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Anthocyanins have been reported for the protective effects against type 2 diabetes and related obesity. This meta-analysis examined the benefits of anthocyanins on type 2 diabetes and obesity biomarkers in animals and humans. The study included 21 clinical trials and 27 pre-clinical studies. A systematic search was conducted using the following inclusion criteria: in vivo rodent studies; human randomized clinical trials, both aimed at assessing the fasting blood glucose (FBG), HbA1c, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein; and study duration of at least two weeks. Out of the 201 examined publications, 48 were shortlisted after implementation of the selection criteria. Results of clinical trials demonstrated that consumption of anthocyanin-rich food significantly reduced the FBG (p < 0.0001), HbA1c (p = 0.02), TC (p = 0.010), TG (p = 0.003), LDL (p = 0.05) and increases the HDL (p = 0.03) levels. Similarly, pre-clinical studies demonstrated the amelioration of the HbA1c (p = 0.02), FBG, TC, TG, and LDL (p < 0.00001), with non-significant changes in the HDL (p = 0.11). Sub-group analysis indicated dose-dependent effect. This compilation confirms that consuming anthocyanin-rich foods positively correlates with the reduction in the blood glucose and lipid levels in diabetic and obese subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Celiac disease is a chronic autoimmune gastrointestinal condition with a global spread of 0.5 to 1%. It is characterized by inflammation of the small intestine triggered by the consumptionof a protein called gluten found in wheat, rye, and barley. Exposure to gluten results in enteropathy, causing damage to the mucosal surface and leading to nutrient malabsorption. Elimination of gluten from the diet is the only effective way to treat celiac disease. Stress, a ubiquitous condition, both the physical and psychological wellness of an individual is affected by stress. An adaptive reaction especially in the gastrointestinal tract and immune system is produced in response to stress, to ensure the survival of an individual. Upon diagnosis and transition to a gluten-free healthier lifestyle, people suffering from celiac disease often experience heightened levels of emotional imbalance and stigmatization. Addressing these aspects is crucial for both medical and psychological communities. This review aims to explore the association between celiac disease and stress, examining how stress influences the physical and psychosocial life of individuals with this condition. Drawing on numerous reputable papers from diverse authors worldwide, the findings suggest a robust link between celiac disease and stress, leading to anxiety, depression, and stigmatization, directly impacting the standard of living for affected individuals. This article will also explore coping strategies for those dealing with both celiac disease and stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their unique properties and potential uses in many fields, composite materials have attracted much attention and been extensively investigated. We have investigated the mechanical and dielectric properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs)–reinforced poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) composite films. Composite films were prepared with SWCNTs concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 1.0% using a solution casting technique. Impedance spectroscopy was used to investigate the composite dielectric behavior, and tensile testing was performed to examine their mechanical properties. Field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy were used for morphological analyses, and an X-ray diffractometer was used to determine the crystalline phase. The results showed that adding SWCNTs improved mechanical properties, including ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and elastic modulus (E). It also increased the dielectric constant. However, the dielectric loss also increased slightly. These enhancements can be attributed to the unique characteristics of the SWCNTs, such as their high aspect ratio and surface area. This research demonstrates the potential of PVDF-HFP/SWCNTs composites in various applications such as electronic devices, sensors, and capacitors. This study offers valuable insights for developing and designing composite films with improved properties for various applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To probe the presence of mirror neurons in the human brain, cross-modal fMRI adaptation has been suggested as a suitable technique. The rationale behind this suggestion is that this technique allows making more accurate inferences about neural response properties underlying fMRI voxel activations, beyond merely showing shared voxels that are active during both action observation and execution. However, the validity of using cross-modal fMRI adaptation to demonstrate the presence of mirror neurons in parietal and premotor brain regions has been questioned given the inconsistent and weak results obtained in human studies. A better understanding of cross-modal fMRI adaptation effects in the macaque brain is required as the rationale for using this approach is based on several assumptions related to macaque mirror neuron response properties that still need validation. Here, we conducted a cross-modal fMRI adaptation study in macaque monkeys, using the same action execution and action observation tasks that successfully yielded mirror neuron region cross-modal action decoding in a previous monkey MVPA study. We scanned two male rhesus monkeys while they first executed a sequence of either reach-and-grasp or reach-and-touch hand actions and then observed a video of a human actor performing these motor acts. Both whole-brain and region-of-interest analyses failed to demonstrate cross-modal fMRI adaptation effects in parietal and premotor mirror neuron regions. Our results, in line with previous findings in non-human primates, show that cross-modal motor-to-visual fMRI adaptation is not easily detected in monkey brain regions known to house mirror neurons. Thus, our results advocate caution in using cross-modal fMRI adaptation as a method to infer whether mirror neurons can be found in the primate brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colored wheat has gained enormous attention from the scientific community, but the information available on the anthocyanin biosynthetic genes is very minimal. The study involved their genome-wide identification, in silico characterization and differential expression analysis among purple, blue, black and white wheat lines. The recently released wheat genome mining putatively identified eight structural genes in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway with a total of 1194 isoforms. Genes showed distinct exon architecture, domain profile, regulatory elements, chromosome emplacement, tissue localization, phylogeny and synteny, indicative of their unique function. RNA sequencing of developing seeds from colored (black, blue and purple) and white wheats identified differential expressions in 97 isoforms. The F3H on group two chromosomes and F3′5′H on 1D chromosomes could be significant influencers in purple and blue color development, respectively. Apart from a role in anthocyanin biosynthesis, these putative structural genes also played an important role in light, drought, low temperature and other defense responses. The information can assist in targeted anthocyanin production in the wheat seed endosperm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In modern era, wireless communications at ultrafast speed are need of the hour and search for its solution through cutting edge sciences is a new perspective. To address this issue, the data rates in order of terabits per second (TBPS) could be a key step for the realization of emerging sixth generation (6G) networks utilizing terahertz (THz) frequency regime. In this context, new class of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have been introduced as potential candidates for future generation wireless THz technology. Herein, a strategy has been adopted to synthesize high-quality monolayer of molybdenum di-sulfide (MoS2) using indigenously developed atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) set-up. Further, the time-domain transmission and sheet conductivity were studied as well as a plausible mechanism of terahertz response for monolayer MoS2 has been proposed and compared with bulk MoS2. Hence, the obtained results set a stepping stone to employ the monolayer MoS2 as potential quantum materials benefitting the next generation terahertz communication devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aflatoxins are poisonous secondary metabolites capable of causing toxicity in several food items and water. The routine monitoring of Aflatoxins has assumed great analytical significance. The electrochemical biosensors are attractive tools to screen the Aflatoxin-laden samples. The present study reports on a new type of electrochemical biosensor, based on an electrode prepared of multifunctional MOF (Metal-organic framework)/MXene composite material. Molybdenum-based 2-dimensional (2D) MOF and Ti 3 C 2 MXene have been mixed to prepare the composite, which is then deposited over a screen-printed electrode (SPE). The anti - Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) antibodies (Ab) are covalently complexed, and the prepared Ab -MOF/MXene sensor is investigated for its applicability to detect AFB1. Utilizing the electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) analysis, the Ab -MOF/MXene sensor has allowed the detection of AFB1 from 0.06 to 50 ng/mL with a very low limit of detection, i.e., 8 pg/mL. The sensor performs well with respect to all the major quality parameters, such as long-term stability, specificity in co-presence of interfering species, reproducibility, and repeatability. It is demonstrated successfully to detect AFB1 in the spiked samples of Pistachio. • A multifunctional 2D-2D MOF/MXene composite material is explored for biosensing. • Antibodies are conjugated on to MOF/MXene modified electrodes. • Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is detected within 0.06–50 ng/mL. • A low limit of detection, i.e., 8 pg/mL is achieved with the sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discovered in 2006, nanogenerators have attracted much attention as promising energy-harvesting devices. They harness energy utilizing piezoelectric, pyroelectric, and thermoelectric properties of nanomaterials to produce electricity and have the potential to be used in self-driven flexible devices. Due to their exceptional properties, poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF)-based nanocomposites are attracting remarkable interest for their use in piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) with some other potential applications. Filler incorporation improves the piezoelectric and dielectric properties of PVDF nanocomposites and is being explored in the development of sensors, micro-electric-mechanical devices, electromechanical actuators, transducers, and energy harvesters. Due to the ease of arranging their dipoles, PVDF and various kinds of filler made composites with innumerable properties are being used to fabricate PENGs to solve real-world energy problems. The present review has been devoted to addressing and exploring the various aspects of PVDF and its copolymer/inorganic filler composites, with particular reference to piezoelectric and dielectric properties based on experimental findings, and the data/results are available in the literature. We hope that this PVDF-based specific review article offers a useful starting point for researchers entering this field, providing an overview of PVDF-based composite synthesis approaches, the effect of fillers on the dielectric and piezoelectric properties of composites, and their applications in energy harvesting and sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthocyanin biosynthesis in plants is complex, especially in a polyploid monocot wheat plant. Using whole-genome sequencing, transcriptomics, and LC-MS/MS, we investigated anthocyanin pigmentation patterns in (black, blue, and purple) colored wheat seeds. According to differential gene expression profiling, 2AS-MYC, 7DL-MYB, and WD40 regulatory genes control purple pericarp coloration, 4DL-MYC, 2AS-MYC, 7DL-MYB, WD40 control blue aleurone coloration, and 4DL-MYC, 7DL-MYB, WD40 controls black aleurone color. We hypothesized that at least one MYC and MYB isoform is sufficient to regulate the anthocyanin synthesis in pericarp or aleurone. Transcriptomics and metabolomics revealed that the purple pericarp trait is associated with acylated anthocyanins compared to blue aleurone. Based upon the reduced expressions of the genes belonging to the 4D, SSR molecular marker mapping, variant calling using genome sequencing, and IGV browser gene structure visualization, it was inferred that the advanced black and blue wheat lines were substitution lines (4E{4D}), with very small recombinations. Pericarp anthocyanin pigmentation is controlled by a mutation in chromosome 2AS of purple wheat, and environmental variations influence pigmented pericarp trait. The expression patterns of anthocyanin structural and other genes varied in different colored wheat, corroborating differences in agronomical metrics. Ovate seed shape trait in black and blue wheat dragged with 4E chromosome. [Display omitted] • One isoform of MYB and MYC, are adequate for anthocyanin modulation in the pericarp and aleurone of wheat seed through ternary complex. • Transcriptomics and metabolomics revealed that acylated anthocyanins are more accumulated in pigmented pericarp wheat as compared to pigmented aleurone. • Pigmented pericarp trait is more responsive to environmental variations, specifically UV irradiation and temperature stress. • Advanced black and blue wheat lines were substitution line (4E{4D}), with very small recombinations in distal part of chromosome. • Black and blue wheat 4E substituted genes adversely affect carbohydrate and starch metabolism, limiting grain size and yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the various pharmaceutical pollutants, diclofenac sodium (DFS), a widely prescribed non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug is detected in the aquatic environment at concentrations which can be harmful to living organisms. Present study illustrates the isolation and characterization of strain Klebsiella pneumoniae WAH1 from activated sludge and its ability to degrade DFS as sole source of carbon and energy. The growth and degradation capacity of K. pneumoniae WAH1 under different conditions of pH, temperature, rotation speed, and inoculum age were evaluated using optical density and liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LCMS). The results show that K. pneumoniae WAH1 can grow well with DFS as its sole source of carbon and degrade 79.14% of DFS (10 mg L−1) within 72 h. Based on chemical structure of intermediates detected through LCMS, it is inferred that degradation pathway advanced by hydroxylation, decarboxylation, and dechlorination reactions. Toxicity studies revealed the non-toxic nature of the end-products of DFS degradation after 72 h. The findings suggest that K. pneumoniae WAH1 has an excellent potential for bioremediation of DFS in industrial wastewaters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Various media are reporting that violence against doctors in country is increasing. Due to this, doctors are stressed out in their profession. The present study was conducted with objectives to find out the prevalence of verbal and physical violence against doctors and to identify the perceived aggravating factors associated with workplace violence. Materials and Methods: It was a cross-sectional study. A total of 117 doctors participated in the study from different cities of Gujarat. The study was conducted in the year 2017. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 44.11 ± 11.77 years. Ninety-eight (83.8%) participants were male and 19 (16.2%) were female. One hundred and ten (94.02%) study participants believed that violence against health-care staff is a serious issue in the current scenario. More than two-third (89.74%) of the participants perceived increases in violence in the past few decades. Sixty-five (55.56%) study participants had experienced verbal violence. Five (4.27%) study participants had experienced physical violence. One hundred and eleven (94.87%) study participants believed that hospital securities are given less importance. Almost all the (93.16%) study participants assumed that violence occurs due to absence of law. Conclusion: The study concludes that violence on doctors' has increased in the last few years in India. Verbal violence was experienced by more than 50% of the participants. The common determinants of violence against doctor were poor hospital security, absence of proper law, unrealistic expectation from patients and relatives, overburdened hospital, low literacy, and poor communication skills among doctors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The elimination of pathogenic bacteria from water sources is currently crucial for obtaining drinkable water. Therefore, the development of platforms with the ability to interact with pathogens and remove them is a potential future tool for medicine, food and water safety. In this work, we have grafted a layer of NH 2 -MIL-125 (Ti) on Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 magnetic nanospheres for the removal of multiple pathogenic bacteria from water. The synthesized Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 @NH 2 -MIL-125 (Ti) nano adsorbent was characterized by FE-SEM, HR-TEM, FT-IR, XRD, BET surface analysis, magnetization tests, respectively, which illustrated its well-defined core-shell structure and magnetic behaviour. The prepared magnetic-MOF composite sorbent was attractive towards capturing a wide range of pathogens (S. typhimurium, S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae) under experimental conditions. Influence factors such as adsorbent dosage, bacterial concentration, pH and incubation time were optimized for enhanced bacterial capture. The application of an external magnetic field removed Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 @NH 2 -MIL-125 (Ti) nano adsorbent from the solution along with sweeping the attached pathogenic bacteria. The non–specific removal efficiency of S. typhimurium for magnetic MOF composite was 96.58%, while it was only 46.81% with Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 particles. For specific removal, 97.58% of S. typhimurium could be removed selectively from a mixture with monoclonal anti- Salmonella antibody conjugated magnetic MOF at a lower concentration of 1.0 mg/mL. The developed nano adsorbent may find great potential in microbiology applications and water remediation. • Novel engineered magnetic MOF based adsorbent was synthesized. • Magnetic MOF composite efficiently removed multiple pathogenic bacteria. • Magnetic adsorbent showed excellent regeneration for 3 cycles. • Magnetic nano adsorbent could specifically remove around 96% of S. typhimurium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mirror neurons are generally described as a neural substrate hosting shared representations of actions, by simulating or ‘mirroring’ the actions of others onto the observer's own motor system. Since single neuron recordings are rarely feasible in humans, it has been argued that cross-modal multi-variate pattern analysis (MVPA) of non-invasive fMRI data is a suitable technique to investigate common coding of observed and executed actions, allowing researchers to infer the presence of mirror neurons in the human brain. In an effort to close the gap between monkey electrophysiology and human fMRI data with respect to the mirror neuron system, here we tested this proposal for the first time in the monkey. Rhesus monkeys either performed reach-and-grasp or reach-and-touch motor acts with their right hand in the dark or observed videos of human actors performing similar motor acts. Unimodal decoding showed that both executed or observed motor acts could be decoded from numerous brain regions. Specific portions of rostral parietal, premotor and motor cortices, previously shown to house mirror neurons, in addition to somatosensory regions, yielded significant asymmetric action-specific cross-modal decoding. These results validate the use of cross-modal multi-variate fMRI analyses to probe the representations of own and others' actions in the primate brain and support the proposed mapping of others' actions onto the observer's own motor cortices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurophysiological data obtained in primates suggests that merely observing others' actions can modulate activity in the observer's motor cortices. In humans, it has been suggested that these multimodal vicarious responses extend well beyond the motor cortices, including somatosensory and insular brain regions, which seem to yield vicarious responses when witnessing others' actions, sensations, or emotions (Gazzola and Keysers, 2009). Despite the wealth of data with respect to shared action responses in the monkey motor system, whether the somatosensory and insular cortices also yield vicarious responses during observation of touch remains largely unknown. Using independent tactile and motor fMRI localizers, we first mapped the hand representations of two male monkeys' primary (SI) and secondary (SI1) somatosensory cortices. In two subsequent visual experiments, we examined fMRI brain responses to (1) observing a conspecific's hand being touched or (2) observing a human hand grasping or mere touching an object or another human hand. Whereas functionally defined "tactile SI" and "tactile SII" showed little involvement in representing observed touch, vicarious responses for touch were found in parietal area PFG, consistent with recent observations in humans (Chan and Baker, 2015). Interestingly, a more anterior portion of SII, and posterior insular cortex, both of which responded when monkeys performed active grasping movements, also yielded visual responses during different instances of touch observation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colored wheat, rich in anthocyanins, has created interest among the breeders and baking industry. This study was aimed at understanding the nutritional and product making potential of our advanced, high yielding and regionally adapted colored wheat lines. Our results indicated that our advanced colored wheat lines exhibited higher anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity than donor wheat lines and it varied in the order of white

Background: Although research has advanced the field of oncologic geriatrics with survivors to assess their cancer-related needs and devise patient-centered interventions, most of that research has excluded rural populations. This study aimed to understand the survivorship challenges and recommendations in the perspective of rural older adults. Methods: This was a qualitative study that explored the survivorship challenges and recommendations of rural older adults who have completed curative intent chemotherapy for a solid tumor malignancy in the 12 months prior to enrollment in the present study. Results: Twenty-seven older adult survivors from rural areas completed open-ended semi-structured interviews. The mean age was 73.4 (SD = 5.0). Most participants were non-Hispanic White (96.3%), female (59.3%), married (63.0%), and had up to a high school education (51.9%). Rural older survivors reported a general lack of awareness of survivorship care plans, communication challenges with healthcare team, transportation challenges, financial toxicity, psychological challenges, and diet and physical challenges. Rural older survivors recommend the provision of nutritional advice referral to exercise programs, and social support groups and for their healthcare providers to discuss their survivorship plan with them. Conclusions: Although study participants reported similar survivorship challenges as urban older adult survivors, additional challenges reported regarding transportation and consideration of farm animals have not been previously reported. Heightened awareness of the survivorship needs of rural older adults may result in better survivorship care for this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cloud vertical structure (CVS) over any place significantly impacts the boundary layer dynamics and horizontal/vertical temperature gradient at local scale, whereas on the synoptic scale it plays a crucial role in determining the atmospheric circulation and hydrological cycle. There is a notable lack of long-term comprehensive studies on CVS over Indian subcontinent. Here, we have done a comprehensive study of CVS over the Indo-Gangetic plain (IGP), in which we have studied the statistics of CVS over various urban agglomerations (UAs) lying within the IGP (using radiosonde data) coupled with CVS of the entire IGP (EIGP) which majorly includes rural and suburban areas (using CloudSat profiling radar data) from 2006 to 2017. Seasonal analysis shows that CVS is much different in monsoon season as compared to other seasons over both EIGP and UAs. The frequency of single layer clouds is ~91%, 87%, 76% and 91% over EIGP and ~ 81%, 80%, 58% and 82% over UAs in winter, pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, respectively. In the monsoon season, both data show significant increase in multi-layer clouds frequency, however, the frequency of multi-layer clouds is significantly higher over UAs (>40%) compared to that over EIGP (<26%). The average depth of single-layer clouds over EIGP (2.3–5 km) is higher than that over UAs (1.8–2.7 km). The average cloud top height of single layer clouds is slightly lower over UAs (6.4–7.8 km) as compared to EIGP (7.3–11.2 km), except in pre-monsoon. We infer that though the aerosol induced warming inhibits the convective cloud formation over UAs; aerosols tend to invigorate the convective clouds whenever sufficient moisture is present for cloud formation. The analysis of present study would be helpful in many applications related to radiation budget and climate studies. • Study provides a detailed decadal comparative climatology of CVS over the EIGP and UAs. • Higher frequency of multi-layer clouds found over UAs in contrast to EIGP. • Invigoration of convective clouds observed over UAs as compared to EIGP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers discovered that diets rich in anthocyanin-rich fruits and vegetables significantly impacted gut flora. To conclude, large-scale randomized controlled clinical trials are challenging to conduct; therefore, merging data from multiple small studies may aid. A systematic review collects and analyses all research on a particular subject and design. This comprehensive review and meta-analysis examined the influence of dietary anthocyanins on Firmicutes/Bacteroide (Fir/Bac) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) content. The current meta-analysis followed the guidelines of PRISMA—the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Diets high in anthocyanins substantially reduced the Fir/Bac ratio in the assessed trials. Among three SCFAs, the highest impact was observed on acetic acid, followed by propionic acid, and then butanoic acid. The meta-analysis results also obtained sufficient heterogeneity, as indicated by I2 values. There is strong evidence that anthocyanin supplementation improves rodent gut health biomarkers (Fir/Bac and SCFAs), reducing obesity-induced gut dysbiosis, as revealed in this systematic review/meta-analysis. Anthocyanin intervention duration and dosage significantly influenced the Fir/Bac ratio and SCFA. Anthocyanin-rich diets were more effective when consumed over an extended period and at a high dosage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurophysiological and anatomical data suggest the existence of several functionally distinct regions in the lower arcuate sulcus and adjacent postarcuate convexity of the macaque monkey. Ventral premotor F5c lies on the postarcuate convexity and consists of a dorsal hand-related and ventral mouth-related field. The posterior bank of the lower arcuate contains two additional premotor F5 subfields at different anterior-posterior levels, F5a and F5p. Anterior to F5a, area 44 has been described as a dysgranular zone occupying the deepest part of the fundus of the inferior arcuate. Finally, area GrFO occupies the most rostral portion of the fundus and posterior bank of inferior arcuate and extends ventrally onto the frontal operculum. Recently, data-driven exploratory approaches using resting-state fMRI data have been suggested as a promising non-invasive method for examining the functional organization of the primate brain. Here, we examined to what extent partitioning schemes derived from data-driven clustering analysis of resting-state fMRI data correspond with the proposed organization of the fundus and posterior bank of the macaque arcuate sulcus, as suggested by invasive architectonical, connectional and functional investigations. Using a hierarchical clustering analysis, we could retrieve clusters corresponding to the dorsal and ventral portions of F5c on the postarcuate convexity, F5a and F5p at different antero-posterior locations on the posterior bank of the lower arcuate, area 44 in the fundus, as well as part of area GrFO in the most anterior portion of the fundus. Additionally, each of these clusters displayed distinct whole-brain functional connectivity, in line with previous anatomical tracer and seed-based functional connectivity investigations of F5/44 subdivisions. Overall, our data suggests that hierarchical clustering analysis of resting-state fMRI data can retrieve a fine-grained level of cortical organization that resembles detailed parcellation schemes derived from invasive functional and anatomical investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biofortified colored wheat (black, blue, and purple) is rich in anthocyanins and phenolic acid compounds that impart positive physiological effects in humans. A large proportion of wheat is consumed in the form of Chapatti in Asian countries. The effect of chapatti cooking on the proximate composition, bioactive compounds (anthocyanins and phenolics), and antioxidant activities of these wheat varieties were checked in this study. Apart from acceptable sensory parameters, good taste, and soft texture of chapatti, biofortified colored wheat chapatti and flour had higher dietary fibers, protein content, and lower carbohydrate content. Higher soluble and insoluble phenolic compounds, anthocyanin content, and antioxidant activity were in the order of black > blue > purple > white. Chapatti making has reduced their antioxidant activity and anthocyanin content in comparison to flour. Moreover, the reduction in antioxidant activity is less as compared to the decrease in anthocyanin content. Our results suggest that colored wheat can be a better alternative to normal wheat for preparing chapatti as it would have additional health-promoting activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PURPOSE: Mortality data can complement primary end points from cancer clinical trials. Yet, identifying deaths after trial completion is challenging, as timely and comprehensive vital status data are unavailable in the United States. We developed and evaluated a multisource approach to capture death data after clinical trial completion. METHODS: Individuals age 70 years and older with incurable solid tumors or lymphoma and ≥1 aging-related condition were enrolled from October 2014 to March 2019 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02107443 and NCT02054741). Participants provided consent to link trial information to external sources. We developed a stepped approach for extended death capture using (1) active trial follow-up up to 1 year, (2) linkage to the National Death Index (NDI), and (3) obituary searches, thus generating a 5-year survival curve. In a random sample of 50 participants who died during trial follow-up, we estimated sensitivity of death data using NDI and obituary sources and computed survival times by data source. RESULTS: The two trials enrolled 1,169 participants; mean age was 76 years; 46% were female; and gastrointestinal cancer (30%) and lung cancer (26%) were the most common cancer types. Across data sources, maximum follow-up was >7 years; 5-year survival was 18%. In total, there were 841 deaths: 603 identified during trial follow-up; 199 from the NDI; and 39 from obituary searches. The sensitivity for death capture was 92% for the NDI and 94% for the obituary searches compared with the trial data, and computed survival times were similar across data sources. CONCLUSION: Extending clinical trial mortality follow-up through linkage with external data sources was feasible and accurate. Future cancer clinical trials should collect necessary consent and patient identifiers for vital status linkages that can enhance understanding of longer-term outcomes. Extending mortality follow-up in trials via linkage with NDI and obituaries was feasible and accurate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Duffy antigen receptor is a seven-transmembrane (7TM) protein expressed primarily at the surface of red blood cells and displays strikingly promiscuous binding to multiple inflammatory and homeostatic chemokines. It serves as the basis of the Duffy blood group system in humans and also acts as the primary attachment site for malarial parasite Plasmodium vivax and pore-forming toxins secreted by Staphylococcus aureus. Here, we comprehensively profile transducer coupling of this receptor, discover potential non-canonical signaling pathways, and determine the cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure in complex with the chemokine CCL7. The structure reveals a distinct binding mode of chemokines, as reflected by relatively superficial binding and a partially formed orthosteric binding pocket. We also observe a dramatic shortening of TM5 and 6 on the intracellular side, which precludes the formation of the docking site for canonical signal transducers, thereby providing a possible explanation for the distinct pharmacological and functional phenotype of this receptor. [Display omitted] • Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC) is a promiscuous chemokine receptor • Cryo-EM structure of DARC reveals a distinct binding mode of chemokine CCL7 • Shortening of TM5/6 compared with GPCRs may drive its unique functional divergence • Global phosphoproteomics and interactome analysis offer possible functional links Structural analyses clarify how the Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC) binds a wider range of ligands and functions differently from prototypical GPCR chemokine receptors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The end processing quality of bread wheat is affected by several parameters such as grain texture, grain protein content, and gluten protein composition. Gluten proteins (glutenins and gliadins) are associated with bread-making quality, and among gluten proteins, high molecular weight-glutenins (HMW-GS) are considered the major determinant of bread-making quality. Wild varieties of wheat serve as sources of the novel HMW-GS alleles that can be explored to improve wheat processing quality. HMW-GS specific to one such wild relative of wheat Thinopyrum elongatum has been reported to enhance the processing quality in the background of soft textured Japanese cultivar Norin61. In this study, we tried to transfer HMW-GS from Th. elongatum to hard textured, high yielding Indian cultivar PBW621. Two lines with different seed textures (Hard-TL and Soft-TL) were developed carrying 1EL.1AS translocation in PBW621 background. The effect of 1EL.1AS translocation on various quality parameters and bread-making quality was studied. Dough mixing properties, extensibility properties, and other quality parameters improved in hard and soft translocation lines. Comparing bread loaf volumes and bread quality scores suggested no significant differences in the improvement in individual quality parameters. [Display omitted] • M.A.S. based transfer of 1EL.1AS translocation to Indian cultivar PBW621. • Successful transfer of Th. elongatum specific HMW glutenins to wheat. • Development of two translocation lines with different grain textures. • SSR based background screening of two lines suggesting good background recovery. • Positive effect on individual quality parameters not reflected in terms of dough volume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New neurons continuously arise from neural progenitor cells in the dentate gyrus of the adult hippocampus to support ongoing learning and memory formation. To generate functional adult-born neurons, neural progenitor cells proliferate to expand the precursor cell pool and differentiate into neurons. Newly generated cells then undergo postmitotic maturation to migrate to their final destination and develop elaborate dendritic branching, which allows them to receive input signals. Little is known about factors that regulate neuronal differentiation, migration, and dendrite maturation during adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Here, we show that the transcriptional repressor protein capicua (CIC) exhibits dynamic expression in the adult dentate gyrus. Conditional deletion of Cic from the mouse dentate gyrus compromises the adult neural progenitor cell pool without altering their proliferative potential. We further demonstrate that the loss of Cic impedes neuronal lineage development and disrupts dendritic arborization and migration of adult-born neurons. Our study uncovers a previously unrecognized role of CIC in neurogenesis of the adult dentate gyrus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The rise of direct-to-consumer genetic testing has enabled many to learn of their possible increased risk for rare diseases, some of which may be suitable for gene-targeted therapies. However, recruiting a large and representative population for rare diseases or genetically defined sub-populations of common diseases is slow, difficult, and expensive. Objective: To assess the feasibility of recruiting and retaining a cohort of individuals who carry a genetic mutation linked to Parkinson's disease (G2019S variant of LRRK2); to characterize this cohort relative to the characteristics of traditional, in-person studies; and to evaluate this model's ability to create an engaged study cohort interested in future clinical trials of gene-directed therapies. Methods: This single-site,3-year national longitudinal observational study will recruit between 250 to 350 LRRK2 carriers without Parkinson's disease and approximately 50 with the condition. Participants must have undergone genetic testing by the personal genetics company, 23andMe, Inc., have knowledge of their carrier status, and consent to be contacted for research studies. All participants undergo standardized assessments, including video-based cognitive and motor examination, and complete patient-reported outcomes on an annual basis. Results: 263 individuals living in 33 states have enrolled. The cohort has a mean (SD) age of 56.0 (15.9) years, 59% are female, and 76% are of Ashkenazi Jewish descent. 233 have completed the baseline visit: 47 with self-reported Parkinson's disease and 186 without. Conclusions: This study establishes a promising model for developing a geographically dispersed and well-characterized cohort ready for participation in future clinical trials of gene-directed therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Practitioners and researchers in the midst of overwhelming coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreaks are calling for new ways of looking at such pandemics, with an emphasis on human behavior and holistic considerations. Viral outbreaks are characterized by socio-behaviorally-oriented public health efforts aimed at reducing exposure and prevention of morbidity/mortality once infected. These efforts involve different points-of-view, generally, than do those aimed to understand the virus' natural history. Rampant spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection in cities clearly signals that urban areas contain conditions favorable for rapid transmission of the virus. Main text: The Critical Medical Ecology model is a multidimensional, multilevel way of viewing pandemics comprehensively, rooted simultaneously in microbiology and in anthropology, with shared priority for evolution, context, stressors, homeostasis, adaptation, and power relationships. Viewing COVID-19 with a Critical Medical Ecological lens suggests three important interpretations: 1) COVID-19 is equally — if not more — a socially-driven disease as much as a biomedical disease, 2) the present interventions available for primary prevention of transmission are social and behavioral interventions, and 3) wide variation in COVID-19 hospitalization/death rates is not expected to significantly be attributable to a more virulent and rapidly-evolving virus, but rather to differences in social and behavioral factors — and power dynamics — rather than (solely) biological and clinical factors. Cities especially are challenged due to logistics and volume of patients, and lack of access to sustaining products and services for many residents living in isolation. Conclusions: In the end, SARS-CoV-2 is acting upon dynamic social human beings, entangled within structures and relationships that include but extend far beyond their cells, and in fact beyond their own individual behavior. As a comprehensive way of thinking, the Critical Medical Ecology model helps identify these elements and dynamics in the context of ecological processes that create, shape, and sustain people in their multidimensional, intersecting environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Most current measures of Huntington's disease (HD) motor symptoms are subjective, categorical, and limited to in-person visits. Wearable sensors enable objective, frequent, and remote data collection in real-world settings. However, longitudinal sensor studies in HD are lacking. Objective: To measure motor symptoms of HD using wearable sensors in a longitudinal study. Methods: Participants with HD, prodromal HD, and without a movement disorder wore five accelerometers, one on each limb and on the trunk, at up to four clinic visits over one year. After each visit, participants wore the sensors at home for two days. Based on the accelerometer data from the trunk, we calculated a "truncal Chorea Index" for periods when the participant was sitting. We also measured gait parameters and activity profiles. To measure group differences, track progression, and observe individual variability, statistical analysis of the data was conducted using a linear mixed-effects model. Results: Fifteen individuals with HD, five with prodromal HD, and 19 controls were enrolled. The average truncal Chorea Index was higher in individuals with HD (26.6, p < 0.001) than in controls (15.6). For participants with HD, the truncal Chorea Index showed a high intra-day variability but minimal change over 12 months. Individuals with HD walked less (HD = 3818, prodromal HD = 6957, controls = 5514 steps/day) and took longer duration steps (HD = 0.97, prodromal HD = 0.78, controls = 0.85 seconds/step) than the other groups. Individuals with HD spent over half their day lying down (HD = 51.1%, prodromal HD = 38.0%, controls = 37.1%). Conclusions: A novel truncal Chorea Index can assess truncal chorea at home, finds substantial variability, and suggests that truncal chorea may be present in prodromal HD. Individuals with HD walk less and slower and spend more time lying down than controls. These findings require additional investigation, could inform clinical care, and could be used to evaluate new therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical corrosion inhibitors are commonly used for protecting the metallic surface from corrosion. But these chemical inhibitors pollute the environment and make the residual water unfit for use. In contrast, green corrosion inhibitors (GCI) i.e., plants and their products are environment-friendly in nature and contribute towards sustainable developments. Petals of B. glabra were investigated as GCI for mild steel at different concentrations and temperatures by polarization, impedance spectroscopy, and gravimetric methods. SEM and metallurgical microscopy were used for the surface studies. Henry and Langmuir adsorption isotherms were used for adsorption studies. A computational (DFT) study was performed to augment experimental data. B. glabra shows 93.13 ± 0.02% corrosion inhibition efficiency for mild steel in 1.0 M H 2 SO 4. The thermodynamic, kinetic, and DFT studies of the inhibitor/mild steel interface help in understanding the adsorption and corrosion mechanism. A relation between inhibition efficiency obtained from theoretical and experimental techniques was established. Waste water was analyzed for its biochemical assay after gravimetric studies, and was found within permissible limits. B. glabra extract was proved to be an effective GCI for protecting mild steel from acid corrosion and hence contribute towards sustainable developments by using natural material (plants and their products) without polluting the environment. [Display omitted] • B. glabra petal extract was investigated as green corrosion inhibitor for MS. • Polarization, impedance spectroscopy, gravimetric, SEM, and DFT techniques were used. • Experimental, DFT and adsorption studies prove strong adsorption on MS. • B. glabra acts as a good corrosion inhibitor, anti-cracking and anti-pitting agent for MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India mainly produces hard wheat suitable for good chapatti, and uses the same for cake making using additives. Recently, anthocyanin rich colored wheat (Black, Blue and Purple) has attracted attention. The study aimed to develop good cake making colored wheat line. A set of 37 colored wheat lines {9 white (W1-W9), 9 purple (P1-P9), 11 black (Bk1-Bk11), 8 blue (B1-B8)} were developed and screened for yield, grain, dough, flour, cake baking and sensory parameters. Two black wheat lines (Bk10 and Bk11) showed high yield and low grain hardness. The physicochemical characteristics of grain, flour, milling parameters and cake baking of Bk10 and BK11 {low protein 9.9% and 9.8% compared to control W9 (13.7%), high volume index 14 and 12.1 compared to control W9 (11.8), and low crumb hardness 1041.3 and 977.1g, compared to control W9 (1378.6 g)} confirmed suitability of these lines for cake making. These values were close to commercial premix (PM) control with added starch, emulsifiers and stabilizers that has low protein content (10.6%), high volume index 13.1 and low crumb hardness 806.1g. Despite baking, colored wheat cakes had 1.4 fold higher antioxidant activity than the control. Thus, Bk10 and BK11 have good commercial potential for exploitation and scale-up. [Display omitted] • Colored wheat lines were developed and evaluated for yield and cake quality. • Black wheat lines Bk10 and Bk11 showed good yield, cake quality, and sensory score. • This is the first report of anthocyanin-rich black wheat lines specific for cake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Progress in rechargeable batteries, super and hybrid capacitors were discussed. • Focussed on electrode material, electrolyte used, and economic aspects of ESDs. • Different challenges encountered in ESDs were addressed. • Economic aspects of ESDs were analyzed. Energy storage devices are contributing to reducing CO 2 emissions on the earth's crust. Lithium-ion batteries are the most commonly used rechargeable batteries in smartphones, tablets, laptops, and E-vehicles. Li-ion batteries have limitations like less power density, high cost, non-environment friendly, flammable electrolytes, poor cycle performance, etc. Supercapacitors have high power density, and long cycle life but lesser energy density and high self-discharge rate. High-performance, smart, next-generation rechargeable batteries like Zn ion, Li-air, Li-S, Na-ion batteries, supercapacitors, and hybrid capacitors can be a good alternative to traditional Lithium-cobalt batteries. In this review article, we focussed on different energy storage devices like Lithium-ion, Lithium-air, Lithium-Zn-air, Lithium-Sulphur, Sodium-ion rechargeable batteries, and super and hybrid capacitors. Emphases are made on the progress made on the fabrication, electrode material, electrolyte, and economic aspects of different electrochemical energy storage devices. Different challenges faced in the fabrication of different energy storage devices and their future perspective were also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report an improved thermoelectric performance of n-type Bi 2 Se 3 bulk alloys synthesized by vacuum melt method followed by vacuum hot-pressing. In the samples so prepared, the synergetic combination of ultra low thermal conductivity (∼0.7 W/m K), high Seebeck coefficient (∼−168 μV/K), and low electrical resistivity (∼15 μΩ-m) has been observed to successfully lead to a high figure-of-merit ( ZT ) of ∼0.96 at 370 K. A detailed characterization of the samples reveals a presence of multiscale hierarchical defect structures i.e. atomic scale disorder arising from a multitude of factors such as large anharmonicity of Bi-Se bond due to electrostatic repulsion between the lone pair of Bi and charge of Se, nanoscale grains and dislocations trapped between mesoscale grains/grain boundaries accompanied by intrinsic layered structure of Bi 2 Se 3 . This compact layered grain structure in its consequence offers a high charge carrier mobility and thereby results into a high power factor, while multiscale hierarchical architecture accounts for the scattering of a wider spectrum of phonons leading to an ultra low thermal conductivity. In view of this promising thermoelectric performance together with the presence of copiously available constituent namely Se, the hot-pressed Bi 2 Se 3 presents a technologically suitable and commercially viable alternative to the conventional Bi 2 Te 3 which is based on expensive and scarcely available Te. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An investigation entitled "Induced chlorophyll mutations in bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. grossum)" was conducted during kharif (summer-rainy season) 2012 and 2013 at Experimental farm of the Department of Vegetable Science and Floriculture, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, H.P., India. Healthy seeds of California Wonder of bell pepper were exposed to physical mutagen Gamma rays using 60CO as a source of radiation at Mutation Breeding Centre, Department of Biotechnology, BARC Trombay, Mumbai and chemical mutagen EMS (Ethyl Methane Sulphonate) to obtain the spectrum and frequency of chlorophyll mutations in M2 generation. The M1 generation was produced from these mutagen treated seeds. Several unique and interesting chlorophyll and viable mutants were obtained in M2 generation. In M2 generation, gamma rays induced higher proportion of chlorophyll mutants then EMS. A progressive increase in mutation frequency of chlorophyll mutations was observed with increasing doses/concentrations. Four different types of chlorophyll mutants namely xantha, yellow xantha, chlorina and viridis were induced. Out of these mutants, chlorina and viridis were most frequent and were produced even in lower doses/concentrations while yellow xantha was least frequent and produced only in higher doses. The highest frequency of chlorophyll mutations (18.8 %) was reported in the 22 kR of gamma dose, while the lowest (0.80 %) frequency of chlorophyll mutations was found in the treatment of 1.0 % EMS. There was a dose dependent increase in the spectrum and frequency of chlorophyll mutations. These chlorophyll mutants induced by gamma radiation and EMS could be used in mutation breeding programme for inducing viable mutations for improvement of bell pepper varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caffeine is neuroprotective in animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD) and caffeine intake is inversely associated with the risk of PD. This association may be influenced by the genotype of GRIN2A , which encodes an NMDA-glutamate-receptor subunit. In two placebo-controlled studies, we detected no association of caffeine intake with the rate of clinical progression of PD, except among subjects taking creatine, for whom higher caffeine intake was associated with more rapid progression. We now have analyzed data from 420 subjects for whom DNA samples and caffeine intake data were available from a placebo-controlled study of creatine in PD. The GRIN2A genotype was not associated with the rate of clinical progression of PD in the placebo group. However, there was a 4-way interaction between GRIN2A genotype, caffeine, creatine and the time since baseline. Among subjects in the creatine group with high levels of caffeine intake, but not among those with low caffeine intake, the GRIN2A T allele was associated with more rapid progression (p = 0.03). These data indicate that the deleterious interaction between caffeine and creatine with respect to rate of progression of PD is influenced by GRIN2A genotype. This example of a genetic factor interacting with environmental factors illustrates the complexity of gene-environment interactions in the progression of PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Dynamic actions are represented in posterior and middle STS regions. • Categorization learning modulates action representations in STS body patches. • Dynamic body information and learning related effects were also present in face patch ML. • Our findings highlight the role of macaque STS in action recognition. Neuroimaging and single cell recordings have demonstrated the presence of STS body category-selective regions (body patches) containing neurons responding to presentation of static bodies and body parts. To date, it remains unclear if these body patches and additional STS regions respond during observation of different categories of dynamic actions and to what extent categorization learning influences representations of observed actions in the STS. In the present study, we trained monkeys to discriminate videos depicting three different actions categories (grasping, touching and reaching) with a forced-choice action categorization task. Before and after categorization training, we performed fMRI recordings while monkeys passively observed the same action videos. At the behavioral level, after categorization training, monkeys generalized to untrained action exemplars, in particular for grasping actions. Before training, uni- and/or multivariate fMRI analyses suggest a broad representation of dynamic action categories in particular in posterior and middle STS. Univariate analysis further suggested action category specific training effects in middle and anterior body patches, face patch ML and posterior STS region MT and FST. Overall, our fMRI experiments suggest a widespread representation of observed dynamic bodily actions in the STS that can be modulated by visual learning, supporting its proposed role in action recognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat cultivars with wide introgression have strongly impacted global wheat production. Aegilops geniculata (MgUg) is an important wild relative with several useful traits that can be exploited for wheat improvement. Screening of Ae. geniculata addition lines indicated a negative effect of 1Ug and the positive effect of 1Mg chromosome on wheat dough strength. Negative effect of 1Ug is probably associated with variation in number and position of the tripeptide repeat motif in the high molecular weight glutenin (HMW-G) gene. To utilize the positive potential of 1Mg chromosome, three disomic substitution lines (DSLs) 1Mg(1A), 1Mg(1B) and 1Mg(1D) were created. These lines were characterized for morphological, cytogenetic properties and biochemical signatures using FISH, 1D-, 2D-PAGE and RP-HPLC. Contribution of wheat 1A, 1B and 1D chromosomes towards dough mixing and baking parameters, chapatti quality, Fe/Zn content and glume color were identified. Observed order of variation in the dough mixing and baking parameters {1Mg(1D) ≤wheat ≤1Mg(1B) ≤1Mg(1A)} indicated that chromosome specific introgression is desirable for best utilization of wild species’ potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant anthocyanins can act as antioxidants and help in prevention of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, inflammation, cancer, obesity and aging. In the current study, anthocyanin rich blue, purple and black wheat lines with alien chromosome or its arm and adapted to local growing conditions were developed from low yielding exotic donor lines. Selected pigmented lines with commercial potential, had yield and thousand grain weight equivalent to the high yielding cultivars. Higher anthocyanin content was observed in black followed by blue, purple and amber wheat lines. 22 different anthocyanins could be identified from blue, 23 from purple and 26 from black wheat lines. Purple wheat lines exhibited higher peak intensities of acylated anthocyanidins. Chroma and hue values assisted in the efficient and reliable selection of compound grain colors. Cryo-microtome seed sections indicated presence of purple color in the pericarp all around the seed. The blue color was present in the aleurone layer all around the seed except around the embryo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starch and proteins are major components in the wheat endosperm that affect its end product quality. Between the two textural classes of wheat i.e. hard and soft, starch granules are loosely bound with the lipids and proteins in soft wheat due to higher expression of interfering grain softness proteins. It might have impact on starch granules properties. In this work for the first time the physiochemical and structural properties of different sized starch granules (A-, B- and C-granules) were studied to understand the differences in starches with respect to soft and hard wheat. A-, B- and C-type granules were separated with >95% purity. Average number and proportion of A-, B-, and C-type granules was 18%, 56%, 26% and 76%, 19%, 5% respectively. All had symmetrical birefringence pattern with varied intensity. All displayed typical A-type crystallites. A-type granules also showed V-type crystallinity that is indicative of starch complexes with lipids and proteins. Granules differing in gelatinization temperature (ΔH) and transition temperature (ΔT), showed different enthalpy changes during heating. Substitution analysis indicated differences in relative substitution pattern of different starch granules. Birefringence, percentage crystallinity, transmittance, gelatinization enthalpy and substitution decreased in order of A>B>C being higher in hard wheat than soft wheat. Amylose content decreased in order of A>B>C being higher in soft wheat than hard wheat. Reconstitution experiment showed that starch properties could be manipulated by changing the composition of starch granules. Addition of A-granules to total starch significantly affected its thermal properties. Effect of A-granule addition was higher than B- and C-granules. Transmittance of the starch granules paste showed that starch granules of hard wheat formed clear paste. These results suggested that in addition to differences in protein concentration, hard and soft wheat lines have differences in starch composition also. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pioglitazone, an oral hypoglycemic agent, recently failed to show promise as a disease-modifying agent in a 44-week phase 2 placebo-controlled study in 210 Parkinson's disease (PD) subjects. We analyzed peripheral biomarkers, including leukocyte PGC-1α and target gene expression, plasma interleukin 6 (IL-6) as a marker of inflammation, and urine 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8OHdG) as a marker of oxidative DNA damage. Baseline or changes from baseline in biomarker levels were not associated with the rate of progression of PD. Pioglitazone did not significantly alter biomarker levels. Other agents that more effectively target these mechanisms remain of potential interest as disease modifying therapies in PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our surrounding environment has been influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic situation. The second wave of COVID-19 in India has proven to be more devastating and aggressive than the first wave of the pandemic, which led to recognizing India as one of the world's topmost worst-hit nations considering >4000 fatalities reported in a single day in May 2021. Such "resurgence and acceleration" of COVID-19 transmission has been fuelled by the MahaKumbh festival and political mass gathering (elections rallies) events, where the COVID-19 protocols have been ignored by millions of pilgrims/followers. The present review discusses only the consequences of this year's MahaKumbh festivals, the largest religious mass gathering on earth, which was held during the COVID-19 pandemic in India, and its impact on both the spread of SARS-CoV-2 among participants and their families and its influence on the quality of the river Ganga. This article tries to give readers outside of India an overview of how much impact of any such single large gathering of any relgion in any part of the world can drive coronavirus infections and effectively commence the second/third wave outbreak with this case study. Furthermore, the religious large scale celebration are widely accepted through out the world that have played a significant role in the spread of the pandemic into remote villages and towns all over the subcontinent/world, thus affecting many areas with insufficient healthcare facilities that have been relatively spared. This review also highlights the potential risk of transmission from infected humans into the aquatic environment of the river Ganga. Besides the obvious relevance of SARS-CoV-2, a large variety of other water-related disease vectors (bacteria, viruses, and protozoa) stemming from visitors to the religious congregation were introduced into the upstream regions of the Ganga river. Their sheer number is assumed to have had a severe influence on its delicate ecosystem, including endangered mammals such as the river Dolphins. The detailed epidemiological and clinical study on transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 is the need of the hour to understand the pathogenesis of RNA virus infection and prevent the massive spreading of such infectious respiratory diseases. An interdisciplinary approach, rooted in evidence-based efficient learning, contextual strategies, and a streamlined unified approach should be adopted to help in the development of a proactive prevention model during future MahaKumbh festival (and similar religious gatherings) instead of just "picking up the pieces" in a conventional post-event model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background The risk for malignant melanoma is higher than expected in Parkinson's disease (PD). The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Exploratory Trials in PD (NET-PD) Long-term Study 1 (LS-1) trial is a contemporary phase 3 study of subjects with early, treated PD. The objective of this work was to assess the incidence of malignant melanoma in a PD cohort. Methods Incident melanoma cases were identified from the adverse events log. The expected number of cases was calculated, using the expected incidence rates and the number of person-years. Results A total of 618 females and 1119 males were followed for 6452 person-years; 19 new melanoma cases were observed. The expected number was 5.29. The standardized event ratio compared to the general population was 3.6 (95% confidence interval, 2.2-5.6). Conclusions The risk for developing melanoma was higher than expected in the NET-PD LS-1 cohort and was similar to the risk reported in earlier comparable clinical trial cohorts. Dermatologic screening may be useful in Parkinson's disease to identify melanoma at an early stage. © 2013 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]