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The role of the police in the United States is a topic of contentious debate. Central to this debate is a binary that constructs police officers as fulfilling either a protective, community-serving role, or an aggressive, crime-fighting role. The most recent iteration is reflected in the warrior-guardian construct, which conceptualizes officers as both initiators of, and defenders against, violence. This article examines how the warrior-guardian framework shapes police training, and highlights how this construct is itself gendered and racialized. I draw on one year of ethnographic field work at four police academies and 40 interviews with police officers and cadets to argue that police training is an organized effort to condition officers to conceptualize their relationship with the public as a war. Three components constitute this framing: (1) instructors construct an evil, unpredictable enemy; (2) cadets are taught to identify their enemy in gendered and racialized ways; and (3) cadets are encouraged to adopt a warrior mentality. I show that cadets are taught to view the world in a way that pits them against an enemy, pushes them to conceptualize their enemy as a man of color, and to think about violence as a moral necessity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diversifying police forces has been suggested to improve "police‐minority relations" amidst national uprisings against police violence. Yet, little research investigates how police and black civilians—two groups invoked in discourse on "police‐minority relations"—understand the function of diversity interventions. We draw on 100 in‐depth interviews with 60 black women civilians and 40 police from various racial and ethnic backgrounds to explore how they understand the function of racial diversity in policing. Findings highlight discrepancies in how these two groups frame the utility of racial diversity in policing, revealing conflicting epistemologies of race and racism. Police draw on an epistemology of racial ignorance (Mills 1997, 2007, 2015) to selectively accommodate race‐conscious critique while denying the history and power dynamics between the institution and minority communities. Conversely, black women civilians, grounded in a standpoint epistemology (Collins, 1986, 2009), emphasize the historical roots of policing, along with collective memories, and lived experiences to understand the relationship between the institution and minority communities. Through a comparative analysis of these frames, we theorize dominant/state‐sponsored discourse on diversity and police‐minority relations as form of racecraft (Fields & Fields 2012, 2014) that serves to legitimize negligible institutional change to policing in an era of renewed scrutiny of police racism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the US labour market shifts towards project‐based, contractual and contingent work, the importance of intermediary brokerage organizations will continue to grow. In this article, I use Joan Acker's theory of gendered organizations to examine Hollywood talent agencies as one case of these powerful intermediary organizations. The power structures, promotion process, mentoring networks and discourses described by the talent agents I interviewed privilege white men. The agents interviewed for this study described their top management as being overwhelmingly composed of men, they discussed the patrimonial systems of mentorship and exclusive male networks that advantage white men, and talked about colleagues and clients in ways that valorized elite masculinity and disparaged femininity. Thus, the organizational structures and culture of these talent agencies collectively create an environment that reproduces itself, encouraging white men to join and persist, and presenting barriers to women and racial minority men. Although the focus of this article is on Hollywood talent agencies, the findings from this research help explain how inequality is reproduced in the non‐traditional work arrangements that characterize the new economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Millions of Americans feel the need to carry guns with them everywhere they go. They feel this need in their minds as well as in their bodies. Cognitively, they feel their lives are in danger and physically, they feel unease when they are not carrying their guns. In this article, we demonstrate that the practice of carrying guns is constituted by both cognitive schemas about risk and safety, as well as sensory and embodied experiences of comfort, and even pleasure, in holding, shooting, and carrying a gun. As with other social practices, these cognitive schemas and embodied experiences are not innate, but rather learned. Drawing on interviews with 46 people who regularly carry guns, as well as fieldwork at firearms training schools, we examine the process by which people learn the cognitive schemas (how people think about guns) and embodied experiences (how people physically experience guns) associated with the practice of carrying guns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: With the recent increase of minor lumbar spine surgeries being performed in the outpatient setting, there is a need for information on factors that contribute to post-operative complications for these surgeries. Patients and Methods: This was a prospective observational study examining risk factors for self-reported post-operative drainage in patients who underwent lumbar spine surgery. Patient surveys and the hospital's electronic medical records were used to collect data on patient demographic, patient lifestyle, and surgical variables. Univariable and multivariable analyses in addition to a random forest classifier were performed. Results: A total of 146 patients were enrolled in the study with 111 patients included in the final analysis. The average age and body mass index (BMI) of these patients was 66 and 27.8, respectively. None of the 146 patients in this study developed surgical site infection. Older age, no steroid use, no pet ownership, and spine surgery involving two or more levels were all found to be risk factors for wound drainage. Conclusions: This study evaluated lifestyle, environmental, and traditional risk factors for surgical site drainage that have not been explored cohesively related to outpatient orthopedic surgery. Consistent with the existing literature, outpatient spine surgery involving two or more levels was most strongly associated with surgical site drainage after surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While gender disparities in the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines are widely noted, the citation gap is still understudied and awareness remains low. Here, we address citation inequity in physics and describe individual and collective mitigation initiatives, including the citation diversity statement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Supervision House is introduced as a tool for use in group supervision of masters-level counselors-in-training and novice counselors in the field. Impactful group supervision is a vital forum for counselor development and requires structural elements to maintain group cohesion and enable the sharing of peer experiences and concerns. The Supervision House provides structure in group supervision that helps the counselor reflect on factors that impact them and share strategies that address the developmental tasks of the supervision process. In this article, the rationale for the development of the Supervision House is offered, as well as suggestions on how to implement it in group supervision. Research results from this study highlighting student feedback on the technique are discussed as well as implications for further use in counselor education and supervision of counselors-in-training in their work settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]