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Introduction: Cannabis is one of the most widely used psychoactive substances globally, with an increasing trend in its legalization for both medical and recreational purposes in various countries. While cannabis offers potential therapeutic benefits, its regular use can lead to the development of Cannabis Use Disorders (CUDs). Understanding the epidemiology of CUDs is crucial in assessing the public health burden associated with cannabis use. Methods: Epidemiological parameters of CUDs were assessed using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) methodology across different age-groups, years, sexes, and locations worldwide from 1990-2019. Results: Globally, for both sexes combined, prevalent cases of CUDs increased steadily from 17.1 million(95%UI=12.7- 22.8million) in 1990 to 23.8-million(95%UI=17.8-30.9 million) in 2019. All age-adjusted highest number of incidence observed in High-Income-North-America(HINA)(121/100,000), followed by Australasia(100/100,000), Oceania(83.97/100,000), Tropical Latin America(69.59/100,000). Globally, age-standardized disabilityadjusted life years rate(ASDR) observed higher in HINA, followed by Australasia, and Western-Europe. In male, all-age incidence counts increased from 1.7 million(95%UI=1.3-2.4million) in 1990 to 2.4 million(95%UI=1.8-3.2 million) in 2019. The highest annual percentage of change in age-standardized incidence rate(ASIR) was found in East-Asia (22%) followed by Middle-East and North-Africa(MENA)(15%). The age group of 15-24 years exhibited the highest burden of CUDs. Conclusion: The widespread occurrence of CUDs on a global scale poses a substantial challenge to public health. Understanding the impact of CUDs and implementing evidence-based interventions is crucial in mitigating the associated individual, societal, and economic burdens. Continued research, collaboration, and knowledge dissemination are essential to inform policies, prevention efforts, and treatment strategies aimed at addressing CUDs on a global-scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Therapy resistance remains one of the major challenges for cancer treatment that largely limits treatment benefits and patient survival. The underlying mechanisms that lead to therapy resistance are highly complicated because of the specificity to the cancer subtype and therapy. The expression of the anti-apoptotic protein BCL2 has been shown to be deregulated in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), where different T-ALL cells display a differential response to the BCL2-specific inhibitor venetoclax. In this study, we observed that the expression of anti-apoptotic BCL2 family genes, such as BCL2, BCL2L1, and MCL1, is highly varied in T-ALL patients, and inhibitors targeting proteins coded by these genes display differential responses in T-ALL cell lines. Three T-ALL cell lines (ALL-SIL, MOLT-16, and LOUCY) were highly sensitive to BCL2 inhibition within a panel of cell lines tested. These cell lines displayed differential BCL2 and BCL2L1 expression. Prolonged exposure to venetoclax led to the development of resistance to it in all three sensitive cell lines. To understand how cells developed venetoclax resistance, we monitored the expression of BCL2, BCL2L1, and MCL1 over the treatment period and compared gene expression between resistant cells and parental sensitive cells. We observed a different trend of regulation in terms of BCL2 family gene expression and global gene expression profile including genes reported to be expressed in cancer stem cells. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) showed enrichment of cytokine signaling in all three cell lines which was supported by the phospho-kinase array where STAT5 phosphorylation was found to be elevated in resistant cells. Collectively, our data suggest that venetoclax resistance can be mediated through the enrichment of distinct gene signatures and cytokine signaling pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cryoprecipitate is frequently administered as an adjunct to balanced transfusion in the setting of traumatic hemorrhage. However, civilian studies have not demonstrated a clear survival advantage, and prior observational studies noted selection bias when analyzing cryoprecipitate use. Additionally, due to the logistics involved in cryoprecipitate administration, it is inconsistently implemented alongside standardized massive transfusion protocols. This study aims to evaluate the effects of early cryoprecipitate administration on inpatient mortality in the setting of massive transfusion for exsanguinating trauma and to use propensity score analysis to minimize selection bias.Methods: The registry of an urban level 1 trauma center was queried for adult patients who received at least 6 units of packed red blood cells within 4 h of presentation. Univariate analysis, multiple logistic regression, and propensity score matching were performed.Results: 562 patients were identified. Patients with lower median RTS (6.86 (IQR 4.09-7.84) vs 7.6 (IQR 5.97-7.84), P<0.01), decreased Glasgow coma scale (12 (IQR 4-15) vs 15 (IQR 10-15), P<0.01), and increased lactate (7.5 (IQR 4.3-10.2) vs 4.9 (IQR 3.1-7.2), P<0.01) were more commonly administered cryoprecipitate. Mortality was greater among those who received cryoprecipitate (40.2% vs 23.7%, p<0.01) on univariate analysis. Neither multiple logistic regression (OR 0.917; 95% confidence interval 0.462-1.822; p = 0.805) nor propensity score matching (average treatment effect on the treated 2.3%, p = 0.77) revealed that cryoprecipitate administration was associated with a difference in inpatient mortality.Conclusions: Patients receiving cryoprecipitate within 4 h of presentation were more severely injured at presentation and had increased inpatient mortality. Multivariable logistic regression and propensity score analysis failed to show that early administration of cryoprecipitate was associated with survival benefit for exsanguinating trauma patients. The prospect of definitively assessing the utility of cryoprecipitate in exsanguinating hemorrhage warrants prospective investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The purpose of this study was to assess the attitude towards replacement of teeth among patients who reported to the department of prosthodontics in Goenka research institute of dental science, Gandhinagar, Gujarat. Material and Method: A ten-item, closed-ended questionnaire was completed by 120 volunteer patients who were completely edentulous. Collected data were analyzed. The age of the subjects selected were more than 30 and divided into three groups. Results: Among these 120 patients, 35.83% of the patients gave financial constraints as the reason for not replacing teeth; 20% reported that they lacked the time to have teeth replaced; 28.33% had low felt needs; and 15.83% indicated they did not know that teeth could be replaced. The findings indicate that awareness needs to be increased regarding the other functions of teeth like esthetics and phonetics because many subjects in this study were aware of the function of mastication performed by teeth. Results shows 65% patients were illiterate, 23.33% patients got primary education, 11.66% patient studied till high school and no patient got higher education. Conclusion: Attitudes of patients should be taken into consideration to improve patient compliance with and acceptance of prostheses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Chitosan-based flocculants with chelation and flocculation capacity are designed and prepared. • Relationship between flocculants structural and chelation-flocculation is investigated. • There is a certain linear relationship between heavy metal concentration and flocculants dosage. • Copper ions in mixed heavy metals solutions is preferentially chelated and flocculated. • The work provided valuable guidance in the design of eco-friendly polymeric flocculants. Abstract Dual-function chitosan-based flocculants with chelation and flocculation capacity, carboxylated chitosan-graft-polyacrylamide (PCA), carboxylated chitosan-graft-polyacrylamide-co-sodium xanthate (PCAXC), and carboxylated chitosan-graft-poly(acrylamide-2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid) (PCAAF), are designed and prepared by UV initiation method. The physicochemical characteristics of PCA, PCAXC, and PCAAF were characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, and X-ray diffraction pattern to confirm the successful syntheses. Then PCA, PCAXC, and PCAAF are applied to chelate and flocculate Cu, Cr, and Ni from water. Effects of pH, flocculants dosage, reaction time, and stirring speed were investigated systematically to detect the relationship between flocculants structural and chelation-flocculation capacity. The maximum removal rate of Cu and Cr obtained by PCAXC at are 85.1% and 76.1%, respectively, while The maximum removal rate of Ni obtained by PCAAF at is more than 75.7%%. In addition, the relationship between the initial concentration of simulated heavy metal wastewater and the flocculants dosage and the competitive chelation-flocculation properties in the mixed heavy metal solution are also detected in detail. The mechanism can be assigned to the effective interaction between function groups of the flocculants and heavy metal irons by chelation, charge neutralization, and adsorption bridging mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A variety of quaternary ammonium salts with different carbon chain lengths were used to modify and convert montmorillonite clay to organoclays. The surface modification attributing to the wettability was investigated using various techniques. The zeta-potential values of all clays showed pH dependency. The prepared organoclays were utilized for phenol (protic) and nitrobenzene (aprotic) adsorption in a batch system, with pH and contact time as variables. The optimized removal for phenol and nitrobenzene within 30 min of equilibrium observed at pH 9.0 and 5.0, respectively. Observed equilibrium data followed the Langmuir monolayer adsorption kinetics with two adsorption sites (outer-layer and interlayer) for purified clay, and third additional sites for organoclays. Kinetic studies revealed that the adsorption of phenol was in the order of mono- > tetra- > di- > benzyl-substituted organoclays, which is similar to the hydrophilicity order. However, the exact opposite trend of adsorption was observed for nitrobenzene. From the performed quantitative study, it is inferred that –OH functional phenol and –NO 2 functional nitrobenzene have an affinity towards the hydrophilic clay surface and hydrophobic surfaces of quaternary ammonium salts as its first preference, respectively. This study brings promising observations and implications to the vital structural-property relationship for selective adsorption of pollutants from aqueous solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fe−Pt alloy nanoparticles (NPs) with dendritic shells are efficaciously created by the chemical reduction of K 2 PtCl 4 and FeCl 3 species in a low-concentration of nonionic surfactant polyoxyethylene cholesteryl ether (ChEO 15 ) solution. The dissimilarity in reduction potentials of the two soluble metal salts (Fe(III) and Pt(IV) species) plays a crucial role in the one-step synthesis of the bimetallic nanostructure, which is confirmed by TEM and XRD. Interestingly, Fe−Pt alloy NPs exhibit oxidase enzyme-like activity as well as a chemical catalyst. The kinetic parameters calculations revealed that this catalyst enhances the velocity of reaction 10 folds when compared with the reported oxidase-like activity exhibiting nanomaterials. The Fe-Pt alloy NPs also displayed high catalytic activity in the hydrogenation reaction of nitrophenol to aminophenol. The safety assessment of Fe-Pt alloy NPs revealed that these NPs are highly biocompatible to human normal liver cells up to 150 μM concentration. Therefore, the synthesized Fe-Pt alloy NPs showing excellent oxidase enzyme-like activity hold the promise to be used for multiple biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treated activated carbons, prepared by heat treatment of activated carbon sorbents under the protection of argon (Ar), were subjected to synthetic flue gases to investigate its elemental mercury (Hg 0 ) capture and the specific role of HCl and O 2 . To elucidate the adsorption mechanisms & binding properties, subsequent sorbents were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. The results suggest that Hg 0 capture on the heat treated activated carbon (TAC) under HCl atmosphere mainly follows Eley-Rideal reaction mechanism, where, HCl reacts with the basic active carbon sites on the TAC leading to the formation of Cl-containing active sites, subsequently gaseous Hg 0 heterogeneously reacts with these Cl-containing active sites through electron-transfer and forms HgCl x compounds. Both the 2.42 Å and 2.39 Å bonding distance of Hg-Cl shows that only one of the two valence electrons on mercury bond with Cl, while the other electron bonds with the basic active carbon site covalently. In presence of HCl and O 2 , the synergistic effect of O 2 on Hg 0 adsorption might attribute to the O 2 adsorption and the subsequent formation of oxygen-containing functional groups (OFGs) on TAC, which increase the amount of effective activated sites for Hg 0 adsorption and at the same time enhance the adsorbing kinetics of adjacent Cl-containing sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a heterogeneous disease of the blood affecting children, adolescents and adults. Although current treatment protocols for T-ALL have improved overall survival, a portion of T-ALL patients still experiences treatment failure. Thus, the development of novel therapies is needed. In this study, we used several patient-derived T-ALL cell lines to screen for an effective drug for T-ALL. Using a panel of 378 inhibitors against different kinases, we identified the CDK inhibitor dinaciclib as a potential drug for T-ALL. Dinaciclib treatment significantly reduced cell viability and completely blocked colony formation. Furthermore, cells treated with dinaciclib showed decreased expression of several pro-survival proteins including survivin, cyclin T1 and c-MYC. Dinaciclib treatment also increased accumulation of cells in G2/M phase and significantly induced apoptosis. Finally, dinaciclib extended survival of mice in a T-ALL cell xenograft model. Collectively, these data suggest that the CDK inhibitor dinaciclib is an active drug for T-ALL in the preclinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A synthetic mineral adsorbent (SMA) was prepared by mechanochemical treatments of a solid-state mixture containing illite, wollastonite, gypsum, limestone and dolomite powder at a molar ration of 1:1:1:12:3. The XRD patterns revealed that many newly-generated minerals, namely montmorillonite, laumonite and gismondine (zeolite facies), grossular, gehlenite and calcium silicate were observed in SMA residual after full hydration. The potential of SMA for the removal of Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution was investigated by batch mode. The effects of pH, concentration of adsorbate, contact time, SMA concentration and temperature on adsorption performance of SMA for Cd(II) and Pb(II) over SMA were studied. The results indicate that the adsorption process was found to follow pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Freundlich isotherm model. The maximum monolayer capacity obtained from the Langmuir isotherm at 25 °C was 47.0 and 143.3 mg g −1 for Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions, respectively. The adsorbed Cd(II) and Pb(II) can hardly be recovered at pH 3.0 but can completely recovered at pH 1.0 and 0.5, respectively. Ion exchange of Cd(II) and Pb(II) for Ca 2+ was found to be the principal mechanism in the removal of Cd(II) and Pb(II) from aqueous solution by SMA, followed by adsorption and precipitation. From the investigation, it is concluded that SMA could be a useful environment-friendly, inexpensive and effective tool for removal of high amounts of toxic Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions from aquatic ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adsorption performance of gases on poly(amido amine) dendrimer-loaded organoclays has been investigated. In particular, the capture of NH 3 gas on anion-exchange (hydrotalcite) organoclays were assessed and compared to that of CO 2 gas on cation-exchange (sericite and laponite) organoclays, Differently from the adsorption of NH 3 on pristine hydrotalcite, from which NH 3 gases were completely released, the retention of NH 3 on hydrotalcite organoclays was observed. The increase in adsorption capacity for NH 3 with increasing the loading of dendrimer indicated the preferable adsorption of NH 3 on carboxyl-terminated dendrimer moieties and was accompanied by decreases in surface area and pore volume of the organoclays. Similar behaviors were referred for the selective adsorption of CO 2 on amine-terminated dendrimer moieties of laponite and sericite organoclays. Measurements by solid-state 13 C NMR of adsorbed isotope-enriched 13 CO 2 confirmed the formation of carbamate species. These results show that dendrimer-loaded organoclays are favorable solid adsorbents for the efficient and recognized capture of gases such as NH 3 and CO 2 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrophilic/hydrophobic organoclays with varying quaternary ammonium substituents (QAS) were successfully synthesized and used as filler in unsaturated polyester (UPE) resin-organoclay nanocomposites to enhance mechanical properties. The organoclay-BQASMMT 18 (octadecyldimethylbenzylammonium bromide modified montmorillonite) with only 3 wt% in the UPE enhanced tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength and elongation at break by the order of 4.6, 2.4, 2 and 2.4, respectively compared to the pristine UPE. The tensile strength and hardness of the UPE-organoclay nanocomposites were increased with increase in organoclay content in the nanocomposites. However, the tensile and flexural strength decreased with increased loading of BQASMMT 18 from 3% to 5 wt% due to less dispersibility of organoclay in nanocomposites. Moreover, dispersibility of hydrophobic organoclays in UPE nanocomposite is higher with respect of hydrophilic and pristine clay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The time-course CO 2 gas adsorption on pristine clays and dendrimer-loaded organoclays was analyzed by the computer simulation. Observed data of CO 2 adsorption followed the Langmuir monolayer adsorption kinetics, when two and three adsorption sites were taken account for pristine clays and organoclays, respectively. The sites are on clay surfaces, clay interlayers and dendrimers. Amine-terminated dendrimer-loaded cation-exchange clays (laponite and sericite) displayed preferable adsorption of CO 2 on dendrimer as well as on clay surface and interlayers. However, carboxylate-terminated dendrimer-loaded anion-exchange clay (hydrotalcite) reduced the CO 2 adsorption in comparison with pristine clay because of less affinity of CO 2 with carboxylate-terminals. This quantitative study suggests the new insights for the selective adsorption of CO 2 molecules on solid adsorbents of amine-terminated organoclays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] To our knowledge, this is the first report which uses liquid penetration as a tool to compare the wettability. [•] Results emphasize the importance functional group attached to cationic moiety in controlling clay surface properties. [•] Two techniques are utilized viz., contact angle and liquid penetration to exhibit the behavior of the modified clays. [•] This report reveals that longer chain on cationic moiety is not the most effective way to hydrophobize the clay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atrial fibrillation, which occurs in 12% of all major foregut surgeries, can prolong hospital stay and increase morbidity. Minimally invasive techniques in foregut surgery have been suggested to cause less tissue trauma. We examined the factors associated with new-onset atrial fibrillation after foregut surgery at our institution. We retrospectively examined the records of 154 adult patients who underwent major foregut surgery which included esophagectomy, partial or total gastrectomy, redo Heller myotomy, redo or transthoracic fundoplications. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis with standard modeling techniques were performed to determine risk factors for new-onset atrial fibrillation. Of the 154 patients, 14 patients developed new-onset atrial fibrillation with a higher mean age of 67.1 years (±8.8 years) versus 56.4 years (±14.1 years) ( p = 0.006). Laparoscopic ( p = 0.004) and nonthoracic surgeries ( p = 0.01) were associated with lower risk of atrial fibrillation. Patients with atrial fibrillation had received more fluid (6.5 ± 2.8 liters versus 5.3 ± 2.0 liters) and had longer operations (370 ± 103 min versus 362 ± 142 min), none of which were statistically significant. The average intensive care length of stay of patients was longer: 7.5 ± 6.8 days versus 4.0 ± 7.1 days ( p = 0.004). Multivariate analysis revealed an association of atrial fibrillation with age (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.02–1.14, p = 0.01), and laparoscopic surgery (OR 0.09, 95% CI 0.01–0.95, p = 0.04) after adjusting for surgery type. Laparoscopic surgery is associated with lower risk of atrial fibrillation in foregut surgery. Development of atrial fibrillation is associated with increased length of intensive care stay. We recommend a prospective trial to confirm our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sustainability of a transportation system is a major concerning factor for urbanisation, as evidenced by the ever-growing problems of air pollution issues in major cities. While the growing population and migration don't have too much control to overcome the widespread use of public and personalised vehicles, it has destroyed our global environment. Therefore, the expansion of the transportation system should be carefully planned for global sustainability: so-called green transportation or sustainable transportation. In this paper, factors that should be considered when implementing green transportation for global sustainability have been critically reviewed. Firstly, barriers and challenges associated with current travel demands and blocking the implementation of green transportation have been identified. A three-step strategy (so-called ASI strategy, i.e. , avoid, shift, and improve strategy), which had been proposed to overcome the challenges and barriers, was investigated. Identification of innovative technologies or management approaches has been proposed for greening the public transportation system. Finally, some well-recognised success stories of the ASI strategy were presented, in which Avoid can reduce 146–312 kg CO2 /y, Shift can be reduced 0.27 kg CO2 /revolution of vehicles use and Improve can be reduced 12.4% CO 2 emissions. This review guides successful urban planning through the green transportation system. [Display omitted] - Barriers, challenges and strategies of sustainable transportation critically reviewed. - Three strategies (Avoid, Shift, and Improve) for green transportation were proposed. - Innovative technology and integrated management proposed for transportation. - Green transportation for environmental sustainability outlined. - Case studies of green transportation demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To provide safe recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAV) to patients, scalable manufacturing processes are required. However, these processes may introduce impurities that impact the performance and quality of the final drug product. Empty rAAV capsids are product-related impurities. Regulatory guidance requires that accurate analytical methods be implemented early in product development to measure the level of empty capsids. A process confirmation vector, produced from 200 L production, was used to develop and optimize a size exclusion chromatography with UV and multiangle light scattering (SEC-MALS) method. Vector produced from a 500 L production was used to assess the full-to-empty ratio using the following analytical methods: sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation (SV-AUC), droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) with capsid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), bulk absorbance at 260/280 nm, cryogenic electron microscopy, and SEC-MALS. This test article was used for a 30-day, non-Good Laboratory Practices animal study that assessed biodistribution of the product (STRX-330). SEC-MALS outperformed the other methods and correlated well with SV-AUC values of full-to-empty particles. In addition, SEC-MALS agreed with ddPCR and ELISA measurements for vector genomes/mL and capsid particles/mL, respectively. SEC-MALS was linear, accurate, and precise while achieving chromatography quality control (QC) recommendations. Compared to other stability-indicating assays, SEC-MALS performed similarly to ddPCR, capsid ELISA, and infectivity assays in accelerated stress studies. In response to alkaline, but not acidic stress, SEC-MALS indicated distinct changes in the DNA content of the monomer Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) peak for STRX-330, which was supported by ddPCR data. Conversely, acidic treatment resulted in more aggregated vector, but did not impact the DNA content. This work indicates that SEC-MALS is a valuable analytical tool in the analytical development and QC testing of AAV. In addition, this work suggests that SEC-MALS can provide fundamental understanding of AAV in response to environmental stress. This may impact steps of the manufacturing process to minimize conditions that reduce performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ni‐Mn@KL ozone catalyst was prepared for the efficient treatment of reverse osmosis membrane concentrates. The working conditions and reaction mechanism of the ozone‐catalyzed oxidation by Ni‐Mn@KL were systematically studied. Then, a comprehensive CRITIC weighting–coupling coordination evaluation model was established. Ni‐Mn@KL was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, BET, X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy‐dispersive spectrometry, and X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry and found to have large specific surface area and homogeneous surface dispersion of striped particles. Under the optimum working conditions with an initial pH of 7.9 (raw water), a reaction height‐to‐diameter ratio of 10:1, an ozone‐aeration intensity of 0.3 L/min, and a catalyst filling rate of 10%, the maximum COD removal rate was 60.5%. Free‐radical quenching experiments showed that OH oxidation played a dominant role in the Ni‐Mn@KL‐catalyzed ozone‐oxidation system, and the reaction system conformed to the second‐order reaction kinetics law. Ni‐Mn@KL catalysts were further confirmed to have good catalytic performance and mechanical performance after repeated utilization. Practitioner Points: Ni‐Mn@KL catalyst can achieve effective treatment of RO film concentrated liquid.High COD removal rate of RO membrane concentrated liquid was obtained at low cost.Ni‐Mn@KL catalyst promotes ozone decomposition to produce ·OH and O2−· oxidized organic matter.The Ni‐Mn@KL catalyst can maintain good stability after repeated use.A CRITIC weight–coupling coordination model was established to evaluate the catalytic ozonation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Given the acuity of patients who receive MTPs and the resources they require, MTPs are a compelling target for performance improvement. This study evaluated adherence with our MTP's plasma:red blood cell ratio (FFPR) of 1:2 and platelet:red blood cell ratio (PLTR) of 1:12, to test the hypothesis that ratio adherence is associated with lower inpatient mortality. Materials and Methods: The registry of an urban level I trauma center was queried for adult patients who received at least 6 units of packed red blood cells within 4 hours of presentation. Patients were excluded for interfacility transfer, cardiac arrest during the prehospital phase or within one hour of arrival, or for head AIS ≥5. Univariate analysis and multiple logistic regressions were performed to identify variables associated with early transfusion protocol noncompliance and the effect on inpatient mortality. Results: Three hundred and eighty-three patients were included, with mean ISS of 25.9 ± 13.3 and inpatient mortality of 28.5%. Increasing age, ISS, INR, and total units of blood product transfused were associated with increased odds of mortality, while an increase in revised trauma score was associated with a decreased odds ratio of mortality. Achieving our goal ratios were protective against mortality, with OR of.451 (P =.013) and.402 (P =.003), respectively. Discussion: Large proportions of critically injured patients were transfused fewer units of plasma and platelets than our MTP dictated; failure to achieve intended ratios at 4 hours was strongly associated with inpatient mortality. MTP processes and outcomes should be critically assessed on a regular basis as part of a mature performance improvement program to ensure protocol adherence and optimal patient outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The PI3K/mTOR pathway is the second most frequently deregulated pathway in a majority of cancers such as breast cancer, lung cancer, and melanomas as well as leukemia. Mutations in the genes coding for receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are quite common in all forms of acute leukemia. This can be a major cause of deregulation of the PI3K-mTOR pathway. To understand how cells display resistance to the dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, we used a panel of 25 acute leukemia cell lines. We observed that while a number of cell lines displayed sensitivity to the dual PI3K/mTOR pathway inhibitor PKI-587, many cells displayed substantial resistance. Cells sensitive to PKI-587 also showed aberrant activation of PI3K/mTOR pathway components such as AKT and S6K and also displayed sensitivity to a panel of various other PI3K/mTOR inhibitors. Using RNA sequencing data, we observed that expression of a G protein-coupled receptor, P2RY14, was upregulated nine-fold in cells showing resistance to the PI3K/mTOR inhibitor. P2RY14 has not been much studied in hematologic malignancies. However, this receptor seems to have a role in the localization of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and in promoting regenerative capabilities following injury. We observed that acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and FLT3-ITD-positive acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients with higher expression of P2RY14 mRNA displayed relatively poor survival compared to patients carrying lower expression of P2RY14 suggesting a role of P2RY14 in patient survival. To understand the role of this receptor in cell signaling, we used phospho-protein arrays and observed activation of distinct signaling cascades. Furthermore, array data were verified using murine pro-B cell line Ba/F3 stably transfected with P2RY14. We observed that activation of P2RY14 by its ligand, UDP-glucose, resulted in selective induction of ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Taken together, our data suggest that acute leukemia cells resistant to PI3K/mTOR inhibition display upregulation of a GPCR, P2RY14, which has a role in patient survival and also couples to the activation of ERK signaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red mud was modified by impregnation with Co element loading. The Co-RM catalyst was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and UV full-band scanning. The results showed that the modified Co-RM catalyst successfully loaded the Co element and formed an irregular pore structure on the surface, thereby increasing the number of active sites of the red mud catalyst and effectively improving the degradation efficiency of tetracycline. Under the optimal conditions of a catalyst dosage of 0.3 g/L, a persulfate dosage of 3 g/L, a reaction temperature of 50 °C, and a pH value of 7, a removal rate of 50 mg/L of tetracycline can be achieved: 89.5% after 90 min. The effects of common anions and humic acids in water, as well as radical quenchers (anhydrous ethanol and tert-butanol), on the degradation of tetracycline were investigated. The results showed that Cl−, CO32−, HCO3−, H2PO4−, NO32−, HPO42−, and humic acids showed inhibitory effects on the degradation of tetracycline, while SO42− showed a promoting effect on the degradation of tetracycline. The free radical quenching experiment showed that the most important free radicals that can degrade tetracycline in the system are sulfate radicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Anti-A1 antibody found in A2 and A2B patients binds A1 cells. In most cases, anti-A1 is of no clinical significance, reacting well below body temperature, and is merely a laboratory nuisance causing ABO discrepancies. When anti-A1 is active at body temperature, though rare, extensive destruction of A1 cells in vivo can occur and has been documented. Here we report a case of a severe hemolytic transfusion reaction in an A2 patient after transfusion of A1 red cells. Method: Transfusion of three A1 RBC units resulted in a hemoglobin drop from 9.4 to 6.4 g/dL in 48 hours with no identifiable surviving A1 cells, suggesting complete destruction of transfused cells. Post-transfusion sample showed marked icterus, ABO discrepancy in reverse typing, and a negative antibody screen. IRL workup confirmed patient is negative for A1 antigen and has significant anti-A1 titers. Patient successfully received two units of group O RBCs with expected increased in hemoglobin that was sustained. Conclusion: Approximately 80% of individuals in the US with blood group A express A1. Anti-A1 occurs in 1%-8% of A2 individuals and 22%-35% of A2B individuals. A2 patients with an anti-A1 reactive at 37°C should be transfused with group O or A2 RBCs only. A2B patients should receive group O, A2, A2B, or B RBCs. It is not current practice to test A or B cells as part of a routine eluate panel, though one could consider adding them to routine testing methods. Our case highlights that anti-A1 can cause severe hemolytic anemia. This has important implications for transplants because while successful renal transplantation has been reported across the A1/A2 blood group barrier in the setting of low titer anti-A1 isoagglutinins, more aggressive anti-A1 titer monitoring along with hemolysis labs may be warranted to assess possibility of clinically significant hemolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, Ti-Sn-Sb/γ-Al 2 O 3 particle electrodes were prepared and employed for the degradation of oxytetracycline (OTC) by three-dimensional electrocatalytic technology. Factors associated with the preparation of Ti-Sn-Sb/γ-Al 2 O 3 particle electrodes were investigated. The effects of initial concentration, conductivity, pH value, aeration intensity, current density, plate spacing, and particle electrode dosage on OTC removal were studied. The removal rate of OTC and total organic carbon were achieved approximately 92.0% and 41.0% under the optimal operating condition, respectively. In addition, Ti-Sn-Sb/γ-Al 2 O 3 particle electrode was analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectrum analysis (EDX), X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (XRF), and X Ray Diffraction analysis (XRD), which indicated that a significant amount of TiO 2 , SnO 2 , and Sb 2 O 3 were formed on the surface of Ti-Sn-Sb/γ-Al 2 O 3 particle electrode. It was also observed that the primary function of Ti-Sn-Sb/γ-Al 2 O 3 particle electrode in the three-dimensional electrode electrolysis process is the strong oxidizing function of ·OH for degrading OTC. Consequently, the analysis of degradation products of oxytetracycline (OTC) demonstrates. In addition, the results and conclusions of this study provide a methodological basis and engineering practice basis for removing the low concentration of antibiotics in water. Image 1 • Sodium alginate embedding method is used for preparing Ti-Sn-Sb/γ-Al 2 O 3 particle electrode. • Possible degradation mechanism of oxytetracycline is investigated and discussed. • Ti-Sn-Sb/γ-Al 2 O 3 particle electrode shows excellent electrocatalytic oxidation capacity. • It has positive significance for removing low concentration antibiotics in water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schwertmannite is a ferric oxyhydroxy-sulfate mineral, which is commonly found in acid sulfate systems. In this study, the liberation of chromium from Cr(VI)-substituted schwertmannite in the presence of the siderophore desferrioxamine B was studied. In addition, mineral transformation was examined using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Based on solid phase analyses, the transformation of schwertmannite incubated at pH 6.5 in the presence of 100 mg/L desferrioxamine B proceeded through a ligand-reductive induced pathway that released dissolved sulfate, Fe(III), and Cr(III), and generated goethite. Results of XAFS showed that CrO 4 2− substituted for SO 4 2− in the schwertmannite framework. Kinetic analysis using the Kabai and shrinking core models showed that Cr suppressed the transformation of schwertmannite into goethite and the liberation of Cr was controlled by diffusion through the secondary mineral's layer of dissolution. The information provided in this study will be useful in predicting the effects of the interaction between dissolved organic matter and minerals on the mobilization of Cr in acid mine drainage systems. Unlabelled Image • DFOB could affect the stability of schwertmannite in nature environment. • The limiting factors in Cr leaching from schwertmannite were established. • The newly formed mineral was identify and the dissolution mechanism was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Bi-Sn-Sb/γ-Al 2 O 3 particle electrode is prepared by impregnation method. • Tetracycline removal rate is significantly influenced by preparation conditions. • Intermediates and possible pathway of Tetracycline by three-dimensional reactor are identified. • Bi-Sn-Sb/γ-Al 2 O 3 particle electrode shows excellent electrocatalytic oxidation capacity. Abstract In this work, highly efficient Bi-Sn-Sb/γ-Al 2 O 3 particle electrodes were prepared for effectively degrading tetracycline. The effects of a mass ratio (Sn: Sb), the mass ration of Bi:(Sn + Sb), impregnation times, calcination temperature, and calcination time on the electrocatalytic oxidation capacity of Bi-Sn-Sb/γ-Al 2 O 3 particle electrode was investigated. Conditions in which mass ratio of (Sn: Sb) = 10:1, the mass ratio of Bi:(Sn/Sb) = 1:1, impregnation times 2 h, calcination temperature 500 °C., and calcination time 3 h were considered as optimal preparation conditions for Bi-Sn-Sb/γ-Al 2 O 3 particle electrode. It was cherecterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray detector (EDX), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) techniques to conforming that the triclinic Bi 2 O 3 formed in the preparation conditions has superior electrocatalytic activity. The electrocatalytic oxidation mechanism of tetracycline by Bi-Sn-Sb/γ-Al 2 O 3 particle electrode is proposed by determining degradation intermediates through LC–MS detection. Electrocatalytic oxidation experiments by adding tert-butyl alcohol indicate that the formation of OH is the primary responsibility for degradating tetracycline. Electrocatalytic degradation of tetracycline at different initial concentration shows that the degradation of tetracycline meets the pseudo first-order kinetics. Results suggest that the three-dimensional electrochemical reactor with Bi-Sn-Sb/γ-Al 2 O 3 particle electrodes could be an alternative for the pretreatment of antibiotic wastewater before biological treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • A functionalized chitosan-based flocculant (CC-g-PCD) is synthesized by UV initiation. • The concentration of algae decreased as the flocculants dosage increased. • The removal efficiency of CC-g-PCD was higher than that of commercially available coagulant. • CC-g-PCD has high efficiency in the removal of algae and turbidity from raw water. Abstract In this work, carboxylated chitosan modified flocculant (CC-g-PCD) was prepared by graft copolymerization technique to enhance the charge-attracting and adhesion of bridges and net-sweeping capacity of flocculants. The dimethyldiallylammonium chloride (DMDAAC), carboxylated chitosan (CMCS), and 3-chloro-2-chloropropyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTA) were utilized for synthesis of CC-g-PCD via photopolymerization techniques. The synthesized CC-g-PCD was characterized by 1H NMR, SEM, XRD, and FTIR, and the characteristic groups on the main chain and surface morphological structure of CC-g-PCD were investigated. The obtained results indicated that CTA and DMDAAC were successfully grafted into the CPCTS. In ordered to evaluate the flocculation performance of CC-g-PCD at various dosages, stirring intensity (G value), and pH value by detecting Chl a, COD, and turbidity, the actual lake water that contains algae was used for flocculation assessment tests. The experimental results of the water sample with flocculation showed that the maximum flocculation efficiency of turbidity (91.1%), Chl a (97.2%), and COD (97.0%) can be achieved by CC-g-PCD at pH 7, G value 200 s−1, and 4.0 mg/L. The comparison results demonstrated that CC-g-PCD had better flocculation efficiency than commercial flocculants. Finally, based on the analysis of algae removal in combination with Zeta potential measurements, the flocculation mechanisms in actual lake water at various dosages and pH values were adsorption bridging and electrical neutralization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Geothermal energy has received tremendous attention as a largely untapped renewable resource that does not produce significant CO 2 emissions during electricity generation. Worldwide installed capacity of geothermal energy plants has reached 14.3 GWe in 2017. However, widespread adoption of geothermal technologies should consider its potential environmental impacts. In this study, we first review the current state-of-the-art enhanced geothermal systems around the world, especially the United States, Philippines, Indonesia, Turkey and New Zealand. Then, we address the challenges and barriers to its adoption from the institutional, regulatory, technological and financial aspects. We also propose several strategies to implement geothermal energy plans, including (1) establishment of clear national energy utilization policies, (2) consolidation of geothermal laws and regulations, (3) engagement in geothermal potential assessment and periodic maintenance services, and (4) provision of fiscal incentives, financial supports and guarantees. Finally, we illustrate the implementation plans and business model of enhanced geothermal system deployment to conduct a demonstration plan for geothermal energy utilization. A case study of geothermal utilization in Taiwan, i.e., the Chingshui geothermal field, was discussed. Highlights • The state-of-the-art information on EGS around the world are reviewed. • Potential challenges and barriers for EGS implementation are addressed. • A total of four strategies is proposed to implement geothermal energy plans. • Implementation plans and business model of EGS deployment are illustrated. • A case study of EGS in Taiwan, i.e., the Chingshui geothermal field, is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a composite flocculant (polyferric titanium sulfate–polydimethyldiallylammonium chloride [PFTS–PDMDAAC]) with a rich spatial network structure was prepared for the treatment of simulated wastewater containing polystyrene (PS) micro–nanoparticles. Characterization results showed that the surface of the PFTS–PDMDAAC was a three‐dimensional network polymer of chain molecules that exhibited good thermal stability and formed an amorphous polymer containing multiply hydroxyl‐bridged titanium and iron. When n(OH−) : n(Fe) = 1:2, n(PO43−) : n(Fe) = 0.35, n(Ti) : n(Fe) = 1:8, n(DMDAAC) : n(Fe) = 5:100, and the polymerization temperature is 60°C, the prepared composite flocculant has the best effect. The effects of dosage, pH, and agitation intensity on the flocculation properties of PFTS–PDMDAAC were also studied. The optimal removal rates of PS‐μm and haze by PFTS–PDMDAAC were 85.60% and 90.10%, respectively, at a stirring intensity of 200 rpm, a pH of 9.0, and a PFTS–PDMDAAC dosage of 20 mg/L. The flocs produced by the PFTS–PDMDAAC flocculation were large and compact in structure, and the flocculation mechanism was mainly based on adsorption bridging. Kaolin played a promoting role in the process of PS‐μm removal by PFTS–PDMDAAC floc and accelerated the formation of large and dense flocs. This study provided a reference for the coagulation method to remove micro–nanopollutants in the actual water treatment process. Practitioner Points: A composite flocculant with rich spatial network structure (PFTS–PDMDAAC) was prepared.PFTS–PDMDAAC can effectively remove micro–nano polystyrene (PS) in wastewater.The floc produced by PFTS–PDMDAAC is large and compact in structure.The flocculation mechanism of PFTS–PDMDAAC is mainly adsorption bridging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an urgent need to develop new tumor biomarkers for early cancer detection, but the variability of tumor-derived antigens has been a limitation. Here we demonstrate a novel anti-Tn antibody microarray platform to detect Tn+ glycoproteins, a near universal antigen in carcinoma-derived glycoproteins, for broad detection of cancer. The platform uses a specific recombinant IgG1 to the Tn antigen (CD175) as a capture reagent and a recombinant IgM to the Tn antigen as a detecting reagent. These reagents were validated by immunohistochemistry in recognizing the Tn antigen using hundreds of human tumor specimens. Using this approach, we could detect Tn+ glycoproteins at subnanogram levels using cell lines and culture media, serum, and stool samples from mice engineered to express the Tn antigen in intestinal epithelial cells. The development of a general cancer detection platform using recombinant antibodies for detection of altered tumor glycoproteins expressing a unique antigen could have a significant impact on cancer detection and monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antiretroviral treatment (ART) effectively suppresses viral loads in both plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Patients with discordant plasma and CSF viral loads may experience chronic-progressive or fluctuating neurocognitive dysfunctions. This study examined the incidence of symptomatic CSF viral escape (CSFVE) in patients receiving ART. This retrospective cohort study was conducted between 2000 and 2023. The primary outcome measure was the incidence of symptomatic CSFVE. Nonparametric Mann-Whitney U and Fisher exact/χ 2 tests were applied for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. The cumulative incidence function with Gray’s test was used to compare the incidence of CSFVE across the treatment regimens. During the study period, 52 of the 8415 patients were diagnosed with CSFVE. The median duration of HIV diagnosis in patients with CSF VE was 150 (12–288) months, with a median nadir CD4 + T-cell count 96.5 (13–601 cells/L)], and 75% of the patients were on a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor (PI/r) regimen. The cumulative incidence of symptomatic CSFVE at a follow-up of 14 years was 1% (95% CI, 0–1%). PI/r (HR 34.73; 95% CI 13.5 to 89.4; p < 0.001) and integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) (HR 3.42; 95% CI 1.94 to 6.02; p < 0.001) regimens were significantly more likely to be associated with CSFVE than the Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) regimens. NNRTIs had the lowest risk of CSFVE compared to the PI/r and INSTI regimens. A rapid and complete recovery is possible with symptomatic CSFVE if it is diagnosed and treated early. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • F-N-P-C conditioning model was applied to municipal sludge dewatering. • •OH oxidation synergized Fe flocculation conditioning of municipal sludge. • F-N-P-C conditioning altered the protein and polysaccharide contents in EPS. • F-N-P-C conditioning reconstructed proteins secondary structure. In this study, ferrous iron (Fe2+)-catalyzed sodium percarbonate (2Na 2 CO 3 ·3H 2 O 2) was used for conditioning (referred to as F-N conditioning) municipal sludge. On this basis, Fe2+-catalyzed 2Na 2 CO 3 ·3H 2 O 2 was coupled with polymerized ferrous sulfate (PFS) conditioning (referred to as F-N-P conditioning) as well as coupled with the compounding of PFS and cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) conditioning were explored (referred to as F-N-P-C conditioning) for municipal sludge. The results showed that the optimal dosages of Fe2+, 2Na 2 CO 3 ·3H 2 O 2 , PFS and CPAM were 15, 40, 200 and 0.3 mg/g of absolutely dry sludge (DS), respectively, in which the specific resistance of the sludge (SRF) and the water content of the filtered sludge cake (WC) dropped from 2.1 × 1013 m/kg and 90.5 % to 2.9 × 1011 m/kg and 75.3 %, respectively. The mechanism study showed that the hydroxyl radicals (•OH) generated by F-N-P-C effectively cleaved the extracellular polymer (EPS) and remodeled the protein secondary structure by affecting the ratio of α-sheet and β-helix in the proteins secondary structure. PFS and CPAM neutralized the negative charge on the surface of municipal sludge flocs, and adsorbed-bridged with sludge flocs to improve the settling performance of sludge. Finally, the results of the plate and frame filter press dewatering tests verified that the F-N-P-C conditioning mode was the best formulation of sludge conditioning and determined the optimal working conditions: sludge feeding time, pressing time and pressing pressure were 5400 s, 5400 s and 1.2 MPa, respectively. The chemical cost of F-N-P-C conditioning was preliminarily estimated as 58.55 USD$/ton DS. Therefore, The F-N-P-C process had certain practical value and promotion significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics (MPs) are widespread in everyday life, and since wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) serve as an important route for MPs to enter natural water bodies, a thorough understanding of the distribution and removal of MPs in wastewater treatment plants is of great importance. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the measured distribution of MPs and the current status of their removal in wastewater treatment plants. The main sources of MPs in wastewater treatment plants are personal care products in domestic wastewater, textile clothing and industrial wastewater made from plastics, textile factories and the friction of road tires. The MPs that entered the sewage treatment plant were predominantly in the form of fibers, fragments, granular MPs and other types of MPs. The size of MPs is divided into three categories: <0.5 mm, 0.5–1 mm and 1–5 mm. At all treatment stages in wastewater plants, 56.8–88.4 % of MPs are removed in primary treatment, but the primary sedimentation and degreasing stages remove most MPs. The efficiency of the activated sludge process for secondary treatment is inconsistent and is generally between 42.1 and 99.2 %. The coagulation, filtration and disinfection stages of tertiary treatment all have some MPs removal capacity. In addition, novel removal technologies are also described, such as modified filtration technology, membrane separation technology, electroflocculation, sol-gel and photocatalysis. These novel removal technologies can further limit the entry of microplastics into natural water bodies through sewage treatment plants and improved sewage treatment processes help reduce the risk of MPs entering the natural environment through sewage treatment plants. This article will provide reference for the distribution and removal of microplastics in various levels of WWTPs. [Display omitted] • The source, shape, size, and variety of polymers of microplastics in wastewater treatment plants; • Each unit of sewage treatment can remove a certain amount of microplastic particles. • Microplastics can have adverse effects on both secondary and tertiary treatment processes; • The emerging removal technologies of microplastics have high removal efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a case of a young woman who presented with blindness due to optic atrophy, which was later determined to be a sequel of vestibular schwannoma (VS). VS is a slow-growing tumor that typically manifests with symptoms related to auditory or vestibular dysfunction. However, visual manifestations, such as optic atrophy, are rare but can occur due to raised intracranial pressure caused by the tumor. The article highlights the importance of early imaging and investigation in cases of optic atrophy to prevent permanent damage to the optic nerve. [Extracted from the article]

The presence of fluoride ions (F−) in photovoltaic (PV) wastewater significantly affects the integrity of the ecological environment. In contrast to direct current electrocoagulation (DC-EC), positive single-pulse electrocoagulation (PSPC-EC) shows a significant reduction in both the formation of passivation films on electrodes and the consumption of electrical energy. Under the experimental conditions of an Al–Al–Al–Al electrode combination, an electrode spacing of 1.0 cm, a NaCl concentration of 0.05 mol L−1, an initial pH of 5.6, an initial F− concentration of 5 mg L−1, a current density of 5 A m−2, a pulse frequency of 500 Hz, and a 40 % duty cycle, the achieved equilibrium F− removal efficiencies were 84.0 % for DC-EC and 88.0 % for PSPC-EC, respectively, accompanied by power consumption of 0.0198 kWh·mg−1 and 0.0073 kWh·mg−1. The flocs produced in the PSPC-EC process were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and it is revealed that the F− removal mechanisms in the PSPC-EC process include co-precipitation, hydrogen bond complexation, and ion exchange. When the actual PV wastewater was finally subjected to treatment under the optimal PSPC-EC conditions, the F− concentration in the wastewater was reduced from 4.6 mg L−1 to 1.4 mg L−1. This paper provides both a theoretical framework and a technological basis for the application of PSPC-EC in the advanced treatment of PV wastewater. [Display omitted] • F− from photovoltaic wastewater were removed using PSPC-EC. • The energy consumption of PSPC-EC is significantly lower than that of DC-EC. • The mechanism of PSPC-EC to improve F− removal efficiency was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Along with COVID‐19 pandemic, India has faced an outbreak of COVID‐19–associated mucormycosis (CAM). Due to restricted availability of amphotericin B during this outbreak, clinicians were forced to use posaconazole or isavuconazole preparations as first‐line or alternate therapy in many patients. We planned an early monitoring of posaconazole trough level while using delayed release (DR) tablet as first‐line or alternate therapy. Objectives: Primary objective of the study was to determine percentage of patients achieving arbitrarily decided therapeutic posaconazole levels (≥1.2 μg/ml) after using standard dosages of posaconazole. Secondary objective was to identify potential factors associated with sub‐therapeutic posaconazole levels. Methods: We performed retrospective chart review of the hospitalised patients, who received posaconazole DR tablet as first‐line or alternate therapy to treat CAM during outbreak period (March 1 to May 31, 2021). High‐performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was used to measure trough level of posaconazole. Results: Posaconazole serum levels of 29 patients were analysed, who received posaconazole DR tablet. Majority (n = 23) were male with the median (range) age 53 (24–86) years. The mean (SD) posaconazole level was 1.66 (0.76) μg/ml. Sub‐therapeutic posaconazole trough level was observed in 7 (24.1%) patients. Relatively younger patients were associated with lower posaconazole level (p =.046). Except two patients, all the patients tolerated posaconazole well. Conclusions: The study supports the posaconazole trough level measurement on day 4 while using posaconazole DR tablet as first‐line or alternate therapy to treat mucormycosis during limited supply of amphotericin B. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective, Participants, and Methods: To determine whether peer educators are considered peers by their audiences, the authors compared 28 peer educators and 28 college students on their personal qualities using self-report surveys. Results: Students who wanted to become peer educators reported higher self-esteem, greater leadership skills, and fewer risky health behaviors than did demographically similar college students. However, peer educators appeared similar to their colleagues in terms of personal values and personality temperament. Conclusions: Although peer educators are natural leaders with strong self-esteem and more healthy behaviors, they appear to be quite similar to their audiences in regard to values and temperaments, making them successful role models and arguably true peers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ti‐Sb/attapulgite ceramsite particle electrodes were prepared for the efficient degradation of chloramphenicol (CAP) in wastewater. To observe the surface morphology and structural characteristics of the Ti‐Sb/attapulgite ceramsite particle electrodes, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy, and X‐ray diffraction were used for characterization. Parameters affecting the degradation efficiency and the energy consumption of the Ti‐Sb/attapulgite ceramsite particle electrodes, such as current density, electrode distance, initial pH, conductivity, air flow, and packing ratio, were examined. Results showed that the optimal conditions were 20 mA/cm2 current intensity, 3 cm electrode distance, 5,000 μS/cm conductivity, 2.0 L/min air flow, 50.0% packing ratio, and initial pH 1. The removal efficiency of chloramphenicol was 73.7% under the optimal conditions, and the energy consumption was 191.3 (kW h)/kg CAP. Practitioner points: Attapulgite ceramsite with good physical performance was prepared.The removal efficiencies for CAP in water by Ti‐Sb/attapulgite ceramsite particle electrodes were studied.CAP was effectively removed by 3‐D electrode system.CAP removal was significantly influenced by operational parameters.Three‐dimensional electrode system shows good degradation ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • A functionalized chitosan-based flocculant (MHCS-g-P(AM-DAC)) is synthesized by UV initiation. • The concentration of algae decreased as the flocculants dosage increased. • The removal efficiency of MHCS-g-P(AM-DAC) was higher than that of commercially available coagulant. • MHCS-g-P(AM-DAC) has high efficiency in the removal of algae and turbidity from raw water. Abstract The graft copolymer flocculant of chitosan namely, maleoyl chitosan-graft-poly(acrylamide–acryloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride) [MHCS-g-P(AM-DAC)], was prepared by UV initiation to improve the solubility and flocculation efficiency of chitosan. Flocculating properties for algae removal were studied systematically. The effects of parameters such as monomer concentration, MHCS content, illumination time, photoinitiator concentration, cationic degree, pH and grafting efficiency over synthesis process of MHCS-g-P(AM-DAC) were studied. The characterization of obtained MHCS-g-P(AM-DAC) were carried out through different analytic techniques. The influences of dosage, pH, and G value on the flocculating properties were also investigated to support that MHCS-g-P(AM-DAC) was more effective than organic flocculant (CPAM) and inorganic coagulant (PFS and PAC) on algae removal. The flocculation mechanisms of MHCS-g-P(AM-DAC) were determinate by obtained zeta values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, graphene oxide (GO) was successfully functionalized on the multifunctional β−cyclodextrin chitosan polymer through EDTA crosslinking (GO@CS−EDTA−β−CD) for the adsorption of toxic inorganic and organic micropollutants from water. This unique adsorbent possesses important adsorptive features from each component: chitosan works as a backbone of the polymer chain, β−CD cavities adsorb the organic micropollutants via the host-guest inclusion complexation, EDTA acts as a crosslinker and provides complexation sites for heavy metal ions and GO can interact with both organic and inorganic micropollutants. After complete characterization, the polymer were explored on the adsorption of inorganic micropollutants (i.e., Hg(II), Pb(II), Cu(II) and Ni(II)) and organic one (i.e., methylene blue, MB) under different experimental conditions. In monocomponent systems, the adsorption followed the pseudo-second order (PSO) kinetics for both heavy metals and MB dye. The adsorption isotherms of heavy metals and MB followed the Langmuir and Sips models, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacities were found to be 364.90 ± 15.20, 287.40 ± 10.0, 130.40 ± 6.50, 98.90 ± 3.10, 158.40 ± 5.10 mg g−1 for Hg(II), Pb(II), Cu(II), Ni(II) and MB, respectively. In binary component systems, dye adsorption was not affected by metal ions, while the adsorption efficiency for metal ions was increased by the MB presence: possibly due to synergism. Additionally, the prepared adsorbent showed good efficiency without any significant loss in adsorption capacity even after six continuous regeneration cycles, confirming its superior reusability and stability. In short, excellent removal efficiencies for the metal ions and MB at environmental levels in model textile effluent, synthetic acid mine water make the adsorbent promising in treating water contaminated by heavy metals and/or dyes. [Display omitted] • Investigated effect of GO on adsorption selectivity of CS−EDTA−β−CD. • Obtained adsorption capacities of 364.90–98.90 ± 3.10 mg g−1 for heavy metals and MB. • Observed synergetic effect on adsorption of metal ions in Cu2+−MB binary system. • Confirmed adsorption mechanisms by elemental mapping, EDS and FTIR analysis. • Obtained removal efficiency of 85.2% and 85.0% for Cu and MB even after sixth cycle of adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an overview of the interrelationships between tourism and sustainability from a cross-disciplinary perspective. The current challenges and barriers in the tourism sustainability, such as high energy use, extensive water consumption and habitat destruction, are first reviewed. Then the key cross-disciplinary elements in sustainable tourism, including green energy, green transportation, green buildings, green infrastructure, green agriculture and smart technologies, are discussed. To overcome the challenges and barriers, a few implementation strategies on achieving sustainable tourism from the aspects of policy/regulation, institution, finance, technology and culture are proposed, along with the framework and details of a key performance indicator system. Finally, prospects of the potential for tourism to contribute to the transformative changes, e.g., a green economy system, are illustrated. This paper shine a light on issues of importance within sustainable tourism and encourage researchers from different disciplines in investigating the inter-relationships among community/culture, environment/ecology, and energy/water/food more broadly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, TiO 2 was generated in situ on the surface of Ti 3 C 2 by a hydrothermal process, and urea was added to form N-doped TiO 2 –Ti 3 C 2. The surface morphology and functional group properties of the prepared materials were analyzed by SEM, TEM, XRD, XPS, etc. The results showed that anatase TiO 2 formed on the surface of the Ti 3 C 2 monolayer. Nitrogen-doped nanomaterials show good phenol degradation and good recyclability under visible light. At a urea content of 0.5 g, the photocatalytic degradation of phenol under visible light is best, reaching 88.9% in 3 h, with ·OH and ·O2− holes playing the leading role. However, at lower pH and higher ion concentration, the degradability of N–TiO 2 –Ti 3 C 2 for phenol is reduced. Furthermore, the material prepared in this work is a two-dimensional layered material, and the adsorption of phenol best fits the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation. In terms of the antibacterial performance of the material, the N-doped TiO 2 –Ti 3 C 2 nanomaterial made with 0.2 g of urea has an Escherichia coli scavenging efficiency of about 97.86%, which is an excellent antibacterial material. This study shows that the N–TiO 2 –Ti 3 C 2 produced in this experiment can be used for environmental applications. [Display omitted] • Demonstrated applicability of layered nanomaterial (MXene) for wastewater treatment. • N-doped TiO 2 –Ti 3 C 2 was synthesized by a one-step hydrothermal process using urea. • N–TiO 2 –Ti 3 C 2 photocatalyst used for phenol degradation and antibacterial activity. • Only 0.5 g of urea used for N-doped MXene synthesis showed 88.9% phenol degradation. • 0.2 g urea doped TiO 2 –Ti 3 C 2 shows 97.86% Escherichia coli scavenging efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]