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This is the first review study that focuses on the interplay between China's regulated and voluntary carbon markets, the Emissions Trading System (ETS), the China Certified Emission Reduction (CCER) scheme, and their combined influence on the development of renewable energy in the country. Through a comparative literature review of 52 peer-reviewed academic papers published between 2009 and 2024, this study aims to elucidate how these market mechanisms interact to drive renewable energy deployment. The findings indicate that both the ETS and the CCER system positively affect China's renewable energy landscape. The ETS, with its Cap-and-Trade (CaT) mechanism, sets a cap on total emissions and allows for the trading of emission quotas, thereby creating financial incentives for companies to reduce emissions and invest in renewable energy. The CCER scheme complements the ETS by allowing companies to use the CCER scheme for a capped share of their ETS certificates, whereby the lower CCER price diverts investments to where the saved ton of CO2 in China is cheapest, further incentivizing investments in renewable energy. This dual mechanism allows for a more flexible and cost-effective approach to achieving emission reduction targets, thereby fostering an environment conducive to investment in renewable energy. It will stimulate additional investment in renewable energy projects in the long run, particularly in economically underdeveloped regions, contributing to both local economic development and national emission reduction targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a general rule, shares in joint stock companies can be freely transferred. However, in some fields, laws and secondary legislation applicable to joint stock companies operating in certain sectors introduce restrictions on share transfers different from those in the Turkish Commercial Code No. 6102. There are also certain limitations on share transfers in joint stock companies holding licenses within the energy market legislation. This article examines the regulations concerning share transfer restrictions envisaged for joint stock companies under the energy market legislation. It analyzes the legal nature of requiring permission from the Energy Market Regulatory Authority for share transfers and examines the legal consequences of conducting share transfers without obtaining such permission when it is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Türkiye adopted a new regime on bearer share certificates to comply with the Recommendations of the Financial Action Task Force on money laundering by promulgating the Law on Preventing Financing of Proliferation of Mass Destruction Weapons on 31 December 2020. This new law does not prohibit the issuance of bearer share certificates but ends the anonymity of the holders. According to the new law, the holders of bearer share certificates shall be registered in a centralized registry. In case of transfer of the certificates, the new holder must also be registered in the registry. In this paper, I will first give brief information on shares in Turkish law. Subsequently, I will explain the new system prescribed by the Law on Preventing Financing of Proliferation of Mass Destruction Weapons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainability certificates are increasingly used as tools for shaping bioeconomic production processes and trade. However, their specific effects are subjected to debate. A multitude of certificate schemes and standards are currently in use, defining and measuring sustainability in the bioeconomy in highly varying ways. Different representations of environmental effects, resulting from the use of different standards or scientific methods in certification, can have very real implications for how, where and to which degree bioeconomic production can be conducted and the environment will be conserved. Further, the implications for bioeconomic production practices and management embedded in the environmental knowledge employed in bioeconomic sustainability certificates will produce different winners and losers, and privilege some societal or individual concerns at the expense of others. In this way, sustainability certificates share some characteristics with other standards and policy tools that embody political contingencies, but are presented and often understood as objective and neutral. The paper argues that the politics of environmental knowledge involved in these processes warrant more awareness, scrutiny and explicit consideration from decision makers, policy developers and researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy consumption of data centers is on a sharp upward trend, and how to achieve joint optimal scheduling and energy management of multiple data centers is the key to the economic and low-carbon operation of data center prosumers (DCPs). This study introduces shared electric-hydrogen energy storage (SEHES) for DCPs, constructs a data center cluster (DCC) framework, and proposes a two-stage energy sharing model for DCC considering the 'Carbon-Green Certificate' coupling mechanism (C-GCCM). First, the DCC framework containing DCC operator (DCCO) and DCPs is established, and the C-GCCM based on conversion coefficients is designed to improve the energy saving and emission reduction level of DCC. In the day-ahead optimization stage, a stochastic multi-objective scheduling model for SEHES considering economy and environmental protection is developed. In the real-time optimization stage, considering the C-GCCM and the difference in on-grid prices, the Stackelberg game model of DCC is constructed according to the internal energy price set by DCCO and the trading strategies of DCPs. Finally, the proposed model is solved using the normal boundary intersection algorithm, the particle swarm algorithm and CPLEX. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed DCC framework can reduce the daily operating cost of DCPs by 67.05 %. The introduction of C-GCCM has resulted in a shift from negative to positive benefits on carbon emission trading for DCC and a 42.33 % increase in benefits on green certificate trading. • Shared electric hydrogen energy storage is introduced in the data center cluster. • A novel two-stage energy sharing method for the data center cluster is presented. • A novel 'Carbon-Green Certificate' coupled trading mechanism is designed. • The demand response mechanism of data load is constructed. • A pricing mechanism considering the difference of on-grid prices is designed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is Islamic about Islamic finance? How does the industry's Islamicity compare to the notions of trade and commerce in classical sharīʿa? In this essay, I explore the genealogy of Islamic finance by scrutinizing twentieth-century fatwā s on share certificates. I argue that these fatwā s gave rise to shareholding as a novel property relation, one that severs the shareholder's non-financial interest in the company's property. Twentieth-century muftī s unanimously accepted the legitimacy of shareholding, which, in turn, contributed to the rise of the Islamic investor: a profit-maximizing, socially-disinterested homo economicus whose ethical conduct is validated in reference to modern Islamic law. The unanimous acceptance of shareholding and the investor contributed to the consolidation of the central institutions of Islamic finance: Islamic banks and joint-stock companies. It also contributed to the thinning of Islamicity. Whereas the classical sharīʿa discourse produced partnerships as, at once, social and economic entities, fatwā s on Islamic financial instruments reduce Islamicity to economic considerations and a set of maneuverable protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is possible for joint stock company shares to be certified, hence establishment of share pledge is subject to different procedures depending on whether the share is certified or uncertified, and type of share certificate. There are also differences in terms of legal consequences of the method preferred. This paper examines selected problems on establishment of share pledge within the scope of different methods of pledge establishment on certified and uncertified shares, legal implications of selected method of pledge establishment, endorsement in pledge on registered share certificates, acquisitions by third party in good faith on shares subject to pledge, legal implications of certification of uncertified shares following establishment of pledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Gender Sociology, a field of teaching and research in construction at the University of Yaoundé 1 and at the Catholic Institute of Yaoundé (South-Cameroon)." Subsequent to the J. Moutome Ekambi (2004)'s article appraising the scientific status of "Women and Gender Studies" in Cameroon till 1990, the present paper tries to undertake a diachronic analysis of the scientific status of gender sociology at the university of Yaoundé 1 and at the Catholic Institute of Yaoundé, through changes in educational curriculum and in scientific works. The importance of gender sociology is evaluated here through the number and types of lessons taught as well as the total number of lecturers' publications and students' field studies, since the spontaneous emergence of this discipline in these two universities. After a brief disciplinary clarification, the authors realize, in turn, take stock of things and the perspectives for the construction of gender sociology in these two universities. Despite some significant progress over four decades, the influence of this disciplinary field will go through the organization of a scientific colloquium on the discipline in order to create educational and theoretical debates between the lecturers here and their colleagues of other African Nations, since many countries have many common social norms and values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Portfolio analysis is done by constructing different models to create the optimum portfolio. The purpose here is to get maximum return with minimum risk. It may not be possible to achieve this through investing on only one stock certificate. Therefore, the best portfolio can be created by portfolio selection by evaluating the return and risk relation of the stock certificates in the portfolio. At this point, diversification of risk is important. In this way, it can be protected by investments in another sector from negative situations that can occur in one sector. This is a balance factor. When creating diversity, it is also important to determine which securities and ratio to invest. Chronologically, the traditional portfolio approach continued to be valid until the early 1950s. In 1952, modern portfolio approach developed by Henry Markowitz emerged. Nowadays, the adequacy of the portfolios created by the modern portfolio approach is also debatable. In this study, performance evaluation of ISE30 stocks certificates was made with data set dated as June, 2018 and an optimum portfolio was created. The variables of Beta Coefficient, Relative Strength Index (RSI), Commodity Channel Index (CCI), Stochastic Momentum Index (SMI), Price/Earning Ratio, Market Value/Book Value Ratio were used during evaluation. One of the Multi-Criteria Decision Making Techniques, TOPSIS was used as a method. Moreover, Path Analysis was used to determine the relationships between variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the major challenges to trading white certificates, identify why these obstacles exist, and how successful white certificate markets have addressed these potential problems. Among the challenges are defining a white certificate (including whether it meets the standard of being real, additional, permanent, verifiable, and enforceable) and identifying who owns them and how they are tracked. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thirteen new distribution localities of the endemic terrestrial isopod species, Trachelipus ater, were recorded in the Southern Carpathians in Romania. Most of them are situated in the Olt River gorge, throughout its tributary, the Lotru River. However, the species was identified westwards of its previously known distribution range, in the Olteţ Gorge, and even at the northern slope of the Southern Carpathians, in the Strei River basin, expanding much its previously known distribution range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research made with bat detectors in the spring of 2012 in the Inferior Meadow of the Crișul Repede River natural protected area had lead to the identification of 19 bat species. Most of them are tolerant, low altitude species, common in human settlements, their presence being expectable both from the ecologic and zoogeographic point of view. However, we registered also unexpected species, namely Eptesicus nilssonii and Myotis alcathoe. Pipistrellus kuhlii was the most common species of the region. Three of the encountered species (Miniopterus schreibersii, Myotis dasycneme and M. myotis) were not mentioned in the protected areas' standard data form, even if they have a high conservative value. Despite of the species richness in the area, many of these are rare, being registered only few times. The region is highly affected by human, being represented by agricultural fields along the Crișul Repede River, with many localities. Thus, in this region the natural shelters for bats are lacking, these sheltering probably in the localities. Moreover, some species could belong to populations from the forests surrounding Oradea city, or to populations from the city, which probably arrived in the region accidentally or for feeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the working of the U.S. Department of Treasury regarding lien release certificates related to Form 4422 and also presents the views of Tax Section representative T. Randolph Harris reagrding the same.

Climate change has become one of the major problems of our blue planet due to growing population and it's rapidly expanding industrial sector. Inevitably, all individuals and institutions which are potentially responsible for devastating environment, have to take part in the solution of this problem. In this context, it is obvious that the parties have to be obliged to compensate for the damage done to the environment. Because of the result of these compensations mentioned, underestimated costs have emerged for enterprise activities and these costs should be reflected in the financial statements. The main objective of this research is to shed light on the issue of recognition of trade in greenhouse gas so as to create a consensus among accountants. In order to accomplish this aim, information related to mandatory mechanisms arising from the Kyoto Protocol and the functioning of the voluntary markets is given. In addition, the operation of the greenhouse gas emissions trading is described and carbon trade in Turkey (greenhouse gas and carbon is used in the same sense) and the current legal regulations are being investigated. Finally, accordance with Accounting Standards in Turkey, we endeavor to make advisements by demonstrating commonly recording methods in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Judgements handed down by the High Courts of Justice have traditionally denied any exemption from Property Transfer Tax for conveyances of stock certificates in civil partnerships. The arguments underlying these refusals have been determined by the legal thinking of the Directorate-General for Taxation, which has ruled out the exemption on the grounds that a civil partnership lacks any legal personality, also supported by a strict conception of the term value for the purposes of article 108 of the Securities Market Act (LMV). Since 2005, however, the Directorate-General for Taxation has been acknowledging that the exemption could be granted if the legal personality of the civil partnership is affirmed, a question that is currently indisputable, therefore the said exemption must be recognized and the Courts must so declare in their pronouncements. In recent times, the Directorate-General for Taxation has recognized an exemption for the transfer of stock certificates in agrarian transformation partnerships, entities whose civil nature is undeniable; obviously without recognizing this tax benefit for any conveyance of stock certificates in joint property regimes. Article 108 of the Securities Market Act, construed in accordance with its purpose and Community law, does not exclude transfers of stock certificates in civil partnerships from the scope of its exemption, especially starting from a unified conception of stock certificates, as defended by the most recent legal thinking, which we examine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the regulations that govern the American depository receipts (ADR), used as negotiable receipts of deposits of foreign securities, in the U.S. and India. Brief overview of the history of DRs, its types and evolution in the market is discussed. Suggestion on the need to amend the regulations that govern ADR in both countries to maintain its equilibrium between the reporting requirements and incentives to attract companies is emphasized.

The article focuses on changes announced and implemented in the regulation of international securities and capital markets in Brazil, India, and the U.S. in 2010. It mentions that Brazilian Securities and Exchange Commission (CVM) issued new rules applied to securities analysts. It informs that Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) announced reforms in Indian depository receipts (IDRS) and U.S. announced Investor Protections and Improvements to the Regulation of Securities Act (IPIRSA)

Abstract: The modern history of the Russian stock market has mirrored ups and downs of the country''s transition as well as swings in investor perceptions. In this paper, we describe the evolution of the Russian stock market over its first decade, with particular attention to the risk factors driving stock returns. First, we analyze the development of the institutional infrastructure and dynamics of the market''s size and liquidity measured by the number of listed and traded stocks, depositary receipts and IPOs as well as trading volume in the local stock exchanges and abroad. Then, we examine major political and economic events, which influenced the investor perceptions of the country risk and were reflected in stock prices. Finally, we carry out quantitative analysis of risk factors explaining considerable time and cross-sectional variation in Russian stock returns. We document a significant role of corporate governance, political risk, and macroeconomic risk factors, such as global equity markets performance, oil prices, and exchange rates, whose relative importance varied a lot over time. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Deals with a study that discussed the global shares of German corporations and their dual listings on the Frankfurt and New York Stock Exchanges (NYSE). General observations on the NYSE; Basic concept on the global shares; Conversion of bearer shares into registered shares; Certification and design of share certificates; Trading shares between Germany and the United States.

This paper investigates the time series properties of the return of American Depository Receipts (ADRs) issued by Latin American companies. Specifically, we examine the presence of nonlinear trends and chaos. The motivation of the paper is twofold: First, we use a micro data set, wich can avoid the problems encountered by previous research of nonlinearity an chaos in micro financial data. Second, we choose returns of Latin American ADRs because of its unique characteristics, wich might make them to behave differently from the U.S. capital market as a whole. Even though the powerful BDS statistic strongly suggests the presence of nonlinearity in the Latin American ADRs returns. The BDS statistics, applied to the standardized residuals of the EGARCH model, rejects heteroskedasticity as the cause of nonlinearity. On the other hands, the locally weighted regression indicates the presence of chaos in the Latin American ADRs returns. Our results are relevant because previous research has failed to report evidencr of chaos in stock returns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper extends Weitzman's analysis of share contracts. Firstly, a second variable input is introduced into a firm's production technology. Some share contracts give the firm an incentive to reduce worker compensation by manipulating the second variable input. This implies that contracts which possess this property cannot support the same long-run equilibrium as would be achieved with a wage contract. Secondly, a positively sloped labor supply curve is introduced. It is shown that while share contracts reduce involuntary unemployment, they may not reduce total unemployment vis-a-vis wage contracts. The paper identifies the factors which determine relative employment variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on various lawsuits lodged in the U.S. The secretary of a company, to accommodate a friend, certified a transfer of shares, though the certificates were not lodged in the company's office as represented. The committee of a lunatic filed a petition in bankruptcy. Held, that the court had no jurisdiction to entertain such a petition. Under the Mexican statute giving an action for death by wrongful act, the liability of the defendant is limited to furnishing support to the legal dependents of the deceased during the periods of time that support would have been due from him, payments being made in monthly installments.

This article reports on recent cases and its implications in the U.S. At the outset, the article focuses on the case, Clews versus Jamieson, 89 Circuit Court, Illinois. Plaintiffs' broker, without disclosing his principals, sold certain stock for them to defendants, at a price unauthorized by plaintiffs. A month later he tendered the certificates of stock, but defendants refused to take them. It is been held in the case that plaintiffs cannot hold defendants on the agreement, because, the contract being unauthorized, defendants could not have held plaintiffs. The article further focuses on the case, Norman versus Norman, 54, Supreme Court, California, which deals with marriage law.

Discusses the problems associated with conflicting claims to shares of stock. Negotiability of stock certificates; Liability of a corporation for unauthorized and improper transfers; Discussion of liability for improperly refusing requests to transfer; Legislation proposed to resolve disputes between adverse claimants to stock.

The article presents a discussion on registered bonds. The registered bond has received very little attention from either lawyer or legislator. It has so long been a gilt-edged member of the financial community, but a bit old-fashioned in its non-negotiability. Many members of the unregistered bond family have been accorded full negotiability. Share certificates and registered bonds have also been given many attributes of negotiability, if one may conceive of negotiability as something having a definite number of characteristics. To the man in the street, the non-negotiability of the registered bond is one of its attractive features.

The certificate authority, a trusted entity, issues digital certificates which contain identity credentials to help Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) devices to represent their authenticity in a secure means. The crucial challenge of a digital certificate is to how design a secure certification authority management system that can counteract cyberattacks on the IIoT network. Moreover, current IIoT systems are not capable of implementing complex mathematical operations due to their constrained power capacity and processing capability. This paper proposes an effective, secure symmetric cryptographic mechanism (ESSC) based on the certificate authority management and Elliptic Curve Diffie Hellman (ECDH) to share a digital certificate among IIoT devices. The proposed certificate authority is used to securely exchange the shared secret key and to resolve the problem of spoofing attacks that may be used to impersonate the identity of the certificate authority. Also, ESSC uses the shared secret key to encrypt the sensitive data during transmission through the insecure communication channel. This research studies the adversary model for ESSC on IIoT and analyzes the cybersecurity of ESSC in the random oracle model. The findings that result from the experiments show that ESSC outperforms the baseline in terms of communication, computation, and storage costs. ESSC thus provides an adequate lightweight digital certificate management and cryptographic scheme which can help in the detection and prevention of several cyberattacks that can harm IIoT networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers the history of Wirsching, an organ builder founded by Philipp Wirsching in 1886. It mentions the Wirsching- Peloubet certificate of incorporation and the stock certificates as well as other materials about the company which changed its name into Wirsching-Peloubet Co. in 1917 under the partnership of Clarence Wirsching and Eugene M. Binder with Leonard Peloubet. It also cites the closure of the business after Peloubet failed to produce his payment.