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Summary: Situational factors might help explain why most vertebral fractures occur in older people without a previous osteoporosis diagnosis. After adjusting for predisposing risk factors, the activity before the fall, type of fall, and falling direction remained as strong determinants of fall-related vertebral fractures in older men and women. Introduction: A matched case-control study was conducted to investigate the effects of situational factors, in addition to predisposing factors, on clinical vertebral fractures in older men and women in Taiwan. Methods: Cases were community-dwelling individuals aged ≥ 65 years who visited emergency departments (EDs) of two university-affiliated hospitals due to a fall and had a primary diagnosis of a vertebral fracture during a 1-year period in 2017. Five control patients per case, matched by the time of falling, gender, and age, who sought care in the same ED due to a fall resulting in a soft tissue injury were selected. A total of 64 men (age range: 65 ~ 99 years) and 194 women (age range: 65 ~ 100 years), diagnosed with a vertebral fracture, participated in the study. Results: Multivariable logistic models were conducted separately for men and women. Results suggested that the following factors were significantly associated with an increased risk of vertebral fractures in men: a low educational level (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.95; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.02 ~ 3.71), asthma (OR = 2.96; 95% CI, 1.35 ~ 6.92), depression (OR = 4.31; 95% CI, 1.03 ~ 17.5), toileting (OR = 2.30; 95% CI, 1.04 ~ 4.94), slipping (OR = 5.27; 95% CI, 1.80 ~ 15.4), stepping down (OR = 3.99; 95% CI, 1.40 ~ 11.4), sudden leg weakness (OR = 3.73; 95% CI, 1.13 ~ 12.4), and falling backwards (OR = 3.78; 95% CI, 1.83 ~ 7.80); and in women: a fracture history (OR = 2.00; 95% CI, 1.07 ~ 3.76), osteoporosis (OR = 1.94; 95% CI, 1.15 ~ 3.49), getting in/out of the bed/chair (OR = 1.90; 95% CI, 1.07 ~ 3.39), stepping down (OR = 2.10; 95% CI, 1.17 ~ 3.77), and falling backwards (OR = 4.00; 95% CI, 2.39 ~ 6.68) and sideways (OR = 2.61; 95% CI, 1.38 ~ 4.96). Conclusions: The combination of predisposing and situational risk factors may display a more comprehensive risk profile for the occurrence of VFs, and thus, interventions that add both types of risk factors may result in greater risk reduction of VFs, although those specifically targeted at situational risk factors during falls are limited and their effectiveness and efficiency remained to be explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In tourism activities, tourists’ responsible environmental behaviors (REB) are the result of human’s interaction with environment. Most past studies about tourists’ REB paid attention to tourists’ individual factors while the influences of situational factors of sightseeing places on tourists’ REB were left out. Environmental interpretations are the significant component and the main situational factor of tourism environment. This research uses the theory of planned behavior; takes the Huangshan Mountain scenic spot in China as the case-study place based on 534 questionnaire survey samples of tourists; and adopts the method of structural equation model-multiple group analysis (SEM-MGA) to explore the moderating role of environmental interpretations in the sightseeing place on the relationship between tourists’ responsible environmental behavioral intentions (REBI) and REB. Results indicate that (1) tourists’ attitudes toward environmental behaviors and subjective norms positively affect their REBI; their perceived behavioral control positively affects their REBI and REB, and their REBI positively affect REB; (2) environmental interpretations in the sightseeing place positively moderate the relationship between tourists’ REBI and REB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increase in energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions, promoting an energy-saving lifestyle among residents has become an urgent environmental and social need. Studying factors that influence household daily energy-saving behaviors may help the government draft policies for reducing the energy consumption and promoting the sustainable development of the human economic society. In this study, we investigate the features of energy-related situational factors, individual/household energy consumption behavioral norms, and energy-saving behavioral intentions by performing a questionnaire survey in Beijing. We examine the relationships among the mentioned aspects by applying factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Results show that among the three aspects assessed, situational factors most significantly and effectively influence the residents to assume energy-saving behaviors. Energy-saving behavioral norms partly mediate the relationship between situational factors and behavioral intention. We propose practice policy implications on the basis of the results. In particular, the positive influences of situational factors should be strengthened, and relevant policy measures should be emphasized to establish a situational background beneficial for accelerating the formation or transformation of energy-saving behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individual differences in responsiveness toward infant crying are well understood. Little research, however, has examined the effects of situational risk factors (e.g., social stress, cognitive load) and possible interactions between situational and dispositional factors on response toward infant crying. This study examined if trait empathy (conceptualized as empathic concern; EC, and personal distress; PD) moderate situational factors' relationship with people's intentions in response to infant crying. Social stress was manipulated using the Trier Social Stress Test. Cognitive load was manipulated by requiring participants to keep syllable-strings of either two or eight syllables in mind while listening to an infant crying. Participants responded to question items examining their caregiving and neglect intentions in response to the crying stimulus. Multilevel regression analyses demonstrated that trait empathy (empathic concern in particular) was strongly associated with neglect intention under cognitive load. Participants with high EC showed strong neglect intention with increasing cognitive load. Furthermore, results also showed that social stress increased neglect intentions and reduced care intentions; these effects were more remarkable among participants with both low EC and low PD. These results suggest that dispositional factors moderate situational factors' effect on response to infant crying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is guided by the research question, are personality traits, character traits, situational factors, and their interaction all necessary to explain helping behavior? 121 undergraduates' scores on the Agreeableness scale of the Big Five Inventory and the Kindness scale of the Values in Action Inventory were examined in conjunction with experimentally induced positive, neutral, or negative mood via false feedback on a bogus intelligence test. The number of spilled pencils participants helped retrieve in a “mishap” was the measure of helping. Kindness significantly predicted helping behavior, but neither feedback condition nor Agreeableness was significantly related to helping. Interactions between Kindness, Agreeableness, and feedback conditions were non-significant. These results highlight a stronger contribution to helping behavior from the trait of Kindness than from the trait of Agreeableness and situational factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to identify and explore the situational factors, which lead customers to misbehave in service settings. This study is designed to develop a better understanding of different drivers of misbehaviours from situational factors' perspective and examines the relationship of past misbehaviour and future misbehaviour intentions. The novelty point of this study is to illuminate the impact of situational factors on misbehaviour for the first time based on the background of Iranian culture. As the matter of fact that customer misbehaviour is prevalent in the Iranian chain stores, identifying the related antecedents especially from situation side is on the great center of attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – Police factor in extra-legal as well as legal context in their decision to arrest a suspect. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of extra-legal factors at both situational and neighborhood levels. Design/methodology/approach – Using hierarchical generalized linear modeling, over 9,000 domestic violence cases across 421 census tracts in Houston, Texas were examined. Situational information was derived from police reports, and neighborhood factors were measured by population characteristics drawn from the US Census Bureau. The model also controls for spatial autocorrelation of arrest rates between census tracts in the estimation of officer's arrest decision. Findings – At the neighborhood level, concentrated disadvantage and immigration concentration had positive effect on the odds of arrest. At the situational level, the time of day, day of the week, premise type, and gender and racial relations between suspect and complainant, along with offense type and weapons use, had significant impact. Originality/value – The scant literature has not yet provided an affirmative set of extra-legal factors affecting police arrest decision. The paper's findings may contribute to the literature and suggest the need for guidelines concerning officer discretion exercised in the line of duty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An upscale restaurant is characterized by offering a full menu, full table service, quality food made with fresh ingredients and personalized service. The upper end of this segment is a finedining restaurant which generally offers high quality food, décor and service and charges high prices. This paper is an attempt to find out the factors that affect consumer selection criteria about the upscale restaurant in Dhaka city. The impact of various variables like brand and popularity, quality and taste of food, price, availability of local cuisine, specialization in foreign cuisine, variety of cuisine, cleanliness and health consciousness, presentation and decoration of food, quality of staff, comfortable sitting arrangements with quality cutleries-utensils, interiorexterior design, location, parking and security, additional services like kid's corner, celebrity appearance, live performance and advertisement in mass media on selection of upscale restaurants have been analyzed. The study is based on the primary data collected from respondents with the help of structured questionnaire. Data analysis has been done using SPSS software. The statistical analysis method employed in this study is Factor Analysis. After the analysis, it is found that selection of upscale restaurants mainly dependent on promotional factor, restaurant internal factor, situational factor, pricing factor, image factor and deluxe factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human behavior is affected not only by individuals' own psychological factors but also by the surrounding environment and the behaviors of others. Existing studies on tourists' responsible environmental behaviors tend to focus only on tourists' own psychological and environmental factors while ignoring the referential role of other people's behavior. The behavioral reference of others in tourist destinations is an important situational factor that affects tourists' responsible environmental behaviors and has important research value. Based on the theory of planned behavior and taking the Zhongshan Mausoleum Scenic Area as an example, this paper explores the influence of other people's behavioral reference on tourists' responsible environmental behaviors by using the multi-group analysis method of structural equation modelling. The results show the following: (1) Tourists' attitudes toward environmental behavior and subjective norms have a significant positive impact on their responsible environmental behavioral intention, perceived behavioral control has a significant positive impact on their responsible environmental behavioral intention and their responsible environmental behaviors, and responsible environmental behavioral intention has a significant positive impact on responsible environmental behaviors. (2) Tourist destination behavioral reference plays a positive regulatory role in the relationship between tourists' responsible environmental behavioral intention and responsible environmental behaviors. Accordingly, this paper proposes relevant countermeasures and suggestions for the high-quality management and development of tourist destinations. Unlabelled Image • We introduced behavioral reference to research responsible environmental behaviors. • Multi-group analysis was applied to test the regulatory role. • Tourists actively participated in responsible environmental behaviors. • Regulatory role of behavioral reference was verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]