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The Fish Invasiveness Screening Kit (FISK) has proved to be a useful tool for assessing and screening the risk posed by potentially invasive fish species in larger risk assessment (RA) areas (i.e. country or multi-country level). In the present study, non-native freshwater fishes were screened for a smaller RA area, the closed and vulnerable but economically important drainage basin of Lake Balaton (Hungary). Receiver operator characteristic analysis of FISK scores for 26 fish species screened by four assessors identified 21 species with scores of ≥11.4 to pose a 'high risk' of being invasive, with five species ranked as 'medium risk' and none as 'low risk'. The highest scoring species were gibel carp Carassius gibelio and black bullhead Ameiurus melas, with three Ponto-Caspian Gobiidae identified as amongst the species posing the potentially greatest threat to the catchment. The results of the present study indicate that FISK can be applied to risk assessment areas of smaller geographical scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• First evaluation of the efficiency of artificial spawning nests for pikeperch in natural habitats. • Tested nests are highly effective for pikeperch reproduction under natural conditions. • Nest size proved to be an important factor: at least 0.5 m2 substrate area may be required. • Spawning on suboptimal bottom substrate also occurred. • Useful tool in modified (i.e. degraded) natural environments. Pikeperch (Sander lucioperca L.) is an important species for European aquaculture and recreation fisheries. The wide range overexploitation of its stock highlights the importance of supporting wild stocks, within its native range. Our study was therefore addressed to test the effectiveness of different artificial spawning nests in a natural habitat. Eight types of artificial nests, characterized with different shape, size and substrate were tested in six localities of Lake Balaton (Hungary), in order to revel the difference between their effectiveness and usability. Nest occupancy was recorded and number of eggs on each nest was calculated and compared. Artificial spawning nests proved to be highly effective for pikeperch spawning under natural conditions, even on suboptimal bottom substrate conditions. Nest size seems to be an important factor: our results suggest at least 0.5 m2 substrate area may be required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present experimental study was to gain a better understanding of the foraging activity of Asellus aquaticus during fish egg incubation. A. aquaticus were introduced into experimental setups of dead eggs, viable eggs and hatched larvae of zebrafish (Danio rerio), a commonly used model organism. The amount of A. aquaticus and the duration of their exposure to the eggs significantly affected the proportion of consumed dead eggs in each experimental cycle. A. aquaticus belongs to the group of aquatic detritivores, and no predatory behavior was observed during the experiments. These crustaceans could distinguish between the dead eggs and those containing living embryos. Furthermore, zebrafish larvae remained unharmed by A. aquaticus, even in the absence of alternative food source. These findings underscore the potential sanitary role of these crustaceans in natural waters and offer new perspectives on their possible use as biological control organisms in aquaculture hatcheries. Additionally, our results suggest a potential application of A. aquaticus in combating pathogens by reducing the growth substrates for bacteria and fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to investigate body parameters and the process of spermatogenesis from April to September. In addition, it sought to test the applicability of sperm cryopreservation for conservation purposes in a razorfish (Pelecus cultratus) population of Lake Balaton, the largest shallow lake in Central Europe. During the aforementioned period, measurements were taken for the standard length (SL, cm) and body weight (BW, g), and the sex of specimens was determined. Cells at different stages of spermatogenesis (spermatogonia-SG, spermatocytes-SC, spermatids-ST, and spermatozoa-SZ) were quantified monthly for each male sample. Sperm samples collected at the end of May were cryopreserved using a method designed for common carp. No significant differences were found between males (SL: 25 ± 2 cm and BW: 146 ± 38 g) and females (SL: 26 ± 3 cm and BW: 168 ± 53 g) in terms of measured body parameters. No significant correlations were found between the sex, SL, and BW. High standard deviations were observed for all mean values in all sampling periods, possibly due to the low number of individual samples per month. A significantly higher proportion of SC compared to SZ was found in April. In May, no differences were observed between the four groups. Significantly more SG and SZ than SC and ST were observed in June. In August and September, a slight dominance in the number of SG was recorded, with no differences measured among the cells in different developmental stages. The males studied exhibited a low gonadosomatic index (0.92% ± 0.27%). A significant reduction was recorded in motility (MOT), progressive motility (pMOT), and in most of the kinetic parameters (distance curved line-DCL, curvilinear velocity-VCL, straight line velocity-VSL, and beat cross frequency-BCF). The spermiation of males could have started in May and conceivably lasted until the end of June. It is recommended to increase sperm quality and quantity before cryopreservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the problem of non-indigenous species and biological invasions has been widely discussed, knowledge is still limited on their prevention and elimination for the successful management of this problem. In this study, we tested relationships between fish community composition, local environmental parameters and habitat management practice in 11 lentic habitats in the catchment of Lake Balaton (Hungary). The frequency of desiccation events (related to fish pond management) proved to be highly important in increasing the dominance of non-indigenous Carassius gibelio . We suggest that high frequency of desiccation events and the robustness of this species (tolerance to low oxygen levels, gynogenetic reproduction) can contribute to local invasion cycles in wetlands and fish ponds resulting in their continuously high abundance. Our study suggests that ensuring more controlled and stable water level in these habitats can be a successful tool to manage C. gibelio invasions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

European reservoirs are considered to be well characterized from many aspects. However, the description of long-term sequence of events in the fish fauna is restricted and mostly limited to deep, oligomictic reservoirs. Lake Hídvégi is a shallow hypertrophic reservoir (average depth = 1.14 m), which started to operate in 1985. The main function of this reservoir has been to retain nutrients carried by the River Zala in order to protect the water quality of Lake Balaton. The changes in the fish fauna of Lake Hídvégi was monitored in selected localities using standard method (electrofishing). Species composition and assemblage structure changed significantly during the study period, between 1986 and 2011. Following the inundation, the rapid expansion of gibel carp ( Carassius gibelio BLOCH, 1782) occurred, but after a peak this tendency turned. Surprisingly, based on the among-years variance of the relative abundances, most of the species were not affected seriously by the invasion. By the end of the studied period, the native generalist roach ( Rutilus rutilus L. 1758) became the most abundant species, amounting to more than 50% of the stock. By analyzing functional guilds, we identified an increasing trend in omnivore abundance, in parallel with the disappearance of planktivores. Our results suggest that the fish assemblage structure can be considered as metastable, disturbance tolerant and is mostly composed of generalist cyprinid species still after 29 years of operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several recent notes prove that taxonomic relations of close relative animal groups (species complexes or cryptic species) can be revealed by the combined use of genetic and morphologic methodologies. At the same time scarce information can be found about how phylogeny, population origin, and sexual dimorphism affect the morphometric features of these species. In our present work, we performed simultaneous phylogenetic and morphological studies on the taxonomically still questionable Carpathian stream dwelling gudgeons (Cyprinidae, Gobio) by using two different methodologies (distance based and geometric morphometry). Our results were in correspondence with the previous findings, showing the presence of three phylogenetically more or less distinct groups in the area. The results of the whole-body geometric and the traditional, distance-based morphometry reflected the extent of phylogenetic differences. While the results of geometric scale morphometry did not correspond with the genetic subdivisions. Results of three way PERMANOVA analyses showed that the phylogenetic effects on morphometry is less considerable as the population origin or the sexual dimorphism at these cyprinid taxa. Our investigation contributed to the better understanding of the taxonomy of fish stocks in the Carpathian Basin, and to their conservation, but additional investigations will be needed to clarify the exact taxonomic position of the gudgeons ('Gobio sp1') dominating the eastern part of the studied drainage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] A phenotype reminiscent to the heart and soul (has) mutant was detected. [•] A developmental defect indicates dismorphology of the caudal fin primordium. [•] vitellogenin induction was confirmed in adult males and larvae. [•] qRT-PCR in larvae proved to be sufficient substitute to adult tests. [•] EC50 for vtg induction was 100× higher than environmentally relevant concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite their ecological and economical importance, the taxonomy and the phylogenetic origin of pikes (Esocidae) living in the Carpathian Basin is poorly known. For this reason we made phylogenetic and morphologic assay on 88 pike specimen collected from 49 Middle‐Danubian sampling sites. Our phylogenetic surveys using mtCytB and mtD‐loop sequences showed that only the E. lucius appears in the study area, but all its three lineages were indicated from the study sites. The distribution and haplotype diversity data show that only the Southern lineage is native in the area, while the other two groups could have appeared in the Middle‐Danubian system either spontaneously or by human introduction. In case of the studied morphologic features, the number of scales on the lateral line and the head length showed significant differences among the lineages. The high variability of the phenotypic characteristics examined can be explained not only by environmental but also by genetic reasons (e.g. interclade hybridisation). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the origin and diversity of goldfish, it is a suitable model organism to investigate the effect of artificial selection on reproduction and larval development. In the present study, four, well-known variants of goldfish (common goldfish, shubunkin, black moor, oranda) with considerable phenotypical differences were compared within the framework of gamete quality assessment, propagation trial, larvae rearing and morphology assessment. In our first experiment, sperm concentration, sperm volume per fish (sperm volume) and volume of sperm per kg of body weight of males did not differ significantly between the variants. Concerning the measured Computer-Assisted Sperm Analysis (CASA) system parameters, shubunkin and oranda had significantly higher progressive motility (pMOT, %) than black moor. Tendencies in female gamete production were observed in the second experiment, despite not all cases displaying significant differences. For pseudo-gonadosomatic index (PGSI, %), higher values were recorded for the globular-bodied goldfish, while the contrary was seen for the number of eggs per gram. Out of the four variants, a significantly higher fertilization rate was determined for oranda, while a significantly lower hatch rate was calculated for black moor. In the third experiment, a significant difference in the body length of freshly hatched larvae was observed between common goldfish and shubunkin during larvae rearing. However, at 3 days post-hatching (dph), shubunkin and oranda had a significant difference in this parameter. At 10 dph, common goldfish and shubunkin had significantly lower body weights than black moor and oranda. Moreover, developmental variances between common goldfish and black moor were observed in larvae morphology. At the end of larvae rearing, a significantly higher survival rate was recorded for common goldfish than for shubunkin and oranda. Even though not all parameters show considerable differences between the variants, black moor is far behind the others in terms of hatching rate and morphological abnormalities. Thousands of years of artificial selection have had a noticeable mark on the reproductive capacity and larval development of goldfish variants studied. Our results may contribute to further research on the impact of artificial selection on reproductive biology. • Differences in the qualitative indicators of gametes were observed in goldfish variants. • Different growth rates were detected for variants with distinct body shapes. • The presence of abnormalities is presumably correlated with phenotypic marks. • Artificial selection has affected reproductive capacity and larval development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In agriculture, diversifying production implies picking up, in the wild biodiversity, species or populations that can be domesticated and fruitfully produced. Two alternative approaches are available to highlight wild candidate(s) with high suitability for aquaculture: the single-trait (i.e. considering a single phenotypic trait and, thus, a single biological function) and multi-trait (i.e. considering multiple phenotypic traits involved in several biological functions) approaches. Although the former is the traditional and the simplest method, the latter could be theoretically more efficient. However, an explicit comparison of advantages and pitfalls between these approaches is lacking to date in aquaculture. Here, we compared the two approaches to identify best candidate(s) between four wild allopatric populations of Perca fluviatilis in standardised aquaculture conditions. Our results showed that the single-trait approach can (1) miss key divergences between populations and (2) highlight different best candidate(s) depending on the trait considered. In contrast, the multi-trait approach allowed identifying the population with the highest domestication potential thanks to several congruent lines of evidence. Nevertheless, such an integrative assessment is achieved with a far more time-consuming and expensive study. Therefore, improvements and rationalisations will be needed to make the multi-trait approach a promising way in the aquaculture development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several non-native crayfish species represent a particularly successful group of invasive species in freshwaters, hence their introduction poses one of the main threats to freshwater biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Based on our research the noble crayfish (Astacus astacus) and the narrow-clawed crayfish (Pontastacus leptodactylus) occur as native species in Lake Balaton and its drainage basin. Besides three nonnative Decapoda species, the spiny-cheek crayfish (Faxonius limosus), the marbled crayfish (Procambarus virginalis), and the Australian redclaw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) are known to be present in different habitats of Lake Balaton and its drainage basin. This study summarises historical and recent literature data along with own dataset in order to determine the current occurrence of crayfish species in the whole research area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-term changes of crayfish and fish fauna in the Hungarian section of the River Ipoly/Ipel were evaluated according to the historical, recent literature and own datasets. In the last decades all the three native decapode species (noble crayfish - Astacus astacus, narrow claw crayfish - Pontastacus leptodactylus, stone crayfish - Austropotamobius torrentium) were detect sporadic and the spread of the non-native spiny-check crayfish (Faxonius limosus) was observed in Hungarian-Slovakian border section of the river basin. A decrease in number of the Danubian migratory species (Acipenser ruthenus, Leuciscus aspius, Barbus barbus, Condrostoma nasus, etc.) was established by comparison of fauna lists from the end of the 19th century to the present time. In contrast, expansion of some eurytop and invasive species was observable in the last decades. The first occurrence and spread of several non-native fishes, e.g: Ameiurus melas, three Ponto-Caspian gobies in the River Ipoly/Ipel was detected by our fish surveys between 2010-2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contents: In our study, a traditionally used (Grayling, already used in cyprinid species) and a newly tested (Pike) extender was tested to avoid sperm agglutination phenomenon following thawing during carp sperm cryopreservation. A large‐scale (elevated volume of sperm) freezing method in a controlled‐rate freezer using 5 ml straw and 10 ml cryotube was also systematically established. In all experiments, the sperm cryopreserved in using Grayling extender (except only one sample) showed an agglutination phenomenon (damaged and intact cells adhered to each other) after thawing where Pike extender resulted the regular cell suspension. No significant difference was observed between the two cryopreserved groups (Pike and Grayling extender) in all motility parameters using the 0.5 ml straw and the polystyrene box. Similarly, motility parameters did not show a significant difference in the two frozen groups with the 5 ml straw, also in the polystyrene box. A significantly higher progressive motility (pMOT, Grayling: 54% ± 8%, Pike: 37% ± 5%), straight line velocity (VSL, Grayling: 50 ± 5 µm/s, Pike: 39 ± 4 µm/s) and beat cross frequency (BCF, Grayling: 20 ± 1 Hz, Pike: 17 ± 1 Hz) was observed in the case of the grayling extender by the 5 ml straw cryopreserved in a controlled‐rate freezer (CRF) compare to the pike extender. A significantly higher VSL (Grayling: 45 ± 3 µm/s, Pike: 38 ± 4 µm/s) was observed by the grayling extender using the 10 ml cryotube than with the pike extender. Despite the randomly occurring differences in a few parameters, our new controlled freezing method using the newly tested Pike extender, the 5 ml straw or the 10 ml cryotube can be a good solution for the preservation of elevated volume of carp sperm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated the effects of chilled storage and cryopreservation on ide sperm motility and fertilizing capacity alongside the longevity of sperm movement. The parameters of motility (progressive motility-pMOT, curvilinear velocity-VCL and straightness-STR) have been recorded during 48 h of chilled storage (4 °C) at 24-h intervals. The longevity of sperm movement was measured following activation for up to 120 s (in a range at 10–120 s) in freshly stripped and thawed sperm. A formerly established cryopreservation method was tested on ide sperm where motility parameters, hatching rate and larval malformation (according to 7 category groups) were investigated. Significant decrement of pMOT has already been observed after 24 h (6 ± 5%) compared to the freshly stripped sperm (49 ± 22%). pMOT and STR showed no significant changes for up to 120 s following activation in fresh sperm, whereas VCL showed significant difference between 10 (51 ± 11 μm/s), 90 (33 ± 3 μm/s) and 120 (31 ± 4 μm/s) seconds as well as between 20 (48 ± 12 μm/s), and 120 s. No negative effect of cryopreservation was recorded on pMOT (fresh: 49 ± 19%, cryopreserved: 22 ± 22%), VCL (fresh: 45 ± 9 μm/s and cryopreserved: 57 ± 5 μm/s), STR (fresh: 81 ± 3% and cryopreserved: 92 ± 1%) hatching rate (fresh: 22 ± 15%, cryopreserved: 33 ± 18%) or larval malformation (fresh: 12 ± 4%, cryopreserved: 12 ± 4%). No significant correlation was found between the three motility parameters and hatching rate. Cryopreservation had no effect on hatching and the prevalence of larval deformity. Furthermore craniofacial and eye deformities were characteristic in the group originating from fertilization with cryopreserved sperm, while edemas (pericardial, yolk) occurred more frequently in the control. The formerly developed cryopreservation protocol (method for cyprinids) was applicable to ide sperm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During our country-wide fish faunistic surveys several pike individuals were collected, which can be charecterised by stripped (non-dotted) body pattern, and their scale number on the lateral line is lower than it is indicated at the E. lucius. These features are similar to those detected at the newly described Esox species from French and Italian waters. Therefore the existence of a distinct pike clade is supposed from the Carpathian waters. To clear the phylogenetic and taxonomic position of this supposed new clade, age determination and comprehensive morphometric and genetic researches are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The applicability of a programmable freezer for the increased-scale cryopreservation of common carp sperm was investigated. The effect of different equilibration times, cryopreservation methods, extenders, dilution ratios, activating solutions on the post-thaw motility of common carp sperm was investigated. The suitable post-thaw storage time-interval as well as fertilizing capacity of cryopreserved sperm was also examined. The motility, curvilinear velocity (VCL) and straightness (STR) values did not decrease significantly during 60 min of equilibration neither in equilibrated nor thawed groups. Motility parameters of thawed sperm were similar using a conventional cryopreservation technique using a polystyrene box [motility (33%), VCL (47 μm/s) and STR (88%)] and a programmable freezer: [motility (32%), VCL (54 μm/s) and STR (89%)]. The highest motility and VCL was measured with a sugar based extender (grayling extender) at a ratio 1:9 (motility: 52%, VCL: 76 μm/s) and 1:20 (motility: 49%, VCL: 76 μm/s). The activating solution for cyprinids (ASC) could prolong sperm movement up for 2 min. A storage time of six hours following thawing did not have a significant effect on the motility parameters of thawed carp sperm. Agglutination was observed during cryopreservation of an elevated volume of sperm whereas motility 47%, VCL 62 μm/s and STR 91% were measured after thawing. Fertilization rate with thawed sperm (32%) was significantly lower compared to the control group (73%). According to our results, the developed method using a programmable freezer is suitable for the cryopreservation of elevated number of straws. However, carp sperm agglutination during freezing may have a negative effect on the fertilizing capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality and fertilizing capacity of perch ( Perca fluviatilis ) sperm collected outside of the spawning season (off-season) and cryopreserved at a commercial scale, were tested. Basic parameters (equilibration time, dilution ratio, sperm concentration, post-thaw motility duration) which can have a significant effect on cryopreservation success were systematically investigated for effects on sperm quality using computer assisted sperm analysis (CASA). No significant decrease in progressive motility (pMOT) and straightness (STR) of fresh-diluted sperm was recorded among groups equilibrated for 0, 30 or 60 min in an extender with cryoprotectants. Curvilinear velocity (VCL) was reduced significantly after 30 min (30 min: 146 ± 15 μm/s, 60 min: 124 ± 18 μm/s) of equilibration compared to the control (174 ± 9 μm/s). After thawing, no decrease in pMOT or VCL was observed at different equilibration times in any of the analyzed groups. No correlation was observed among progressive motility, dilution ratios ( p = 0.7) and cell concentrations ( p = 0.1). The use of different activating solutions resulted in similar pMOT and VCL in the first 120 s post-thaw. Nevertheless, post-thaw sperm motility was reduced after 30 s using all activators. Motility parameters with low variation were recorded after thawing of 57 straws (pMOT: 37 ± 7%, VCL: 92 ± 10 μm/s, STR: 89 ± 3%). Ten randomly selected straws from commercial-scale cryopreservation resulted in a high fertilization rate (cryopreserved sperm: 72 ± 14%, fresh control: 94 ± 2%). An optimized commercial-scale cryopreservation protocol was successfully developed for Eurasian perch. The applicability of the off-season collected perch sperm for cryopreservation and fertilization was demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We compared the repeatability, reproducibility (intra- and inter-measurer similarity), separative power and subjectivity (measurer effect on results) of four morphometric methods frequently used in ichthyological research, the “traditional” caliper-based (TRA) and truss-network (TRU) distance methods and two geometric methods that compare landmark coordinates on the body (GMB) and scales (GMS). In each case, measurements were performed three times by three measurers on the same specimen of three common cyprinid species (roach Rutilus rutilus (Linnaeus, 1758), bleak Alburnus alburnus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Prussian carp Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782)) collected from three closely-situated sites in the Lake Balaton catchment (Hungary) in 2014. TRA measurements were made on conserved specimens using a digital caliper, while TRU, GMB and GMS measurements were undertaken on digital images of the bodies and scales. In most cases, intra-measurer repeatability was similar. While all four methods were able to differentiate the source populations, significant differences were observed in their repeatability, reproducibility and subjectivity. GMB displayed highest overall repeatability and reproducibility and was least burdened by measurer effect. While GMS showed similar repeatability to GMB when fish scales had a characteristic shape, it showed significantly lower reproducability (compared with its repeatability) for each species than the other methods. TRU showed similar repeatability as the GMS. TRA was the least applicable method as measurements were obtained from the fish itself, resulting in poor repeatability and reproducibility. Although all four methods showed some degree of subjectivity, TRA was the only method where population-level detachment was entirely overwritten by measurer effect. Based on these results, we recommend a) avoidance of aggregating different measurer’s datasets when using TRA and GMS methods; and b) use of image-based methods for morphometric surveys. Automation of the morphometric workflow would also reduce any measurer effect and eliminate measurement and data-input errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landmark-based geometric morphometric analysis revealed differences in scale shape between European sardine Sardina pilchardus and round sardinella Sardinella aurita as well as among the local populations of each species. Fish scale measurements from four different areas in the central and eastern Mediterranean Sea showed that the mean scale shape of the two species using landmark data could be differentiated with high certainty. Populations of S. aurita from the central and eastern Mediterranean Sea could be separated reliably ( P < 0·001) with an average discrimination rate of 91%, whereas the average discrimination of the S. pilchardus populations was lower (80%), albeit still high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aflatoxin B1-contaminated feeds and foods induce various health problems in domesticated animals and humans, including tumor development and hepatotoxicity. Aflatoxin B1 also has embryotoxic effects in different livestock species and humans. However, it is difficult to distinguish between the indirect, maternally-mediated toxic effects and the direct embryotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 in mammals. In the present study, we investigated the aflatoxin B1-induced direct embryotoxic effects in a zebrafish embryo model system combining toxicological, transcriptomic, immunological, and biochemical approaches. Embryonic exposure to aflatoxin B1 induced significant changes at the transcriptome level resulting in elevated expression of inflammatory gene network and repression of lipid metabolism and gastrointestinal tract development-related gene sets. According to the gene expression changes, massive neutrophil granulocyte influx, elevated nitric oxide production, and yolk lipid accumulation were observed in the abdominal region of aflatoxin B1-exposed larvae. In parallel, aflatoxin B1-induced defective gastrointestinal tract development and reduced L -arginine level were found in our model system. Our results revealed the complex direct embryotoxic effects of aflatoxin B1, including inhibited lipid utilization, defective intestinal development, and inflammation. [Display omitted] • Aflatoxin B1 induces global transcriptional changes affecting immune system and metabolism-related gene sets. • Aflatoxin B1 triggers abdominal inflammation with elevated neutrophil granulocyte number and nitric oxide production. • Aflatoxin B1 inhibits yolk lipid mobilization resulting in abdominal lipid accumulation. • Aflatoxin B1 reduces L -arginine level. • Aflatoxin B1 impairs gastrointestinal tract development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]