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This study analyzes the sepsis healing therapeutic potential of carnosine against experimentally sepsis-induced male albino rats. Carnosine in 2 different doses, 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg, were administered for 30 consecutive days. At the end of the treatment, lipid peroxidation, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and myeloperoxidase activities were measured. Lungs weight and total protein content were determined in the bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF). Cytokines such as macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were determined in the BALF. In addition, the histopathological analysis was also carried out to understand the effect of carnosine in the cellular architecture. Carnosine treatment significantly renormalized the lipid peroxidation and other antioxidant enzymes. IL-β, TNF-α, and MIF were found to be reduced after carnosine treatment. After carnosine treatment, the intensity of sepsis was significantly reduced evidenced by histopathological analysis. In western blot analysis, carnosine treatment causes the upregulation of IκBα together with the downregulation of the expressions of p65 and p-IKKα/β (Ser 180/Ser 181). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The cell development atlas of transition stage from late Carnegie to fetal development (7–9 weeks) remain unclear. It can be seen that the early period of human embryos (7–9 weeks) is a critical research gap. Therefore, we employed single‑cell RNA sequencing to identify cell types and elucidate differentiation relationships. Results: The single‑cell RNA sequencing analysis determines eighteen cell clusters in human embryos during the 7–9 weeks period. We uncover two distinct pathways of cellular development and differentiation. Initially, mesenchymal progenitor cells differentiated into osteoblast progenitor cells and neural stem cells, respectively. Neural stem cells further differentiated into neurons. Alternatively, multipotential stem cells differentiated into adipocyte, hematopoietic stem cells and neutrophil, respectively. Additionally, COL1A2-(ITGA1 + ITGB1) mediated the cell communication between mesenchymal progenitor cells and osteoblast progenitor cells. NCAM1-FGFR1 facilitated the cell communication between mesenchymal progenitor cells and neural stem cells. Notably, NCAM1-NCAM1 as a major contributor mediated the cell communication between neural stem cells and neurons. Moreover, CGA-FSHR simultaneously mediated the communication between multipotential stem cells, adipocyte, hematopoietic stem cells and neutrophil. Distinct cell clusters activated specific transcription factors such as HIC1, LMX1B, TWIST1, and et al., which were responsible for their specific functions. These coregulators, such as HOXB13, VSX2, PAX5, and et al., may mediate cell development and differentiation in human embryos. Conclusions: We provide the cell development atlas for human embryos (7–9 weeks). Two distinct cell development and differentiation pathways are revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a life‐threatening medical condition with higher mortality and morbidity in elderly patients. Recently, metformin, a drug commonly used to lower blood glucose in type 2 diabetes patients, has been shown to be an effective anti‐inflammatory agent in ALI. However, the mechanism of this regulation still remains poorly understood. In our study, we found that epithelial cell senescence was elevated after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure in vivo and in vitro, accompanied by decreased expression of ATG5 and impaired autophagy activity. To further discover the molecular regulation mechanism between cellular senescence and autophagy in LPS‐treated MLE‐12 cells, we demonstrated that inhibition of ATG5 could decrease autophagy levels and promote the senescence of MLE‐12 cells. On the contrary, elevating the expression of ATG5 could effectively suppress LPS‐induced cellular senescence via enhancing autophagy activity. In addition, we demonstrated that metformin could protect MLE‐12 cells from LPS‐induced senescence via increasing the expression of ATG5 and augmenting autophagy activity. Our data implicate that activation of autophagy by metformin may provide a preventive and therapeutic strategy for ALI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the recycling of waste tires has caused widespread concern for its environmental issues. The experience of the producer responsibility and tax system is of great beneficial to developing countries. The article also elaborates on the efforts of Chinese government to focus on establishing and perfecting waste tire treatment system by strengthen legislation. The main reasons such as immature market, non-uniform policy and repeated taxation for the survival difficulties of waste tire recycling enterprises in China are summarized. Among numerous resource methods, pyrolysis has been considered as a promising thermochemical process to deal with the waste tires. Unlike other similar reviews that mainly focus on its liquid phase, special attention has been given to solid char, pyrolysis carbon black, due to its wide application and high-value utilization in the future. We summarize the available research on application of pyrolysis carbon black as an alternative to commercial carbon black in rubber manufacture, as activated carbon in pollution control and as biochar for soil improvement. Analysis of the available data revealed that 1) the influence of temperature and time has been basically established; 2) catalyst type, dosage and reactor selection should be adjusted according to product demand; 3) pickling has become the primary means of improving pyrolysis carbon black; 4) the type of modifier and modification method must be adjusted according to the specific characteristics of the raw materials and needs to be combined with the experimental results to realize resource utilization and give full play to its economic value. Unlabelled Image • The policy changes of the Chinese government about waste tires are introduced. • Compared with previous reviews, this paper focuses more on the solid phase products. • High-value utilization forms of pyrolytic carbon black are summarized and prospected. • The development direction of policy and technology on waste tires are pointed out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]