Sun, Jiangwei, Roelstraete, Bjorn, Svennberg, Emma, Halfvarson, Jonas, Sundström, Johan, Forss, Anders, Olén, Ola, and Ludvigsson, Jonas F.
Background: Although previous evidence has suggested an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), its association with arrhythmias is inconclusive. In this study, we aimed to explore the long-term risk of arrhythmias in patients with IBD. Methods and findings: Through a nationwide histopathology cohort, we identified patients with biopsy-confirmed IBD in Sweden during 1969 to 2017, including Crohn's disease (CD: n = 24,954; median age at diagnosis: 38.4 years; female: 52.2%), ulcerative colitis (UC: n = 46,856; 42.1 years; 46.3%), and IBD-unclassified (IBD-U: n = 12,067; 43.8 years; 49.6%), as well as their matched reference individuals and IBD-free full siblings. Outcomes included overall and specific arrhythmias (e.g., atrial fibrillation/flutter, bradyarrhythmias, other supraventricular arrhythmias, and ventricular arrhythmias/cardiac arrest). Flexible parametric survival models estimated hazard ratios (aHR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), after adjustment for birth year, sex, county of residence, calendar year, country of birth, educational attainment, number of healthcare visits, and cardiovascular-related comorbidities. Over a median of approximately 10 years of follow-up, 1,904 (7.6%) patients with CD, 4,154 (8.9%) patients with UC, and 990 (8.2%) patients with IBD-U developed arrhythmias, compared with 6.7%, 7.5%, and 6.0% in reference individuals, respectively. Compared with reference individuals, overall arrhythmias were increased in patients with CD [54.6 versus 46.1 per 10,000 person-years; aHR = 1.15 (95% CI [1.09, 1.21], P < 0.001)], patients with UC [64.7 versus 53.3 per 10,000 person-years; aHR = 1.14 (95% CI [1.10, 1.18], P < 0.001)], and patients with IBD-U [78.1 versus 53.5 per 10,000 person-years; aHR = 1.30 (95% CI [1.20, 1.41], P < 0.001)]. The increased risk persisted 25 years after diagnosis, corresponding to 1 extra arrhythmia case per 80 CD, 58 UC, and 29 IBD-U cases over the same period. Patients with IBD also had a significantly increased risk of specific arrhythmias, except for bradyarrhythmias. Sibling comparison analyses confirmed the main findings. Study limitations include lack of clinical data to define IBD activity, not considering the potential role of IBD medications and disease activity, and the potential residual confounding from unmeasured factors for arrhythmias. Conclusions: In this study, we observed that patients with IBD were at an increased risk of developing arrhythmias. The excess risk persisted even 25 years after IBD diagnosis. Our findings indicate a need for awareness of this excess risk among healthcare professionals. In a population-based, sibling-controlled cohort study Jiangwei Sun and colleagues explore the long-term risk of arrhythmias in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Author summary: Why was this study done?: Although previous studies have explored the associations between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and arrhythmias, earlier findings are inconclusive and unaddressed issues remain. For example, except for atrial fibrillation, data on the risk of other specific arrhythmias in patients with IBD is lacking. Until now, the long-term risk of overall and specific arrhythmias in patients with IBD remains unclear. What did the researchers do and find?: In this population-based, sibling-controlled cohort study, we identified patients with biopsy-confirmed IBD in Sweden during 1969 to 2017, including Crohn's disease (CD) (n = 24,954), ulcerative colitis (UC) (n = 46,856), and IBD-unclassified (IBD-U) (n = 12,067), as well as their matched reference individuals and IBD-free full siblings. Patients with IBD were at a higher risk of developing overall arrhythmias than their matched reference individuals; the increased risk may persist even 25 years after IBD diagnosis, corresponding to 1 extra arrhythmia case per 80 CD, 58 UC, and 29 IBD-U cases over the same period. The risks of specific arrhythmias were also increased in patients with IBD, including atrial fibrillation/flutter, other supraventricular arrhythmias, and ventricular arrhythmias/cardiac arrest. What do these findings mean?: Healthcare professionals should be aware of the long-term increased risk of arrhythmias in patients with IBD. For those patients, a risk assessment of modifiable and established cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors could be considered. Study limitations include the absence of clinical data to define IBD activity, not considering the potential role of IBD medications and disease activity, and the potential residual confounding from unmeasured factors for arrhythmias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]