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We studied the effects of accumulated nitrate in water on the spawning, hatching and development of medaka using a simple nitrifying filter and a combined filter having both nitrifying and denitrifying capabilities. A nitrate concentration of 100mgNO3−-N/L was clearly of lethal toxicity to fish when they were exposed to nitrate in both adult and the growing phases. A nitrate concentration of 75mgNO3−-N/L reduced the fertilization rate, delayed the hatching time and reduced the hatching rate of the eggs laid by adults and decreased the growth rate of juveniles. In addition, nitrate accumulations as low as 50mgNO3−-N/L remarkably retarded spawning and lowered the number of eggs laid by fish exposed in the juvenile phase. The effects on the reproduction system may be initiated by a low concentration, approximately 30mgNO3−-N/L. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article Lower grip strength and dynamic body balance in women with distal radial fractures, written by. K. Fujita, H. Kaburagi, A. Nimura, T. Miyamoto, Y. Wakabayashi, Y. Seki, H. Aoyama, H. Shimura, R. Kato, A. Okawa was originally published electronically on the publisher's internet portal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]