively. There were no treatment differences detected in rectal temperature on any day (P ≥ 0.5). Administering LPS increased plasma insulin (P < 0.01), LPS-binding protein (LBP; P < 0.01), and glucose (P = 0.08) on day 1, but no treatment differences thereafter were observed (P = 0.66). There were no treatment differences in follicular fluid concentration of LBP or 17β-estradiol (P = 0.42). Gilts treated with LPS had increased abundance of ovarian TLR4 protein (P = 0.01), but protein kinase B (AKT) and phosphorylated AKT (pAKT) were unchanged and no effect of LPS on components of the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) pathway were observed. There was no impact of LPS on ovarian abundance of STAR or CYP19A1, nor ESR1, LDLR, CYP19A1, CYP17A1, or 3BHSD. In conclusion, repeated, low-level LPS administration alters inflammatory but not steroidogenic or PI3K signaling in follicular phase gilt ovaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Nucleotide‐binding domain, leucine‐rich‐containing family, pyrin‐domain containing‐3 (NLRP3) is an important pattern recognition receptor involved in various inflammatory responses and adjuvant effects upon vaccination. We previously identified the Q969R (A2906G) gain‐of‐function polymorphism in porcine NLRP3, which increased production of interleukin‐1β in in vitro gene transfection experiments. Here, we explored the associations between the A2906G polymorphism and antibody responses after vaccination against bacteria in Large White pigs maintained under specific pathogen‐free conditions. The NLRP3‐2906A/G pigs had a greater antibody response to vaccine antigens than NLRP3‐2906A/A pigs. We observed a significant association of the antibody response against Haemophilus parasuis serotype 2 and 5 with NLRP3 genotypes. As the A2906G polymorphism in NLRP3 is widely distributed in commercial pig breeds, Landrace, Large White and Berkshire pigs, there is potential for improvement in vaccine efficiency and disease resistance using this polymorphism in various pig populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The activity of cathepsin B, a member of the lysosomal protease family, directly correlates with oocyte quality and subsequent embryonic development. However, its biological function during the progression of in vitro aging of oocytes in pigs has not been demonstrated. Here, we showed that cathepsin B activity was dramatically increased during in vitro aged oocytes. The inhibition of cathepsin B activity prevented the decline of the quality of aged oocytes and improved their subsequent developmental competence. Moreover, the inhibition of cathepsin B activity reduced aging-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and attenuated oxidative stress. The inhibition of cathepsin B activity also markedly decreased early apoptosis levels and the frequency of spindle anomalies during in vitro aging of oocytes. These results demonstrate that in vitro aging of oocytes induces cathepsin B activity, which is associated with a decline in oocyte quality. The inhibition of cathepsin B activity has a beneficial effect on oocytes during the process of in vitro aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic parameters for performance and body measurement traits were estimated from a new line of purebred Duroc pigs selected during nine generations for average daily gain (ADG), loin muscle area (LMA), and backfat thickness (BF). Two animal models, which included or excluded the litter common random effect, were used to estimate genetic parameters. Common litter effects on most body measurement traits as well as performance traits proved to be important. Heritability estimates for body measurement traits ranged from 0.13 to 0.44. The genetic correlations among body length, withers height, chest depth, and hip height were estimated to be positive (0.17–0.86). Those among fore width, chest width, and hind width were also estimated to be positive (0.23–0.83). There were negative genetic correlations between the former and the latter traits (–0.82 to –0.30). Numerous genetic correlations between performance and body measurement traits were found to be favorable from medium to high. Our results indicate that selection using body measurement traits which have favorable genetic correlations such as chest width for ADG (0.39), hind width for LMA (0.32), and chest girth for BF (0.60) may be useful for improving performance traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) functions as a molecular chaperone in its interaction with clients to influence multiple cellular and physiological processes. However, our current understanding on Hsp90's relationship with mammalian oocyte maturation is still very limited. Here, we aimed to investigate Hsp90's effect on pig oocyte meiotic maturation. Endogenous Hsp90a was constantly expressed at both mRNA and protein levels in porcine maturing oocytes. Addition of 2 µM 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG), the Hsp90 inhibitor, to in vitro mature cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC) significantly decreased Hsp90a protein level (P < 0.05), delayed germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) (P < 0.05), and impeded the first polar body (PB1) extrusion (P < 0.01) of porcine oocytes. 2 µM 17-AAG treatment during in vitro maturation also decreased the subsequent development competence as indicated by the lower cleavage (P < 0.001) and higher fragmentation (P < 0.001) rates of parthenotes, whereas no effects on the percentage and average cell number of blastocysts were found. Immunodepletion of Hsp90a by antibody microinjection into porcine oocytes at germinal vesicle and metaphase II stages induced similar defects of meiotic maturation and parthenote development, to that resulted from 2 µM inhibitor 17-AAG. For oocytes treated by 2 µM 17-AAG, the cytoplasm and membrane actin levels were weakened (P < 0.01), and the spindle assembly was disturbed (P < 0.05), due to decreased p-ERK1/2 level (P < 0.05). However, the mitochondrial function and early apoptosis were not affected, as demonstrated by rhodamine 123 staining and Annexin V assays. Our findings indicate that Hsp90a can couple with mitogen-activated protein kinase to regulate cytoskeletal structure and orchestrate meiotic maturation of porcine oocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A better understanding of animal emotions is an important goal in disciplines ranging from neuroscience to animal welfare science, but few reliable tools exist for measuring these emotions. Play behaviour is generally recognized as a trigger of positive emotions in mammals, and previous studies have suggested that tail movement (a behaviour often seen during play) may indicate positive emotions in pigs, while ear movements may indicate negative emotions, or a decrease in positive emotions. This study investigated whether the provision of toys to solicit play behaviour in pigs was associated with tail and ear movement changes, with the goal of confirming the use of these movements as indicators of different emotions in pigs. Sixteen mini-pigs were divided into two identical rooms of 8 individuals. During 4 consecutive days, each animal participated in the study for a total of two days in two different situations: one Control session and one Play session. Each animal served as its own control. During Play sessions, pigs were placed in their own pens of two individuals, where two medium-sized dog toys were introduced. During Control sessions, animals were placed in their own pens, but no toy was provided. Behaviours were scored from video using continuous recording with an ethogram, which also allows to confirm that pigs play during Play sessions. Results showed a significant difference in tail movement duration between sessions (DF = 15; t = −3.40; p < 0.01; Student t -test for paired sample) with longer durations during the Play session than during the Control session. Tail movement frequency also varied significantly between Play and Control sessions (DF = 15; t = 2.96; p = .01; Student t -test for paired samples) with significantly higher frequencies during the Control session. A significant difference between sessions was also observed for ear movement frequency (DF = 15; t = 4.69; p < 0.01; Student t -test for paired samples), which was significantly higher during the Control session. In addition, 69% of the pigs (11 of 16) performed displacement behaviours during the Control session, while none of the pigs displayed this behaviour during the Play session. Finally, during the Play session, a negative correlation was found between tail movement duration and tail movement frequency (rho = −0.79; N = 16; p < 0.001). In conclusion, tail and ear movement changes are linked to play behaviour: in a play situation, tail movement duration increases, and ear movement frequency and displacement behaviours decrease, compared to a control situation (without enrichment). These results could be useful for improving the analysis of emotions in pigs and assessing animal welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starch digestion in grain particles depends on the diffusion of amylase into the particles. Enzyme diffusion rate (EDR) is influenced by grain structure, and may be key in determining the extent of grain digestion in the small intestine. EDR values of sixteen grains (wheat, barley and sorghum) were compared with their ileal digestibility from pigs. Five fractions of each hammer-milled grain were digested in vitro under conditions mimicking monogastric digestion to obtain apparent amylase diffusion coefficients (ADC) from the inverse square dependence of rate-coefficients on particle sizes. The ADC values in sorghum were lower than in wheat (P < 0.05) and barley (P < 0.001) for samples grown under standard conditions. However, grain differences such as sprouting or immaturity, resulted in higher ADC values that were relatable to in vivo digestibility. Grain fibre had large effects on ileal digestibility, with an apparent optimum neutral detergent fibre level of 10–20% that resulted in maximum starch ileal digestibility. It is inferred that the true potential for efficient feed utilisation depends both on fast grain digestion, and on an appropriate rate of passage, so that small intestine residence time is long enough for starch in grains to be digested fully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Castration and tail docking are common management practices performed on commercial swine farms in the US and around the world to reduce adverse behaviors and the occurrence of boar taint. However, these practices themselves are a welfare concern for the piglet because they cause acute pain. The provisions of environmental enrichment (EE) may reduce anxiety, protect from stressors, influence pain sensitivity, and improve the overall welfare of animals. Our objective was to determine if EE can reduce the physiological and behavioral stress response caused by castration and tail docking in piglets over time. Sows were randomly assigned to control farrowing stalls (CON; n = 9) or stalls enriched (ENRICH; n = 9) with newspaper, soil, ball and rope, so that EE was available to piglets upon birth. At 5 days old, ENRICH and CON piglets (n = 54 per treatment) were allocated to one of six piglet husbandry treatments; four boar piglets were randomly allocated to one of four treatments: 1) control handled (SHAM B), 2) tail docked (TAIL B), 3) castrated (CAST), or 4) castrated and tail docked (BOTH); and two gilt piglets were randomly allocated to one of two treatments: 5) control handled (SHAM G), or 6) tail docked (TAIL G). Live weight tended ( P <  0.10) to be greater in all ENRICH pigs. Leukocytes and the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio were decreased ( P <  0.05) among ENRICH compared with CON piglets. ENRICH piglets were more active ( P <  0.05) than CON piglets. Maintenance and play behaviors decreased ( P <  0.05) 120 min after, but returned to baseline at 24 h. Cortisol was greater ( P <  0.05) among CAST and BOTH piglets, but no differences were observed in cortisol concentrations between housing groups. Stress vocalizations were greater ( P <  0.05) in CAST and BOTH compared with SHAM piglets, while all pig processing treatments displayed more ( P <  0.05) pain behaviors than SHAM. The use of EE had no effect on reducing pain-induced stress of castration and tail docking. However, we found that pigs raised with EE were heavier and more active than pigs raised without enrichment. We also found that EE modulated the immune response in pigs. In conclusion, EE improved the overall welfare of pigs at an early age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Re-location and mixing after weaning increase the risk of aggression in weaned pigs. To quantify the effects of tail docking, teeth clipping and toy enrichment on the growth performances, behaviour, lesions, and physiological indicators of weaned pigs after re-location and mixing, a total of 262 weaned pigs from four pig processing treatments were selected and regrouped to two enrichment treatments within each processing treatment. The experimental newborn piglets from 24 litters were treated tail docking and teeth clipping at 3 d of age and weaned at 24 d of age. At 30 d of age, pigs in each treatment were weighed, re-located to a nursery room and mixed into 2 pens. Eight rubber toys were installed in one of two pens in each group. The behaviour of weaned pigs was recorded and observed at 1, 2 and 3 d after mixing. At 3 and 6 d before mixing and 1, 3 and 6 d after mixing, lesions on the body and tail, body surface temperature (BST), respiration rate (RR) and salivary cortisol concentrations were determined. At 85 d of age, all experimental pigs were weighed again. Mortality rate, average daily gain (ADG), and feed efficiency of pigs were recorded. Pigs with clipped teeth performed less negative social behaviour (aggressive attacks/fight) ( P < 0.05) and more positive social behaviour (non-aggressive social interactions) ( P  < 0.01) than pigs with intact teeth. Pigs with docked tails performed more positive social behaviour ( P  < 0.01) than pigs with intact tails. Toy enrichment decreased ( P  < 0.05) lesions on the ear and front body of pigs, and pigs with docked tail got fewer lesions on the tail ( P  < 0.01). Intact teeth increased ( P  < 0.01) RR, while toy enrichment decreased ( P  < 0.05) RR of pigs. Teeth clipping, tail docking and toys had no effects ( P > 0.05) on ADG, body weight and mortality rate of pigs from 30 to 85 d of age. These results indicate that toy enrichment and pig processing treatments have positive effects on weaned pigs after re-location and mixing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We tested cadmium (Cd2+) effects on porcine IPEC-J2 cells, which represent an in vitro model of the interaction between intestinal cells and both infectious and non-infectious stressors. Accordingly, we investigated the effects of low (2 μM) to moderate (20 μM) concentrations of Cd2+, in terms of pro-inflammatory gene expression and protein release, as well as of infectivity in a Salmonella typhimurium penetration model. Our data showed a significant (P < .001) increase of intracellular Cd2+ after 3, 6 and 24 h of exposure with respect to levels at 1 h. These data showed the ability of IPEC-J2 to absorb Cd2+ as a function of both time and concentration. Also, the absorption of this heavy metal was related to a significant modulation of important pro-inflammatory messengers. In particular, down-regulation of IL-8 was associated with a significant decrease of Salmonella typhimurium ability to penetrate into IPEC-J2 cells, in agreement with a previous study in which an anti-IL 8 antibody could significantly inhibit Salmonella penetration into the same cells ( Razzuoli et al., 2017 ). This finding demonstrates the ability of Cd2+ to affect the outcome of an important host-pathogen relationship. In conclusion, our study highlighted the ability of an environmental pollutant like Cd2+ to modulate innate immune responses in terms of chemokine release and gene expression, and susceptibility to microbial infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat stress (HS) pigs reduce their voluntary feed intake (VFI) and ingestion of indispensable amino acids (AA). Increasing the dietary crude protein (CP) content may help to correct the reduced AA intake by HS pigs, but it may further increase their body heat load. Increasing the AA intake by adding free AA to the diet does not affect the heat load of HS pigs. Two 21-d experiments were conducted. In Exp. 1, 30 pigs (31.1 ± 1.2 kg initial body weight) were used to determine the performance depression because of HS. Treatments were: thermo neutral pigs fed a 22% CP control diet (TN-C); HS pigs fed the control diet (HS-C); HS pigs fed a 14% CP, AA supplemented diet (HS-AA). HS pigs had lower ADG and Lys utilization efficiency, and consumed 20 and 25% less Lys and Thr, respectively, than the TN-C pigs (P < 0.05). In Exp. 2 (comparative slaughter), 25 pigs (33.6 ± 0.65 kg initial body weight) were used to evaluate the effect of extra dietary AA either as protein-bound or free AA on the performance and carcass traits of HS pigs. Treatments were: control wheat-SBM-free Lys, Thr and Met diet (CON); diet with 30% more CP than CON (HSxP); diet added with free AA to contain at least 25% more of each AA than the recommended level (HSxAA). Ambient temperature (AT) ranged from 27.7 to 37.7°C, and body temperature (39.9 to 41.2°C) followed a similar daily pattern as the AT did. There was no dietary treatment effect on daily feed and NE intake (P > 0.10), but the Lys, Thr, and Met intake was higher in pigs fed the HSxP or HSxAA diets than in pigs fed the CON diet (P < 0.05). The daily weight gain (ADG) was not affected (P > 0.10) but G:F tended to be higher and the Lys utilization efficiency (ADG, g/g Lys intake) tended to be lower in HSxP pigs than in CON pigs (P < 0.10). The HSxAA pigs had higher ADG (P < 0.05), and tended to have higher weight of hot carcass and leg muscle, and the weight gain of hot carcass and leg muscle than the CON pigs (P < 0.10). The weight and daily weight gain of loin muscle was higher in the HSxAA than in the HSxP pigs (P < 0.05). Kidney weight and serum urea in HSxP pigs were higher than in CON and HSxAA pigs, but spleen weight was higher in HSxAA pigs than in CON and HSxP pigs (P < 0.05). These results confirm that HS reduces the VFI, and show that increased levels of AA either as free or protein-bound do not additionally reduce the VFI of HS pigs. These also show that extra free AA supply rather than protein-bound AA better ameliorate the reduced growth performance of HS pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tail-end dehulling of canola meal (CM) has been shown to reduce dietary fiber and increase crude protein content in the dehulled meal. The application of this procedure also increased the total and non-phytate P content in the dehulled meal. However, it is unclear if dehulling affects P digestibility in the different fractions (i.e., the dehulled meal and the coarse fraction) and if it differs when fed to growing pigs at two different BW. Therefore, two experiments were conducted to determine the apparent (ATTD) and standardized (STTD) total tract digestibility of P in dehulled CM fed to growing pigs. Diets containing non-dehulled regular canola meal (RCM), and two fractions produced using sieve size of 355 pm: a low-fiber high-protein fraction (dehulled canola meal [DCM]) and a high-fiber low-protein fraction (coarse canola meal [CCM]) as the only source of P were fed to growing pigs at two different BW. A total of 48 pigs were used for the two experiments. In experiment 1, 24 barrows [(Yorkshire x Landrace) x Duroc] with initial BW of 24.5 ± 1.68 kg were individually housed in metabolism crates and fed the experimental diets for 10 d for total fecal collection. In experiment 2, 24 barrows with an average initial BW of 73.8 ± 4.93 kg were used; experimental diets and fecal collection procedures were the same as in experiment 1. Each experiment used six replicates per treatment. A P-free diet was used to determine basal endogenous losses of P (139.6 ± 10.7 and 150.89 ± 20.1 mg/kg of DMI for experiments 1 and 2, respectively). Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design. In experiment 1, the ATTD and STTD of P were greater (P < 0.05) for DCM (42.4% and 46.1%) than for the RCM (32.0% and 35.7%) and CCM (24.5% and 28.4%) diets. In experiment 2, the ATTD and STTD of P were greater (P < 0.05) for DCM (38.7% and 42.8%) than for the CCM diet (22.6% and 26.8%); whereas the values for RCM diet were intermediate (31.0% and 35.0%) and not different from the DCM and CCM. In conclusion, dehulling canola meal increased ATTD and STTD of P in growing pigs of different BW; however, there was no effect of BW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted to determine the digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and net energy (NE) contents of canola meal (CM) and to investigate the effects of basal diet [corn diet vs. corn-soybean meal (SBM) diet] and methodology (difference method vs. regression method) on energy values of CM. Thirty-six growing barrows (20.8 ± 1.0 kg initial body weight [BW]) were individually housed in metabolism crates and randomly allotted to one of six dietary treatments to give six replicates per treatment. The six experimental diets included a corn diet, a corn-SBM diet, a corn diet with 15 or 30% of CM, and a corn-SBM diet with 15 or 30% of CM. The DE, ME, and NE of CM were determined using the corn diet or the corn-SBM diet as a basal diet. In each basal diet, two additional diets containing 15 or 30% of CM were formulated to compare the determined energy values by the difference method and estimated energy values from the regression method. Feeding level was set at 550 kcal ME/kg BW0.6 per day. Pigs were fed experimental diets for 16 d including 10 d for adaptation and 6 d for total collection of feces and urine. Pigs were then moved into indirect calorimetry chambers to determine 24 h heat production (HP) and 12 h fasting HP. The DE, ME, and NE of CM determined by the difference method were within the 95% confidence intervals estimated for the DE, ME, and NE of CM by the regression method regardless of the basal diets used, which indicates that the difference and regression methods give equivalent DE, ME, and NE of CM. However, when the goodness of fit for the linear model was compared, the r² of the regression analysis from the corn-SBM diet (0.78) was relatively greater than that from corn diet (0.40). The estimated NE of CM by the prediction equations generated by either the corn diet or corn-SBM diets were 2,096 kcal/kg and 1,960 kcal/kg (as-fed basis), respectively, whereas those values determined by the difference method were 2,233 kcal/ kg and 2,106 kcal/kg (as-fed basis), respectively. In conclusion, the NE of CM determined in the current study was, on average, 2,099 kcal/kg (as-fed basis). The difference and regression methods do not give different NE value of CM fed to growing pigs. Although the NE values of CM determined using either the corn diet or the corn-SBM diet were not different, the greater r² of the regression analysis from the corn-SBM diet than that from the corn diet suggests that the corn-SBM diet is a more appropriate basal diet for NE determination of ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In accordance with Article 6 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, the applicant ADAMA Agriculture BV submitted an application to the competent national authority in Belgium (evaluating Member State (EMS)) to modify the existing maximum residue levels (MRLs) for the active substance prochloraz in sugar beet root and in liver and kidney of swine and ruminant. The data submitted in support of the request were found to be sufficient to derive an MRL proposal for sugar beet root. Residues in sugar beet tops from the new use were found to contribute significantly to the livestock exposure. As the dietary burden needs to be calculated including all feed items and since not all information is available at the moment, EFSA proposes to assess the magnitude of prochloraz residues in animal commodities under the currently ongoing review of prochloraz MRLs according to Article 12 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005. Adequate analytical methods are available to control the residues of prochloraz residues in plant and animal matrices. The risk assessment performed by EFSA gave an indication that residues of prochloraz may lead to an exceedance of the acceptable daily intake (ADI). Thus, before the MRL for sugar beet is amended, it is necessary that a comprehensive, refined risk assessment is performed, taking into account all existing uses of prochloraz and the intended new use on sugar beet. Considering that the MRL review for prochloraz is currently ongoing, the results of the comprehensive risk assessment will be available in due time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) technology are two classical reprogramming methods. Donor cell types can affect the reprogramming results in the above two methods. We here used porcine embryonic fibroblasts (PEFs) and adult porcine ear skin fibroblasts (APEFs) and adipose‐derived stem cells (ADSCs) as donor cells for SCNT and source cells for iPSCs to study their in vitro developmental capability and colony‐formation efficiency, respectively. For SCNT, fusion and cleavage rate has no significant difference among PEFs, ADSCs and APEFs. The rate and total cell number of blastocysts in the APEF group were significant lower than that in PEFs and ADSCs. For transcription factor‐mediated reprogramming, the reprogramming efficiency of ADSCs were significantly higher than PEFs and APEFs and there is no significant difference between PEFs and APEFs. Furthermore, PEFs, APEFs and ADSCs can be used to generate iPSCs. Fianlly, somatic cloned pigs could still be successfully generated from APEFs, suggesting terminally differentiated aging adult somatic cells could be reprogrammed into a totipotent state. Considering the easy availability of animal tissue and the costs of establishing cell lines, aging porcine ear fibroblasts can support nuclear transfer‐mediated and transcription factor‐based reprogramming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brassica napus and Brassica juncea canola meal (CM) may replace soybean meal (SBM) in pig diets, but differ in fiber, glucosinolates content and profile. Preference of weaned pigs provided double-choice selections to diets containing 20% SBM, B. napus CM, or B. juncea CM was evaluated in two studies. In experiment 1, 216 pigs (9.4 ± 1.6 kg initial BW) were housed in 27 pens of 8 pigs (four gilts and four barrows). In experiment 2, 144 pigs (8.9 ± 1.1 kg) were housed in 36 pens of 4 pigs (two gilts and two barrows). Pigs were offered three dietary choices: B. napus CM with SBM as reference (B. napus CM [SBM]), B. juncea CM with SBM as reference (B. juncea CM [SBM]), and B. juncea CM with B. napus CM as reference (B. juncea CM [B. napus CM]) in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square. Diets were formulated to provide 2.4 Mcal NE/kg and 4.5 g standardized ileal digestible Lys/Mcal NE and were balanced using canola oil and crystalline AA. Each pair of diets was offered in two self-feeders per pen as mash (experiment 1) or pellets (experiment 2) during three test-periods of 4-d, followed by a 3-d non-test period when a common diet was offered in both feeders. Feeders with different diets were rotated daily among pens during preference periods for both experiments, and feeder positions (right or left) were switched daily in experiment 2. Prior to the study and between periods, pigs were fed non-test diets containing SBM (experiment 1) or without test feedstuffs (experiment 2). Overall in both experiments, pigs preferred (P < 0.001) SBM over B. napus and B. juncea CM diets, and preferred (P < 0.001) B. napus over B. juncea CM diet. Dietary choice did not affect (P > 0.05) growth performance in both experiments, except for greater G:F (P < 0.05) for pigs fed the B. juncea CM [B. napus CM] diets than pigs fed the B. napus CM [SBM] or B. juncea CM [SBM] diets in experiment 1. In conclusion, weaned pigs preferred SBM over CM diets when given a choice, and preferred B. napus over the B. juncea diet that contained more total glucosinolates especially gluconapin. Weaned pigs fed the B. juncea CM [B. napus CM] diets in the double-choice selection did not reduce feed intake, weight gain, and G:F compared to pigs fed the B. napus CM [SBM] or B. juncea CM [SBM] diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Successful reproduction is strictly linked to metabolic cues. The orexins are a family of hypothalamic neurohormones, well known for their key role in the control of food intake and the involvement in several aspects of the reproductive process. The biological actions of both orexins are carried out through binding to the related Orexin 1 (OX1R) and Orexin 2 (OX2R) G-protein–coupled receptors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of orexin system components in the porcine ovaries, to contribute to expand the knowledge about their pleiotropic role. First, we investigated the localization of orexin A (OXA) and its receptors by immunochemistry in different ovarian districts. Thereafter, we evaluated the expression of the prepro-orexin (PPO) gene and OXA effects on granulosa cell functions. Immunohistochemical study revealed the presence of orexinergic system components in porcine ovarian follicles. Moreover, our data show the expression of PPO messenger RNA in swine ovarian follicles >5 mm. In addition, OXA influences proliferation ( P < 0.05), steroidogenic activity ( P < 0.05), and redox status of granulosa cells ( P < 0.05). Therefore, we hypothesize that OXA could exert a local physiological role in swine ovarian follicles even if further studies are required to deeply define the function of this pleiotropic system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During corpus luteum formation, impressive biological events take place to guarantee the transition from original follicular to luteal cells and to support required massive angiogenesis. It has been demonstrated that these phenomena resemble those essential for wound healing. After ovulation, blood vessels release their content in the antral cavity and coagulation takes place. Involvement of platelets in corpus luteum growth has been hypothesized both in human and in rat. On this basis, using platelet lysate (PL), a blood derivative with a higher platelet concentration, we aimed to assess a potential involvement of platelets in swine granulosa cell luteinization and on new blood vessel growth. Our results demonstrate, for the first time in the swine, that platelets could be directly involved in granulosa cell physiological luteinization, since the treatment with PL shifted steroid production from estradiol 17β to progesterone. Moreover, PL stimulated angiogenesis. Nitric oxide could be involved in these effects. These results are important to clarify complex intrafollicular molecular machinery. A better understanding of these mechanisms can be useful to develop more focused therapeutic strategies to contrast sow infertility. In addition, since the pig represents a model for translational studies, collected data could be of interest for human medicine because reproductive pathologies such as Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and endometriosis are often accompanied by platelet dysfunctions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have been conducted on decomposition patterns and rates of surface remains; however, much less are known about this process for buried remains. Understanding the process of decomposition in buried remains is extremely important and aids in criminal investigations, especially when attempting to estimate the post mortem interval (PMI). The aim of this study was to compare the rates of decomposition between buried and surface remains. For this purpose, 25 pigs ( Sus scrofa; 45-80 kg) were buried and excavated at different post mortem intervals (7, 14, 33, 92, and 183 days). The observed total body scores were then compared to those of surface remains decomposing at the same location. Stages of decomposition were scored according to separate categories for different anatomical regions based on standardised methods. Variation in the degree of decomposition was considerable especially with the buried 7-day interval pigs that displayed different degrees of discolouration in the lower abdomen and trunk. At 14 and 33 days, buried pigs displayed features commonly associated with the early stages of decomposition, but with less variation. A state of advanced decomposition was reached where little change was observed in the next ±90-183 days after interment. Although the patterns of decomposition for buried and surface remains were very similar, the rates differed considerably. Based on the observations made in this study, guidelines for the estimation of PMI are proposed. This pertains to buried remains found at a depth of approximately 0.75 m in the Central Highveld of South Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This experiment was to evaluate the effect of different inclusion levels and adaptation periods on digestible energy (DE) and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of chemical constituents in diets supplemented with wheat bran. Methods: Thirty-six crossbred barrows with an initial body weight of 85.0±2.1 kg were allotted to 6 diets in a completely randomized block design with 6 pigs per diet. Diets included a cornsoybean basal diet and 5 additional diets which were formulated by replacing corn and soybean meal in control diet with 15%, 25%, 35%, 45%, or 55% wheat bran. The experiment lasted for 34 d, and feces were collected from d 8 to 13, 15 to 20, 22 to 27, and 29 to 34 respectively. Results: The results showed no interaction effects between inclusion level and adaptation period on the concentration of DE and the ATTD of gross energy (GE) and crude protein (CP) in wheat bran. The DE value and ATTD of GE in wheat bran decreased (p<0.05) significantly as the inclusion level of wheat bran increased, but no difference in the ATTD of CP was observed. The ATTD of CP in wheat bran increased (p<0.10) significantly as the adaptation period for pigs was prolonged. In addition, the concentration of DE and the ATTD of GE in wheat bran decreased linearly (p<0.05) when pigs were fed either an increased level of wheat bran or given an increased adaptation period to the diets. Conclusion: Wheat bran showed a negative effect on the concentration of DE and ATTD of GE and CP as the inclusion level increased. A longer adaptation period can gradually increase the DE value and ATTD of GE and CP in wheat bran, and at least 14 to 21 d of adaptation might be recommended for growing-finishing pigs fed the high-fiber diets with wheat bran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decades, the number of studies employing the pig brain as a model for neurochemical studies has dramatically increased. The key translational features of the pig brain are the similarities with the cortical and subcortical structures of the human brain. In addition, the caudalmost part of the pig claustrum ( CL) is characterized by a wide enlargement called posterior puddle, an ideal structure for physiological recordings. Several hypotheses have been proposed for CL function, the key factor being its reciprocal connectivity with most areas of the cerebral cortex and selected subcortical structures. However, afferents from the brainstem could also be involved. The brainstem is the main source of catecholaminergic axons that play an important neuromodulatory action in different brain functions. To study a possible role of the CL in catecholaminergic pathways, we analyzed the presence and the distribution of afferents immunostained with antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase ( TH) and dopamine betahydroxylase ( DBH) in the pig CL. Here we show that the CL contains significant TH immunoreactive axons contacting perikarya, whereas projections staining for DBH are very scarce. Our findings hint at the possibility that brainstem catecholaminergic afferents project to the CL, suggesting (i) a possible role of this nucleus in functions controlled by brainstem structures; and, consequently, (ii) its potential involvement in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative pathologies, including Parkinson's disease ( PD). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was undertaken to investigate the dynamics of protein ubiquitination in pig gametes and their micro-environments, as well as to explore the action of deubiquitinases (DUBs) in sperm-oocyte binding. Protein ubiquitination states were evaluated by in the ejaculated sperm, seminal plasma, epididymal sperm, oocytes, zona pellucida (ZP) and follicular fluid (FF) by western blotting. Different concentrations of PR-619, a non-selective inhibitor of DUBs, were used to treat oocytes during in vitro maturation (IVM), the maturation rate, amount of ubiquitinated ZP proteins, and ZP solubility were assessed. The PR-619 was also used to treat sperms during capacitation, then the ubiquitinated amounts of acrosin inhibitor (AI) proteins were evaluated. The number of sperm attached to the ZP of each oocyte was subsequently determined after gamete co-incubation. The study indicates the existence of ubiquitinated proteins (76 kDa) in sperm, seminal plasma, oocytes, and follicular fluid (FF). The amount of ubiquitinated ZP proteins changed as growth of follicles progressed. Treatment with PR-619 at 10 and 15 μM concentrations during IVM reduced the maturation rate of pig oocytes ( P < 0.05), while treatments with 10 μM of PR-619 extended the ZP dissolution time ( P < 0.05). Treatment with PR-619 enhanced AI ubiquitination and improved amounts of 30-kDa ubiquitinated proteins ( P < 0.05). Treatment with PR-619 at the 10 μM dose effectively reduced the number of sperm attached to per oocyte ( P < 0.05). Ubiquitinated proteins were present in gametes and their micro-environments. The DUBs were important in regulating pig gamete ubiquitination and sperm-oocyte binding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genomic prediction uses marker genotypes distributed throughout the genome to track the inheritance of chromosome fragments and quantify their contribution to the superiority or inferiority of breeding merit. It does this by using a so-called training population of historical animals with both genotype and phenotypic measures. Genotyping adds additional costs to an improvement program, so these costs must be offset elsewhere for there to be net benefit from adopting genomics in pig improvement. Genomic information is used implicitly or explicitly to predict the merit of young selection candidates more reliably than is the case when using only pedigree and phenotypic performance information. More accurate genomic prediction of index merit in young selection candidates results in faster genetic progress. Further, the technology allows good use to be made of phenotypic measures from non-traditional sources, including descendants of nucleus animals whose performance is measured in the commercial sector. This facilitates nucleus selection to include more reliable predictions for disease-resistance, and carcass and meat-quality traits, other traits with low heritability or those measured late in life, and to directly target selection for crossbred rather than purebred performance. Collectively, these features allow genomic prediction to provide a more balanced response to selection with respect to the entire portfolio of traits that influence income and costs in pig-production systems. Achieving the full cost–benefit potential from using genomics will not occur from simply genotyping nucleus animals and using this information in prediction, it requires innovation, ongoing phenotyping and genotyping, and re-examination of all the systems and processes involved in pig improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most common manifestations of seasonal infertility are delayed puberty, prolonged weaning to oestrus intervals and a reduced farrowing rate brought about by increased returns to oestrus, including a proportionally higher incidence of irregular returns to oestrus. Over the past 40 years, there has been considerable investment in Australian pig research that has generated extensive knowledge about the physiological mechanisms behind seasonal infertility. While some of the physiological mechanisms allowing the expression of seasonal infertility still remain unclear, a number of possible intervention strategies have been developed and investigated to ameliorate the effects of seasonal infertility in commercial production. For commercial pork producers, there is considerable information available that is based on both research and practical experience, which the farmers can use to identify strategies to minimise the impact of seasonal infertility on the farm. The industry still provides some support to research and development efforts to address seasonal infertility, although, in the future, it may be more targeted to identifying interventions to ameliorate the impact of seasonal infertility in affected herds, rather than undertaking intensive studies into the possible mechanisms and reasons behind this very complex syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 12-week trial with 120 [(Landrace×Yorkshire)×Duroc] pigs (45.65 ± 1.93 kg) was conducted to evaluate the effects of Astragalus membranaceus, Codonopsis pilosula and allicin mixture ( HM) supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, faecal microbial shedding, immune response and meat quality in finishing pigs. Pigs were allocated to one of three treatments with 0, 0.025% ( HM1) and 0.05% ( HM2) HM supplementation in a randomized complete block design according to sex and BW. Each treatment contained 10 replications with four pigs (two barrows and two gilts) per pen. Dietary HM resulted in a higher G:F (p < 0.05) than CON group during weeks 7 to 12 and the overall periods. Pigs fed HM2 diet had higher ADG than pigs fed CON diet. Pigs fed HM2 supplementation diet led to a higher (p < 0.05) apparent total tract digestibility ( ATTD) of dry matter ( DM) and gross energy ( GE) than pigs fed CON diet at week 6, while the supplementation of HM led to a higher (p < 0.05) ATTD of DM and GE than pigs fed CON diet at week 12. The faecal E. coli counts were reduced, and Lactobacillus counts were increased by increasing HM supplementation (p < 0.05). Pigs fed HM1 diet had higher (p < 0.05) WBC concentration than those fed CON and HM2 diets at week 6. Pigs fed HM-supplemented diet had higher (p < 0.05) IgG and IgA concentrations than those fed CON diet at week 12. Pigs fed HM diet noted better (p < 0.05) meat colour and redness value than pigs fed CON diet. Pig fed HM2 reduced (p < 0.05) the lightness value compared with CON group. In conclusion, dietary HM supplementation exerted beneficial effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal microbial balance (increased Lactobacillus counts and decreased E. coli counts), immune response and meat quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sixty-four barrows with an initial body weight of 59.8 ± 2.1 kg were allocated to one of the two feeding frequency regimes (had free access to diet and fed two meals per day). Pigs had free access ( FA) to feed were fed on an ad libitum basis during the 8-week experimental period. Pigs fed twice daily (M2) were allowed to consume their meals in 2 h. Pigs fed twice daily had lower average daily feed intake (p < 0.01) and average daily gain (p < 0.1), but a greater G:F (p < 0.05) than FA pigs. Lower perirenal fat deposition, hot carcass weight, intramuscular fat content (p < 0.05) and dressing percentage (p < 0.1) were found in M2 pigs compared with FA pigs. Activities of citrate synthase, β-hydroxylacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase were greater in the Longissimus muscle ( LM) of M2 pigs compared with FA pigs (p < 0.05). Proteomic analysis revealed that expression abundances of proteins involved in glucose metabolism, energy production and lipid utilization were upregulated, but expression levels of proteins participating in protein and amino acid metabolism, stress response and redox homeostasis were downregulated in the LM of M2 pigs than those in FA pigs (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the less meal frequency impairs growth rate, has marginal effects on carcass and meat quality traits and affects expression abundances of proteins in the LM of finishing pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to assess the nutritional effect of tomato pomace, in combination with two distinct fat sources (lard or soya bean oil), on longissimus lumborum muscle, subcutaneous fat and liver of young pigs. Forty male pigs of 4 weeks old were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments using two fibre sources (wheat bran or 5.0% tomato pomace) and two fat sources (lard or soya bean oil), in a 2 × 2 factorial design for a 5-week trial. Tomato pomace did not improve colour, fatty acid profile, cholesterol content or lipid oxidation, nor did it yield detectable levels in lycopene or β-carotene in the meat (p > 0.05). However, a positive increase in α-tocopherol content of meat and liver was observed in pigs fed tomato pomace (p < 0.05). Compared with lard, soya bean oil increased MUFA and PUFA proportions and decreased the percentage of SFA (p < 0.05). Our results indicate that 5.0% of tomato pomace increases pork oxidative stability and that 5.0% of soya bean oil, compared with lard, improves its nutritional quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a member of the neurotrophin family binds to two transmembrane receptors; neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (NTRK2) with high affinity and p75 with low affinity. Although BDNF-NTRK2 signaling in the central nervous system is known, signaling in the female reproductive system is unknown. Therefore, we determined effects of BDNF on porcine endometrial luminal epithelial (pLE) cells isolated from Day 12 of pregnancy, as well as expression of BDNF and NTRK2 in endometria of cyclic and pregnant pigs. BDNF-NTRK2 genes were expressed in uterine glandular (GE) and luminal (LE) epithelia during early pregnancy. In addition, their expression in uterine GE and LE decreased with increasing parity of sows. Recombinant BDNF increased proliferation in pLE cells in a dose-dependent, as well as expression of PCNA and Cyclin D1 in nuclei of pLE cells. BDNF also activated phosphorylation of AKT, P70S6K, S6, ERK1/2, JNK, P38 proteins in pLE cells. In addition, cell death resulting from tunicamycin-induced ER stress was prevented when pLE cells were treated with the combination of tunicamycin and BDNF which also decreased cells in the Sub-G1 phase of the cell cycle. Furthermore, tunicamycin-induced unfolded protein response genes were mostly down-regulated to the basal levels as compared to non-treated pLE cells. Our finding suggests that BDNF acts via NTRK2 to induce development of pLE cells for maintenance of implantation and pregnancy by activating cell signaling via the PI3K and MAPK pathways and by inhibiting ER stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]