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Both pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) and hemangioblastoma (HB) are common primary neoplasms of the posterior fossa with similar radiological manifestations. This study was conducted to evaluate the role of Radiomics in differentiating these two conditions in adults. After a retrospective search of our institutional imaging archive, adult patients with a known diagnosis of PA or HB were included. We reviewed each patient's most recent preoperative brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The solid enhancing nodule of each lesion on post-contrast T1 sequence was manually segmented. Multiple Radiomics features were then extracted from each nodule using the Pyradiomics library. Subsequently, the most predictive features were identified by feature selection models. Following this, different machine learning (ML) models were constructed based on these selected features to classify lesions as PA or HB. Finally, we evaluated the performance of each model by leave-one-out cross-validation. With inclusion and exclusion criteria, 34 enhancing PA nodules and 39 HB nodules were selected. A total of 115 features were extracted from each enhancing nodule. Twelve characteristics were detected as most predictive of histopathological diagnosis. Among various ML models, the neural network had the best performance in differentiating these two conditions with an AUC of 0.9 and an accuracy of 82%. In this retrospective study, Radiomics MRI techniques demonstrated high performance in distinguishing adult posterior fossa PA from HB. Future development of Radiomics models may advance presurgical diagnosis of these two conditions when added to routine clinical practice and thus improve patient management. • Differentiation between hemangioblastoma and pilocytic Astrocytoma in the "adult" is challenging on conventional medical imaging. • However, an accurate preoperative diagnosis is crucial and can significantly alter patient management and surgical technique. • Our preliminary results regarding the application of Radiomics appear promising for this task, and we got an AUC of 0.9 without using any clinical information such as the patient's age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 30-year-old woman with idiopathic intracranial hypertension experienced worsening headaches and decreasing vision in her left eye. She underwent an uncomplicated ventriculoperitoneal shunt procedure but the following day was found to have cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. Treatment included venous sinus thrombectomy and anticoagulation. She had a favourable clinical outcome. Extensive evaluation including testing for thrombophilia was unremarkable. Potential causes for this rare association are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As human life expectancy increases, there is an increased prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders and dementia. There are many ongoing research trials for early diagnosis and management of dementia, and neuroimaging is a critical part of such studies. However, conventional neuroimaging often fails to provide enough diagnostic findings in patients with neurodegenerative disorders. In this context, different MRI sequences are currently under investigation to facilitate the accurate diagnosis of such disorders. Susceptibility‐weighted imaging (SWI) is an innovative MRI technique that utilizes "magnitude" and "phase" images to produce an image contrast that is sensitive for the detection of susceptibility differences of the tissues. As many neurodegenerative disorders are associated with accelerated iron deposition and/or microhemorrhages in different parts of the brain, SWI can be applied to detect these diagnostic clues. For instance, in cerebral amyloid angiopathy, SWI can demonstrate cortical microhemorrhages, which are predominantly in the frontal and parietal regions. Or in Parkinson disease, abnormal swallow‐tail sign on high‐resolution SWI is highly diagnostic. Also, SWI is a useful sequence to detect the low signal intensity of precentral cortices in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Being familiar with SWI findings in neurodegenerative disorders is critical for an accurate diagnosis. In this paper, the authors review the technical parameters of SWI, physiologic, and pathologic iron deposition in the brain, and the role of SWI in the evaluation of neurodegenerative disorders in daily practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Critical illness–associated cerebral microbleed (CICM) is a relatively rare and newly described condition. It can occur in critically ill ICU patients and can be secondary to many underlying etiologies. CICM is associated with high mortality and permanent neurologic deficits in surviving patients. Distribution of cerebral microhemorrhages in neuroimaging findings is critical for accurate diagnosis of this condition. Here, we present an ICU admitted patient with sickle cell disease crisis and CICM and will discuss their clinically and radiologically distinct phenomenon followed by a review of current literature. • CICM is a relatively rare and newly described form of cerebral microhemorrhage. • CICM can occur in sickle cell disease patients. • CICM mainly involves the gray-white matter junction of the brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rare but important complication related to otherwise uneventful brain and spine surgery is becoming more recognized and more frequently reported in the medical literature. This has been variably labeled as pseudohypoxic brain swelling or postoperative hypotension-associated venous congestion. This poorly understood condition occurs in the setting of surgical intervention and is thought to be related to cerebrospinal fluid leak or evacuation, decreased intracranial pressure, and subsequent development of deep venous congestion affecting the basal ganglia, thalami, and cerebellum. Clinically, patients may have global neurologic deficit and outcomes range from full recovery to vegetative state or death. The imaging correlate includes atypical edema, infarction, or hemorrhage and can overlap the appearance of diffuse hypoxic injury, for which this condition can be mistaken both clinically and radiologically. Although this deep brain tissue edema can be associated with other signs of cerebrospinal fluid hypotension such as dural thickening, brain sagging, and cerebellar herniation, it can be isolated, making the diagnosis challenging. We present 2 cases of unexpected clinical deterioration occurring in patients with otherwise uncomplicated neurosurgery, 1 with craniotomy and the other with lumbar spine intervention. Both patients exhibit similar appearing edema in the deep gray structures on postoperative magnetic resonance imaging scans. In addition to reviewing the prior literature and imaging findings, we evaluate the imaging findings to determine if there are unique features or signatures that might allow differentiation of PHBS from hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. The lentiform rim sign can be helpful for differentiation of pseudohypoxic brain swelling versus hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The RAPID© software is the most commonly used computed tomography perfusion (CTP) software in stroke centers. It is estimated that about 1300 hospitals in the world are using this software for decision-making in ischemic stroke. The software provides the estimated volume of infarction and ischemic penumbra, so it is the backbone of treatment planning in these patients. In this manuscript, we present two cases of subacute infarction with misleading CTP using RAPID© software. We believe that given the popularity of this software and increasing application of CTP in subacute infarction, this pitfall is likely underdiagnosed in many patients. In a subacute phase of infarction, we recommend diffusion-weighted imaging magnetic resonance imaging (DWI-MRI) for estimation of infarction to avoid this pitfall and possible mismanagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CT perfusion (CTP) is an evolving protocol for stroke evaluation in many hospitals, but there are several pitfalls in CT perfusion. Herein I present a patient suspicious of brain infarction under "stroke code". CT perfusion was initially visually interpreted and because of obvious asymmetry between the right and left cerebral hemispheres the interpretation was consistent with right cerebral ischemia. CT angiogram (CTA) did not demonstrate significant vascular stenosis. Subsequent electroencephalography (EEG) was consistent with status epilepticus from the left cerebral hemisphere. Since more and more CTPs are nowperformed in acute setting of code stroke more patients are being imaged with ongoing seizure with increased perfusion in epileptogenic brain parenchyma. This is different from the conventional concept of hypo perfusion of the involved brain in CTP performed in the "post-ictal" phase. The interpreting radiologist should be informed about the patient symptoms and should avoid solo visual assessment of CT perfusion in patients under the "stroke code". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Introduction: It has been reported that a novel type of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan called echo planar magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (EP-MRSI) may show antidepressant effects. We examined whether the two routine diagnostic protocols of MRI [T1 and echo planar diffusion weighted imaging (EPI-DWI)], have antidepressant-like effects in an animal model of depression. Methods: The effects of standard EPI-DWI and T1 MRI on immobility, swimming and climbing times in the modified forced swimming test (FST) in mice were examined. After exposure to the first session of modified forced swimming test, we randomly divided the mice into four groups. The first group (T1 MRI group, n =21) received a 15-minute stimulation of T1 sequence. The second group (EPI-DWI MRI group, n =21) received a 15-minute stimulation of EPI-DWI protocol. The third group (sham group, n =21) spent 15 min in a tunnel similar to the MRI gantry in terms of size, temperature and light intensity and received recorded sounds from a normal session of EPI-DWI with similar duration and intensity. The fourth group acted as controls (n =21).The second session of the modified FST was conducted twelve hours later. The mean of immobility, swimming and climbing times in this session were compared to the control group. Results: T1 weighted and EPI-DWI MRI groups showed a reduction in immobility time compared to the control group (P value<0.002, P value<0.017 respectively). This effect is comparable to that seen in the FST after the administration of antidepressant agents. The climbing time in the group subjected to EPI-DWI MRI was longer than the control group (P value<0.035). Previous studies showed similar effects after the administration of antidepressant drugs affecting the catecholamine systems. The swimming time in the T1 MRI group was significantly longer than the control group (P value<0.037). Previous studies showed qualitatively similar effect to that of anti-depressant drugs affecting the serotoninergic systems. The swimming, climbing and immobility times in the sham and control groups showed no significant difference. Conclusions: Our findings raise the possibility that MRI-based stimulation may have antidepressant-like effects in mice. This is likely to be through different mechanisms in T1 weighted and EPI-DWI protocols. However the possible biological basis of this effect is not yet understood and we would advocate further studies of MRI-based stimulation effects on transmitters in the different organs in the body specially the brain. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to clarify the prevalence, spectrum of associated tumors and the diagnostic value of the linear meningeal thickening and enhancement adjacent to a peripherally located cranial mass “dural tail sign”(DTS) in contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this prospective descriptive cross-sectional study conducted from 2002 to 2005, 110 patients with imaging-proven intracranial lesions and no history of previous intracranial surgery were referred to the neurosurgery clinic of our hospital for surgical resection. All underwent imaging with a 1.5T MR system with and without contrast injection. Twelve patients were excluded from our study and finally 98 patients were evaluated for the presence of “dural tail sign”. Twenty-two of 98 patients (22.44%) with intracranial masses exhibited the “dural tail sign” (18 meningiomas, 2 pituitary adenomas, 1 primary cerebral lymphoma and 1 fungal brain abscess). Fifty-eight percent of the patients with biopsy-proven meningioma were observed to show “dural tail sign”. In conclusion, we found the “dural tail sign” to have a sensitivity of 58.6% and specificity of 94.02% in diagnosis of meningioma. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Patients diagnosed with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) continue to face a dire prognosis. Developing accurate and efficient contouring methods is crucial, as they can significantly advance both clinical practice and research. This study evaluates the AI models developed by MRIMath© for GBM T1c and fluid attenuation inversion recovery (FLAIR) images by comparing their contours to those of three neuro-radiologists using a smart manual contouring platform. The mean overall Sørensen–Dice Similarity Coefficient metric score (DSC) for the post-contrast T1 (T1c) AI was 95%, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 93% to 96%, closely aligning with the radiologists' scores. For true positive T1c images, AI segmentation achieved a mean DSC of 81% compared to radiologists' ranging from 80% to 86%. Sensitivity and specificity for T1c AI were 91.6% and 97.5%, respectively. The FLAIR AI exhibited a mean DSC of 90% with a 95% CI interval of 87% to 92%, comparable to the radiologists' scores. It also achieved a mean DSC of 78% for true positive FLAIR slices versus radiologists' scores of 75% to 83% and recorded a median sensitivity and specificity of 92.1% and 96.1%, respectively. The T1C and FLAIR AI models produced mean Hausdorff distances (<5 mm), volume measurements, kappa scores, and Bland–Altman differences that align closely with those measured by radiologists. Moreover, the inter-user variability between radiologists using the smart manual contouring platform was under 5% for T1c and under 10% for FLAIR images. These results underscore the MRIMath© platform's low inter-user variability and the high accuracy of its T1c and FLAIR AI models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain has been implemented to evaluate multiple intracranial pathologies. Non-contrast T2-weighted images are a routinely acquired sequence in almost all neuroimaging protocols. It is not uncommon to encounter various cerebrovascular lesions incidentally on brain imaging. Neuroradiologists should evaluate the routine T2-weighted images for incidental cerebrovascular lesions, irrespective of the primary indication of the study. Vascular structures typically demonstrate a low signal flow-void on the T2-weighted images. In our experience, large cerebrovascular abnormalities are easily visible to a typical neuroradiologist. In this article, we present the spectrum of the characteristic imaging appearance of various intracranial cerebrovascular lesions on routine non-contrast T2-weighted MRI. These include aneurysm, arteriovenous malformation, arterial occlusion, capillary telangiectasia, cavernous malformation, dural arteriovenous fistula, moyamoya, proliferative angiopathy, and vein of Galen malformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is a well-established MRI sequence for diagnosing early stroke and provides therapeutic implications. However, DWI yields pertinent information in various other brain pathologies and helps establish a specific diagnosis and management of other central nervous system disorders. Some of these conditions can present with acute changes in neurological status and mimic stroke. This review will focus briefly on diffusion imaging techniques, followed by a more comprehensive description of the utility of DWI in common neurological entities beyond stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous neuroimaging studies have suggested that obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is associated with altered resting-state functional connectivity of the cerebellum. In this study, we aimed to describe the most significant and reproducible microstructural abnormalities and cerebellar changes associated with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) investigations. PubMed and EMBASE were searched for relevant studies using the PRISMA 2020 protocol. A total of 17 publications were chosen for data synthesis after screening titles and abstracts, full-text examination, and executing the inclusion criteria. The patterns of cerebellar white matter (WM) integrity loss, determined by fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), radial diffusivity (RD), and axial diffusivity (AD) metrics, varied across studies and symptoms. Changes in fractional anisotropy (FA) values were described in six publications, which were decreased in four and increased in two studies. An increase in diffusivity parameters of the cerebellum (i.e., MD, RD, and AD) in OCD patients was reported in four studies. Alterations of the cerebellar connectivity with other brain areas were also detected in three studies. Heterogenous results were found in studies that investigated cerebellar microstructural abnormalities in correlation with symptom dimension or severity. OCD's complex phenomenology may be characterized by changes in cerebellar WM connectivity across wide networks, as shown by DTI studies on OCD patients in both children and adults. Classification features in machine learning and clinical tools for diagnosing OCD and determining the prognosis of the disorder might both benefit from using cerebellar DTI data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Progression/recurrence, pseudoprogression, and radionecrosis are all scenarios that can be expected during the treatment course of glioma and GBM. Although MRI, PET, CT, and MRS have shown some capabilities in differentiating these conditions, there is still a considerable need for the emergence of state-of-the-art techniques to assist field professionals. Here, we introduce radiomics, a process that extracts many features from medical images using data characterization algorithms and a promising tool to differentiate these scenarios. The results could significantly impact patients' care by enhancing the understanding and accuracy of post-treatment follow-ups in brain cancer patients. Glioma and glioblastoma multiform (GBM) remain among the most debilitating and life-threatening brain tumors. Despite advances in diagnosing approaches, patient follow-up after treatment (surgery and chemoradiation) is still challenging for differentiation between tumor progression/recurrence, pseudoprogression, and radionecrosis. Radiomics emerges as a promising tool in initial diagnosis, grading, and survival prediction in patients with glioma and can help differentiate these post-treatment scenarios. Preliminary published studies are promising about the role of radiomics in post-treatment glioma/GBM. However, this field faces significant challenges, including a lack of evidence-based solid data, scattering publication, heterogeneity of studies, and small sample sizes. The present review explores radiomics's capabilities in following patients with glioma/GBM status post-treatment and to differentiate tumor progression, recurrence, pseudoprogression, and radionecrosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Low-grade gliomas (LGGs) are relatively slow-growing primary brain tumors where the clinical criteria for tumor diagnosis and progression assessment include both qualitative and quantitative analytics. The Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO) criteria for LGGs define tumor progression as ≥25% change in the T2/FLAIR signal area based on an operator's discretion of the perpendicular diameter of the largest tumor cross-section. However, sources of error exist, including the limitation of 2D quantification, operator selection of both the tumor cross-section and perpendicular diameters, and the inability to quantify satellite tumor components. The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the accuracy and reproducibility of RANO in LGGs. In a heterogeneous population of 63 participants with different subtypes of LGGs, we showed that the accuracy of RANO compared to visual and volumetric gold standards was, at best, 67% and 57%, respectively. Reproducibility varied widely, even between board-certified neuroradiologists. Our results suggest that advanced approaches, such as computer-assisted tumor segmentation and annotation tools, are necessary to accurately assess LGG progression by reducing human variability. Purpose: The Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO) criteria for lower-grade gliomas (LGGs) define tumor progression as ≥25% change in the T2/FLAIR signal area based on an operator's discretion of the perpendicular diameter of the largest tumor cross-section. Potential sources of error include acquisition inconsistency of 2D slices, operator selection variabilities in both representative tumor cross-section and measurement line locations, and the inability to quantify infiltrative tumor margins and satellite lesions. Our goal was to assess the accuracy and reproducibility of RANO in LG. Materials and Methods: A total of 651 FLAIR MRIs from 63 participants with LGGs were retrospectively analyzed by three blinded attending physicians and three blinded resident trainees using RANO criteria, 2D visual assessment, and computer-assisted 3D volumetric assessment. Results: RANO product measurements had poor-to-moderate inter-operator reproducibility (r2 = 0.28–0.82; coefficient of variance (CV) = 44–110%; mean percent difference (diff) = 0.4–46.8%) and moderate-to-excellent intra-operator reproducibility (r2 = 0.71–0.88; CV = 31–58%; diff = 0.3–23.9%). When compared to 2D visual ground truth, the accuracy of RANO compared to previous and baseline scans was 66.7% and 65.1%, with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.67 and 0.66, respectively. When comparing to volumetric ground truth, the accuracy of RANO compared to previous and baseline scans was 21.0% and 56.5%, with an AUC of 0.39 and 0.55, respectively. The median time delay at diagnosis was greater for false negative cases than for false positive cases for the RANO assessment compared to previous (2.05 > 0.50 years, p = 0.003) and baseline scans (1.08 > 0.50 years, p = 0.02). Conclusion: RANO-based assessment of LGGs has moderate reproducibility and poor accuracy when compared to either visual or volumetric ground truths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted this study to investigate the scope of the MRI neuroimaging manifestations in COVID-19-associated encephalitis. From January 2020 to September 2021, patients with clinical diagnosis of COVID-19-associated encephalitis, as well as concomitant abnormal imaging findings on brain MRI, were included. Two board-certified neuro-radiologists reviewed these selected brain MR images, and further discerned the abnormal imaging findings. 39 patients with the clinical diagnosis of encephalitis as well as abnormal MRI findings were included. Most (87%) of these patients were managed in ICU, and 79% had to be intubated-ventilated. 15 (38%) patients died from the disease, while the rest were discharged from the hospital. On MRI, FLAIR hyperintensities in the insular cortex were the most common finding, seen in 38% of the patients. Micro-hemorrhages on the SWI images were equally common, also seen in 38% patients. FLAIR hyperintensities in the medial temporal lobes were seen in 30%, while FLAIR hyperintensities in the posterior fossa were evident in 20%. FLAIR hyperintensities in basal ganglia and thalami were seen in 15%. Confluent FLAIR hyperintensities in deep and periventricular white matter, not explained by microvascular angiopathy, were detected in 7% of cases. Cortical-based FLAIR hyperintensities in 7%, and FLAIR hyperintensity in the splenium of the corpus callosum in 7% of patients. Finally, isolated FLAIR hyperintensity around the third ventricle was noted in 2% of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is now having a strong momentum in research to evaluate the neural fibers of the CNS. This technique can study white matter (WM) microstructure in neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD). Previous neuroimaging studies have suggested cerebellar involvement in the pathogenesis of PD, and these cerebellum alterations can correlate with PD symptoms and stages. Using the PRISMA 2020 framework, PubMed and EMBASE were searched to retrieve relevant articles. Our search revealed 472 articles. After screening titles and abstracts, and full-text review, and implementing the inclusion criteria, 68 papers were selected for synthesis. Reviewing the selected studies revealed that the patterns of reduction in cerebellum WM integrity, assessed by fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, radial diffusivity, and axial diffusivity measures can differ symptoms and stages of PD. Cerebellar diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) changes in PD patients with "postural instability and gait difficulty" are significantly different from "tremor dominant" PD patients. Freezing of the gate is strongly related to cerebellar involvement depicted by DTI. The "reduced cognition," "visual disturbances," "sleep disorders," "depression," and "olfactory dysfunction" are not related to cerebellum microstructural changes on DTI, while "impulsive-compulsive behavior" can be linked to cerebellar WM alteration. Finally, higher PD stages and longer disease duration are associated with cerebellum white matter alteration depicted by DTI. Depiction of cerebellar white matter involvement in PD is feasible by DTI. There is an association with disease duration and severity and several clinical presentations with DTI findings. This clinical-imaging association may eventually improve disease management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chest computed tomography (CT) plays an essential role in diagnosing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, CT findings are often nonspecific among different viral pneumonia conditions. The differentiation between COVID-19 and influenza can be challenging when seasonal influenza concurs with the COVID-19 pandemic. This study was conducted to test the ability of radiomics-artificial intelligence (AI) to perform this task. Methods: In this retrospective study, chest CT images from 47 patients with COVID-19 (after February 2020) and 19 patients with H1N1 influenza (before September 2019) pneumonia were collected from three hospitals affiliated with Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran. All pulmonary lesions were segmented on CT images. Multiple radiomics features were extracted from the lesions and used to develop support-vector machine (SVM), k-nearest neighbor (k-NN), decision tree, neural network, adaptive boosting (AdaBoost), and random forest. Results: The patients with COVID-19 and H1N1 influenza were not significantly different in age and sex (P=0.13 and 0.99, respectively). Nonetheless, the average time between initial symptoms/hospitalization and chest CT was shorter in the patients with COVID-19 (P=0.001 and 0.01, respectively). After the implementation of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 453 pulmonary lesions were included in this study. On the harmonized features, random forest yielded the highest performance (area under the curve=0.97, sensitivity=89%, precision=90%, F1 score=89%, and classification accuracy=89%). Conclusion: In our preliminary study, radiomics feature extraction, conjoined with AI, especially random forest and neural network, appeared to yield very promising results in the differentiation between COVID-19 and H1N1 influenza on chest CT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Radiomics now has significant momentum in the era of precision medicine. Glioma is one of the pathologies that has been extensively evaluated by radiomics. However, this technique has not been incorporated into clinical practice. In this systematic review, we selected and reviewed the published studies about glioma grading by radiomics to evaluate this technique's feasibility and its challenges. Material and Methods: Using seven different search strings, we considered all published English manuscripts from 2015 to September 2020 in PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases. After implementing the exclusion and inclusion criteria, the final papers were selected for the methodological quality assessment based on our in-house Modified Radiomics Standard Scoring (RQS) containing 43 items (minimum score of 0, maximum score of 44). Finally, we offered our opinion about the challenges and weaknesses of the selected papers. Results: By our search, 1,177 manuscripts were found (485 in PubMed, 343 in Embase, and 349 in Scopus). After the implementation of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 18 papers remained for the final analysis by RQS. The total RQS score ranged from 26 (59% of maximum possible score) to 43 (97% of maximum possible score) with a mean of 33.5 (76% of maximum possible score). Conclusion: The current studies are promising but very heterogeneous in design with high variation in the radiomics software, the number of extracted features, the number of selected features, and machine learning models. All of the studies were retrospective in design; many are based on small datasets and/or suffer from class imbalance and lack of external validation data-sets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intraventricular melanoma is a very rare and highly malignant disease. Safe resection is the mainstay of treatment, but no standard guidelines exist for adjuvant therapy. Early histologic and molecular diagnosis is key for improved survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leptomeningeal metastasis is extremely rare in patients with ovarian cancer, but should be considered in patients presenting with neurologic deficits such as cauda equine syndrome. Given its poor prognosis and lack of data currently on management, additional studies are needed to optimize treatment regimens and improve outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Angiosarcomas are rare malignant tumors of endothelial origin. Nearly one half of all angiosarcomas occur in the head and neck. Temporal bone angiosarcomas are extremely uncommon. We present a case of temporal bone angiosarcoma and a review of the relevant data. We present the case of a 20-year-old man with a painful right postauricular mass after a closed head injury. Radiologic studies demonstrated a large right osteolytic and heterogeneously enhancing mass. The patient underwent right transpetrosal craniectomy for resection. Histologic studies confirmed high-grade sarcoma. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated a uniformly positive ERG endothelial marker, CD31 staining with cytoplasmic and membranous patterns of immunopositivity, positive nuclear staining for FLI-1, positive cytoplasmic and membranous staining for CD99 and STAT6, and negative smooth muscle actin stains in the neoplastic cells. Ki-67 staining showed ∼94% positivity in the neoplastic cell nuclei. Postoperative follow-up imaging studies demonstrated evidence of metastatic right cervical lymphadenopathy. Angiosarcoma of the temporal bone is extremely uncommon. In the present case report, we explored a relationship between trauma and angiosarcoma of the temporal bone. We reviewed the reported data regarding the pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, radiologic findings, and histologic characteristics of angiosarcoma of the temporal bone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Unusual clinical course. Background: Rapunzel syndrome is a rare condition involving the extension of bezoars from the stomach to the distal gastrointestinal tract. Laparotomy remains the gold standard treatment for this condition because of the size of the bezoars. Although bacterial peritonitis is a known complication of laparotomy in Rapunzel syndrome, very few cases of post-surgical fungal peritonitis have been reported in these patients. Case Report: In this case report, we present a case of Rapunzel syndrome complicated by post-surgical fungal peritonitis and formation of fungus balls. To our knowledge, fungal peritonitis with fungus balls has never been reported in the English literature as a Rapunzel syndrome complication. Conclusions: It is important to cover Candida and other fungi with an antifungal regimen in pediatric patients with Rapunzel syndrome pre- and post-surgery. In addition, prolonged fever and septic symptoms post-surgery warrant a search for peritoneal fungus balls that are not simply responsive to anti-fungal therapy and may necessitate repeat laparotomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The original article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-021-01355-3 B Correction to: The Cerebellum b https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-021-01355-3 In the original manuscript, the authors missed to include Dr Mohammad Hadi Aarabi as one of the authors. It has been agreed by authors to add Dr. Mohammad Hadi Aarabi as the eighth author and he is affiliated to Department of Neuroscience (DNS), Padova Neuroscience Center-PNC, University of Padova, Padua, Italy. [Extracted from the article]

Abstract: Objective: The exact nature of the “dural tail sign” (thickening of the dura adjacent to the tumour in contrast enhanced T1-MRI imaging) is still not clearly established. In this study we tried to verify the histological appearance of the “dural tail sign” and probable correlation between different MRI findings and dural tail histology. Material and methods: In this study, 129 patients with intracranial lesions underwent MRI imaging with 1.5T scanner. The “dural tail sign” was defined using Goldsher et al. criteria. Size and pattern of enhancement of the tumour and adjacent dura was noted in MRI and in the pathologic samples, dural tail and the dura beneath the tumour was assessed. Results: In 30 cases, “dural tail sign” was evident on MRI, dural tail noted in 17 of these cases in histological samples (12 meningiomas, 3 pituitary adenomas and 2 schwannomas). All of them had vessel dilatation, 6 showed tumoural invasion, 4 demonstrated intravascular growth of the lesion and 1 showed inflammation of the dura. Conclusion: In our study MRI findings failed to predict tumoural invasion of the dural tail in histologic samples and because of frequent presence of tumour nests in it, the dura matter should be resected as widely as possible. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The cover image is based on the Case Report I Cauda Equina Syndrome in an Ovarian Malignant-Mixed Müllerian Tumor with Leptomeningeal Spread i by Joshua Bernstock, Gustavo Chagoya, Andrew Janssen et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/ccr3.2472 GLO:H4ZE/01dec19:ccr32659-toc-0001.jpg PHOTO (COLOR): . gl. [Extracted from the article]

Protein SUMOylation is a dynamic post-translational modification which is involved in a diverse set of physiologic processes throughout the cell. Of note, SUMOylation also plays a role in the pathobiology of a myriad of cancers, one of which is glioblastoma (GBM). Accordingly, herein, we review core aspects of SUMOylation as it relates to GBM and in so doing highlight putative methods/modalities capable of therapeutically engaging the pathway for treatment of this deadly neoplasm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]