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In the present research work, non edible oil source milk thistle ( Silybum marianum (L.) Gaert) plant was investigated for biodiesel production. The extracted crude oil was 26.14% of the total seed dry weight. The free fatty acid content of oil was reduced from 0.56 mg KOH/g to 0.06 mg KOH/g by esterification before the synthesis of biodiesel. The highest conversion percentage of biodiesel was achieved 89.51% and 87.42% using solid base catalyst sodium hydroxide (0.75%) and potassium hydroxide (1.0%), respectively. The protocol for experiment was adjusted as follow: temperature (60 °C); time of reaction (2 h), steering (600 rpm) and the oil molar ratio was fixed 1:6. Qualitatively, the prepared biodiesel was quantified by GC chromatography, 13 C & 1 H NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance), AAS and FT-IR spectroscopy. The fuel properties of biodiesel were tested and compared with ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present research work, non-edible oil source Aamla plant was systematically identified for biodiesel production. The extracted oil percentage was achieved by up to 37.22% of the total dry seed weight. The free fatty acid content of crude oil was reduced from 4.12 mg KOH/g to 0.13 mg KOH/g, using esterification before the synthesis of biodiesel. The highest conversion yields of biodiesel were achieved at 88.77 & 90.31%, respectively using solid base catalyst oxides. The protocol for experiments was adjusted as follows: temperature (60 °C); different catalysts with various concentrations, time of reaction (2 h), stirring velocity (600 rpm) and 1:6 oil molar ratios. Qualitatively, the prepared biodiesel was characterized by GC chromatography, 13 C & 1 H NMR, FT-IR and AAS spectroscopy. In terms of fuel properties, the kinematic viscosity, density, Cloud Point, Pour Point, Cold Filter Plugging Point, acid number, Flash Point and cetane number of prepared biodiesel, its 4 blends i.e. B5, B10, B15 & B20 and petro-diesel sample were tested and compared with ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many developed and developing countries, algal biomass is no doubt considered a significant source of energy to be used for local industry and transportation but the fact remains that the information on current utilization of algal biomass is still estimated and partial. Much more information will have to be gathered on the use and availability of algal biomass; particularly the limitations of first and second generation biofuel have given rise to the current interest in algae as a promising alternative to these conventional biofuel sources. It is therefore in this context that the present communication focuses its efforts to have region based database able to provide information on specific biomass production, their utilization with the respect to sectors like region, industries, transportation, etc., also taking into consideration the strong need for research on third generation biofuel production. In the present review, a comprehensive survey on algal biomass resource for future, is addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of the global fuel crisis of the early 1970s, coupled with concerns for the environment, the use of biofuel has been on the increase in many regions throughout the world. At present, a total of approximately 30 billion (30×10 9 ) liters of biofuel are utilized worldwide annually, although most countries rely hugely on the first generation biofuel. The limitations of the first and second generation biofuel gave rise to current interest in algae as a promising alternative to these conventional biofuel sources. Algal biomass could provide a lion׳s share of the global transport fuel requirements in future. The present review highlights some important developments in, and potentials of algaculture as a major biomass resource of the future. However, the major constraint to commercial-scale algae farming for energy production is the cost factor, which must be addressed adequately before its potentials can be harnessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research article notably describes the evolution of biofuels while its preliminary attention will focus on the next generation biofuel from lignocellulose biomasses wastes. Categorically, the biochemical, thermo-chemical technologies particularly the chemicals, heat, microorganism, fermentation, enzymes and technical processes are addressed. In biochemical technologies, the topics concern to hydrolysis, pre-treatment, microorganism based fermentation and the integration techniques are also discussed. While, in thermo-chemical technologies, different research parameters particularly the developmental process and systematic analysis will be dealt with. The mandatory and technical aspects of R&D, available technologies, economic study, limitation and understanding of certain technologies etc. will also be presented in detail in the proposed review article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]