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The Caborn-Welborn phase identifies late precontact and early postcontact (ca. AD 1400–1700) peoples of the lower Ohio River valley in Indiana, Kentucky, and Illinois who coalesced following the collapse of the Angel chiefdom. Our current understanding of Caborn-Welborn foodways is that they, like their contemporaries in other parts of eastern North America, subsisted largely on maize and wild game, supplemented by a wide range of other wild and cultivated foods. While technically accurate, this generic picture of late precontact diets does not do justice to the many microclimatological and cultural nuances that characterized local native southeastern and midwestern diets. Dental microwear texture analysis (DMTA) is a method to understand diet by analyzing the microscopic scratches and pits left on teeth during mastication. Combining DMTA with other lines of evidence, we confirm previous studies that indicate that at least some Caborn-Welborn peoples consumed less maize than their ancestors living at the Angel site. Rather than understanding Caborn-Welborn peoples as practicing a generic late precontact subsistence strategy, our study highlights how Caborn-Welborn peoples chose to eat less maize and consume more hard wild foods such as nuts compared with their contemporaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Idiopathic condylar resorption (ICR), though a rare event, is associated with severe detrimental sequelae for the patient. To date, the etiology remains unknown, and treatment strategies are highly controversial. Therefore, the aim of this study is to present an analysis of the consensus- and evidence-based approach to ICR by a German interdisciplinary guideline project of the AWMF (Association of the Scientific Medical Societies in Germany). Following a systematic literature search, including 56 (out of an initial 97) publications, with a predominantly low level of evidence (LoE), two independent working groups (oral and maxillofacial surgery and interdisciplinary, respectively) voted on a draft comprising 25 recommendations in a standardized anonymized and blinded Delphi procedure. While the results of the votes were relatively homogeneous, the interdisciplinary phase required a significantly higher number of rounds (p < 0.001). Most of the controversial recommendations were related to initial imaging (with consensus on CT/CBCT as the current diagnostic standard for imaging), pharmacotherapy (no recommendation due to lack of evidence), discopexy (no recommendation possible due to low LoE) and timing of orthognathic surgery (with consensus on two-staged procedures after invasive TMJ surgery, except for single-stage procedures if combined with total joint reconstruction). Overall, the Delphi procedure resulted in an interdisciplinary guideline offering the best possible evidence- and consensus-based expertise to date in the diagnosis and treatment of ICR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It is accepted by the orthopaedic community that the rotator cable (RCa) acts as a suspension bridge that stress shields the crescent area (CA). The goal of this study was to determine if the RCa does stress shield the CA during shoulder abduction.Methods: The principal strain magnitude and direction in the RCa and CA and shoulder abduction force were measured in 20 cadaveric specimens. Ten specimens underwent a release of the anterior cable insertion followed by a posterior release. In the other 10, a release of the posterior cable insertion was followed by an anterior release. Testing was performed for the native, single-release, and full-release conditions. The thicknesses of the RCa and CA were measured.Results: Neither the principal strain magnitude nor the strain direction in either the RCa or the CA changed with single or full RCa release (p ≥ 0.493). There were no changes in abduction force after single or full RCa release (p ≥ 0.180). The RCa and CA thicknesses did not differ from one another at any location (p ≥ 0.195).Conclusions: The RCa does not act as a suspension bridge and does not stress shield the CA. The CA primarily transfers shoulder abduction force to the greater tuberosity.Clinical Relevance: The CA is important in force transmission during shoulder abduction, and efforts should be made to restore its continuity with a repair or reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Due to potentially severe sequelae (impaired growth, condylar resorption, and ankylosis) early diagnosis of chronic rheumatic arthritis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and timely onset of therapy are essential. Aim: Owing to very limited evidence the aim of the study was to identify and discuss controversial topics in the guideline development to promote further focused research. Methods: Through a systematic literature search, 394 out of 3771 publications were included in a German interdisciplinary guideline draft. Two workgroups (1: oral and maxillofacial surgery, 2: interdisciplinary) voted on 77 recommendations/statements, in 2 independent anonymized and blinded consensus phases (Delphi process). Results: The voting results were relatively homogenous, except for a greater proportion of abstentions amongst the interdisciplinary group (p < 0.001). Eighty-four percent of recommendations/statements were approved in the first round, 89% with strong consensus. Fourteen recommendations/statements (18.2%) required a prolonged consensus phase and further discussion. Discussion: Contrast-enhanced MRI was confirmed as the method of choice for the diagnosis of TMJ arthritis. Intraarticular corticosteroid injection is to be limited to therapy-refractory cases and single injection only. In adults, alloplastic joint replacement is preferable to autologous replacement. In children/adolescents, autologous reconstruction may be performed lacking viable alternatives. Alloplastic options are currently still considered experimental. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phase‐field fracture simulations have been established to simulate crack propagation in solid structures. The method employs a variational framework which has been proven to converge to Griffith' classical model for brittle fracture. Here we investigate the predictiveness of phase‐field fracture through a four‐point bending test in a mixed mode condition, and we discuss the possibilities to perform such simulation with the finite element software ABAQUS. The comparison with the experiments allows estimating the quality of the method with respect to failure loads, crack initiation angles, propagation path, and fracture surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Partial avulsions of the short and/or long head of the distal biceps tendon cause pain and loss of strength. The goal of the present study was to quantify the loss of supination and flexion strength following a series of surgical releases designed to simulate partial and complete short and long head traumatic avulsions.Methods: Mechanical testing was performed to measure supination moment arms and flexion force efficiency on 18 adult fresh-frozen specimens in pronation, neutral, and supination. The distal biceps footprint length was divided into 4 equal segments. In 9 specimens (the distal-first group), the tendon was partially cut starting distally by releasing 25%, 50%, and 75% of the insertion site. In the other 9 specimens (the proximal-first group), the releases started proximally. Mechanical testing was performed before and after each release.Results: Significant decreases in the supination moment arm occurred after a 75% release in the distal-first release group; the decrease was 24% in pronation (p = 0.003) and 10% in neutral (p = 0.043). No significant differences in the supination moment arm (p ≥ 0.079) or in flexion force efficiency (p ≥ 0.058) occurred in the proximal-first group.Conclusions: A simulated complete short head avulsion significantly decreased the supination moment arm and therefore supination strength.Clinical Relevance: A mechanical case can be made for repair of partial distal biceps tendon avulsions when the rupture involves ≥75% of the distal insertion site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental Investigations on crack formation in reinforced concrete due to restraint stress In the current Eurocode 2, a crack‐force‐based approach is used to determine the minimum reinforcement in restrained concrete members. Due to the tightening of the requirement by a change of the German national annex in Eurocode 2, an economic design is no longer possible. One of the reasons for the overdimensioning of the minimum reinforcement is that the design approach is based on incomplete empirical data and conservative assumptions. To investigate the influences on crack initiation and the effects of crack formation on restrained concrete members, precisely defined boundary conditions are necessary. These allow not only the comparability of the experimental investigations but also their reproducibility. The test setup used allows full restraint under constant climatic conditions of the test specimens. By systematic evaluation of selected tests, the crack formation of restrained plates is analyzed, allowing interpretations and the identification of basic phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present phenomenological study was to examine the youth sports experiences of current and former collegiate softball athletes. The 10 female participants ranged in age from 19-40 and participated in individual interviews. Five major themes emerged from the data: (1) 'Cause I Love It, (2) A Family Thing, (3) The Shadow Side, (4) I Needed a Break, and (5) It Was Worth It. Participants uniformly described having strong positive emotions toward, and an identity with, the sport of softball. However, most of the participants also mentioned a negative side of youth sports involving coaches, parents, or weariness from years of continued participation. Overall, participants described having gained important individual and interpersonal attributes from their youth sports experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spy I from the Meuse River Basin of Belgium is among the most recent Neandertals. This adult lived at the terminus of Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3 in cold steppe environments at the northern edge of the habitable zone for Neandertals where plants were relatively scarce. The dietary proclivities of Spy I are reconstructed using dental microwear texture analysis and compared to 33 Neandertals from western Eurasia, MIS 5 to MIS 3. Spy I has an elevated enamel surface complexity suggesting the consumption of course dietary items such as wild seeds, acorns, nuts, and underground storage organs laden with particles of grit. Unlike the young and old individuals from Hortus with low values for anisotropy, Spy I is closest to the adults from this site suggesting a common pattern of masticatory behavior typified this life cycle stage. Like many other Neandertals, Spy I probably consumed plant foods at appreciable levels, some of which were hard and brittle or poorly processed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The current study seeks to determine if a sample of foragers, farmers, and pastoralists are distinguishable based on their dental microwear texture signatures. Materials and methods: The study included a sample of 719 individuals from 51 archeological sites (450 farmers, 192 foragers, 77 pastoralists). All were over age 12 and sexes were pooled. Using a Sensofar® white‐light confocal profiler we collected dental microwear texture analysis (DMTA) data from a single first or second molar from each individual. We leveled and cleaned data clouds following standard procedures and analyzed the data with Sfrax® and Toothfrax® software. The DMTA variables were complexity and anisotropy. Statistics included ANOVA with partial eta squared and Hedges's g. We also performed a follow‐up K‐means cluster analysis. Results: We found significant differences between foragers and farmers and pastoralists for complexity and anisotropy, with foragers having greater complexity than either the farmers or the pastoralists. The farmers and pastoralists had greater anisotropy than the foragers. The Old World foragers had significantly higher anisotropy values than New World foragers. Old and New World farmers did not differ. Among the Old World farmers, those dating from the Neolithic through the Late Bronze Age had higher complexity values than those from the Iron Age through the medieval period. The cluster analysis discerned foragers and farmers but also indicated similarity between hard food foragers and hard food farmers. Discussion: Our findings reaffirm that DMTA is capable of distinguishing human diets. We found that foragers and farmers, in particular, differ in their microwear signatures across the globe. There are some exceptions, but nothing that would be unexpected given the range of human diets and food preparation techniques. This study indicates that in general DMTA is an efficacious means of paleodietary reconstruction in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Mud Volcanism and fluid seepage are widespread phenomena in the Gulf of Cadiz (SW Iberian Margin). In this seismically active region located at the boundary between the African and Eurasian plates, fluid flow is typically focused on deeply rooted active strike-slip faults. The geochemical signature of emanating fluids from various mud volcanoes (MVs) has been interpreted as being largely affected by clay mineral dehydration and recrystallization of Upper Jurassic carbonates. Here we present the results of a novel, fully-coupled 1D basin-scale reactive-transport model capable of simulating major fluid forming processes and related geochemical signatures by considering the growth of the sediment column over time, compaction of sediments, diffusion and advection of fluids, as well as convective and conductive heat flow. The outcome of the model is a realistic approximation to the development of the sediment pore water system over geological time scales in the Gulf of Cadiz. Combined with a geochemical reaction transport model for clay mineral dehydration and calcium carbonate recrystallization, we were able to reproduce measured concentrations of Cl, strontium and 87Sr/86Sr of emanating mud volcano fluids. These results support previously made qualitative interpretations and add further constraints on fluid forming processes, reaction rates and source depths. The geochemical signature at Porto MV posed a specific problem, because of insufficient constraints on non-radiogenic 87Sr/86Sr sources at this location. We favour a scenario of basement-derived fluid injection into basal Upper Jurassic carbonate deposits (Hensen et al., 2015). Although the mechanism behind such basement-derived flow, e.g. along permeable faults, remains speculative at this stage, it provides an additional source of low 87Sr/86Sr fluids and offers an idea on how formation water from the deepest sedimentary strata above the basement can be mobilized and eventually initiate the advection of fluids feeding MVs at the seafloor. The dynamic reactive-transport model presented in this study provides a new tool addressing the combined simulation of complex physical-geochemical processes in sedimentary systems. The model can easily be extended and applied to similar geological settings, and thus help us to provide a fundamental understanding of fluid dynamics and element recycling in sedimentary basins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article, adapted from the book "The Sit-Ins: Protest and Legal Change in the Civil Rights Era," by Christopher W. Schmidt, discusses U.S. Supreme Court cases on sit-ins heard under U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren. Topics include rulings in the cases Boynton v. Virginia and Burton v. Wilmington Parking Authority, cases related to civil rights activism in Louisiana, and the case Bell v. Maryland. The involvement of the Legal Defense Fund (LDF) of the organization National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is addressed.

Few decisions in American constitutional law have frustrated, inspired, and puzzled more than Katzenbach v. Morgan. Justice Brennan's 1966 opinion put forth the seemingly radical claim that Congress--through its power, based in Section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment, to "enforce, by appropriate legislation," the rights enumerated in that Amendment--shared responsibility with the Court to define the meaning of Fourteenth Amendment rights. Although it spawned a cottage industry of scholarship, this claim has never been fully embraced by a subsequent Supreme Court majority, and in City of Boerne v. Flores, the Supreme Court rejected the heart of the Morgan decision as subversive of the American constitutional order. Today, Morgan stands largely as an aberration of American constitutional law. This Article attempts to place Morgan back into the stream of historical development from which it arose. When properly situated in its historical context, Justice Brennan's opinion appears less puzzling and less aberrational. Morgan in fact built upon several decades of debates in the courts, in Congress, and among legal commentators over the scope of congressional enforcement power under Section 5--debates that largely have been missing from Section 5 scholarship. In reconstructing the history from this period, this Article also identifies the political and legal conditions that supported claims of shared constitutional interpretive responsibility in the past and considers whether these conditions might again be met in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legal scholars and historians have long puzzled over what to make of Buchanan v. Warley, the 1917 Supreme Court decision striking down a Louisville residential segregation ordinance. A central point of dispute is whether we should understand it as a "civil rights" decision. Some argue that Buchanan is best understood as a foundation stone of the civil rights canon, a precursor to the later breakthroughs of the civil rights era. Others argue that it should not be categorized as a civil rights decision, that it turned on property rights, not a norm of racial nondiscrimination or a commitment to racial justice. Buchanan, according to this interpretation, is best explained as a companion to Lochner v. New York and other decisions of this period defending economic liberty. The terms of this debate would have puzzled people at the time of Buchanan. It assumes a definition of civil rights--as synonymous with antidiscrimination policy or, more generally, racial justice--that Americans did not use until decades after Buchanan. In 1917, the public meaning of the term civil rights was such that it would not have made sense to debate the contents of a civil rights tradition. In this Essay, I use Buchanan as a lens to study the changing meaning of the term "civil rights" in United States history. I argue that while the debate over whether Buchanan is a civil rights case is historically anachronistic, engaging the question with an eye toward the evolving history of the meaning of civil rights helps to explain why the Court ruled as it did in this case. Looking back to the meaning of civil rights in the Reconstruction Era offers an alternative to the modern civil-rights-versus-property-rights framework for explaining the case. In this alternative framework, Buchanan was indeed a civil rights case, but one based on the distinctive meaning of civil rights that developed in the 1860s, rather than its more familiar modern meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For decades, couples around the world have used Imago relationship therapy (IRT) to improve their relationships. While anecdotal success stories abound, no randomized controlled trial of IRT's impact has been accomplished until now. The authors review the results of a randomized controlled trial of distressed, treatment-seeking couples who completed 12 sessions of IRT and the impact their involvement had on their marital satisfaction. Results showed that (a) individuals in the treatment condition experienced statistically significant increases in marital satisfaction, while couples in the control group did not; (b) levels of marital satisfaction did decrease significantly from posttreatment to follow-up but remained significantly higher than at pretreatment; (c) though statistically significant, the improvements experienced by the treatment group were not clinically significant improvements; and (d) while approximately one-third of participants achieved recovery during treatment, at the dyad level, only one couple achieved recovery. Further analysis and recommendations for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Empathy is directly related to one's satisfaction with a romantic partner, and therefore, most approaches to couples therapy explicitly address empathy as a means for creating positive relational change. Imago relationship therapy (IRT) is practiced extensively worldwide yet lacks research validating its effectiveness. Given IRT's focus on developing empathy within the members of the romantic partnership, it is important to examine how empathy contributes to change in relationship satisfaction. This random and controlled study examined the impact of 12 weeks of IRT treatment on individual (N = 60) empathy levels. Results showed a significant interaction between time and condition and found significant increases in treatment group empathy levels at each of three assessment points. These findings begin to emphasize the impact of IRT on couple empathy levels and highlight the potential benefits of using this particular therapeutic modality to promote positive relational change within romantic relationships. The research would have benefited from greater diversity within the sample and a greater understanding of the specific therapist interventions that impact client couple empathy levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the increasing need for higher data rates in CubeSat missions primarily for Earth observation and communication missions mainly focused on Direct-to-Earth (DTE) applications, DLR started the development of a highly compact laser communication payload for CubeSats, called CubeLCT. In parallel TESAT has used its experience for preparing and developing this technology for volume production. At the same time, to ensure the compatibility with the ground stations, DLR started and led the CCSDS working group for Optical On-Off-Keying (O3K) to further extend the commercial use of CubeLCT terminals. This cooperation between industry and research center has been very successful. The PIXL-1 mission was accomplished in a very agile new space approach, developing and demonstrating the technology in record time. Moreover, in order to enable the potential customers to deploy a complete end-to-end system, TESAT in cooperation with German Space Operation Center (GSOC) has specified the interface requirements for developing the first demonstrator for DTE optical system mission planning, mainly focused on the link planning challenges. This concept can be applied to current missions, and allows identifying the needs also for further applications. In addition to DTE links, the increasing demand for higher data rates and low latency communication in upcoming constellations of CubeSats also drives the need to extend the CubeLCT terminal with Inter-Satellite-Link-functionality. In continuation to the first development, IKN, RSC3 and TESAT, are currently developing a CubeLCT for intra-plane communication capable of transferring 100 Mbps over 1800 km. The upcoming challenges in operation of inter-satellite-links on CubeSats combined with the possibilities of enabling DTE are also covered in this paper. • Highly compact (1/3 U) laser communication payload for CubeSats. • Mainly focused on Direct-to-Earth (DTE) applications. • Design compatible with CCSDS working group for Optical On-Off-Keying (O3K). • Agile DTE link planning including local weather information. • Technology ready for industrial volume production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a continued debate about early versus late sport specialization. There are potential benefits and risks associated with early specialization; however, most literature is based on expert opinion or retrospective data (Butcher, Lindner, & Johns, 2002; Cote, Lidor, & Hackfort, 2009; Farrey, 2010). The positive experiences and development associated with the demands of early sport specialization may be overlooked because of the breadth of negative research and popular media reports. The purpose of this study is to describe the youth sport experience, with an emphasis on competitive club soccer, more objectively by focusing on the parents 'perceptions and reasons for participation. We distributed electronic surveys to parents whose children participated as a member of a U8-U12 club soccer team in a state tournament during the previous year. The results suggest the parents sensed improved skills in children who started participating earlier; however, parents of both genders reported the necessity of skipping other events, making sacrifices to participate, and negatively affected schoolwork. In addition, the longer the child participated, the less the family enjoyed soccer. Overall, burnout is considered a risk of early participation (Coakley, 1992; Jayanthi, Pinkham, Dugas, Patrick, & LaBella, 2012; Smith, 1986), but our data suggests that the family may be more at risk for burnout than the child because the child continues to enjoy and develop within the sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this Article, I use a case study of the Fourteenth Amendment's state action doctrine as a vehicle to consider, and partially defend, the phenomenon of persistent doctrinal confusion in constitutional law. Certain areas of constitutional law are messy. Precedents seem to contradict one another; the relevant tests are difficult to apply to new facts and new issues; the principles that underlie the doctrine are difficult to discern. They may become a "conceptual disaster area," as Charles Black once described the state action doctrine. By examining the evolution of the state action doctrine, this notoriously murky field of constitutional law, I seek to better understand doctrinal confusion, to examine why it often occurs and why it sometimes persists, and to argue that under certain circumstances doctrinal confusion may actually be a good thing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Supination weakness commonly occurs after a distal biceps repair. The goal of this study was to identify factors that could influence postoperative supination strength through a full arc of forearm rotation.Methods: Fifteen patients were prospectively studied and underwent a biceps repair using a posterior approach; this cohort was compared with a randomized selection of 17 anterior repair subjects. All patients underwent postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Quantitative MRI analysis determined the insertion site angle of the tendon and supinator fat content. Supination strength was measured in 3 forearm positions. A multiple linear regression analysis was performed to determine the effect of all factors on supination strength.Results: The anterior group had a significantly higher nonanatomic insertion site angle of the tendon than the control group and the posterior group (p < 0.001). The posterior group had significantly greater supinator fat content (p ≤ 0.019) than both the control group and the anterior group. After repair, the posterior group had significantly greater supination strength than the anterior group (p = 0.027). Multiple regression analysis (r = 0.765) found that an anatomic reinsertion of the ruptured tendon (β = 1.159; p < 0.001), posterior approach (β = 0.484; p = 0.043), and limited supinator muscle fat content (β = 0.360; p = 0.013) were significant predictors of the restoration of supination strength in 60° of supination.Conclusions: Future directions for distal biceps tendon repair techniques should focus on restoring an anatomic reattachment site while limiting supinator damage.Level Of Evidence: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study conducted the first three dimensional microwear texture analysis of human deciduous teeth to reconstruct the physical properties of medieval childhood diet (age 1–8yrs) at St Gregory's Priory and Cemetery (11th to 16th century AD) in Canterbury, England. Occlusal texture complexity surfaces of maxillary molars from juvenile skeletons ( n = 44) were examined to assess dietary hardness. Anisotropy values were calculated to reconstruct dietary toughness, as well as jaw movements during chewing. Evidence of weaning was sought, and variation in the physical properties of food was assessed against age and socio-economic status. Results indicate that weaning had already commenced in the youngest children. Diet became tougher from four years of age, and harder from age six. Variation in microwear texture surfaces was related to historical textual evidence that refers to lifestyle developments for these age groups. Diet did not vary with socio-economic status, which differs to previously reported patterns for adults. We conclude, microwear texture analyses can provide a non-destructive tool for revealing subtle aspects of childhood diet in the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past 20 years, couples around the world have participated in “Getting The Love You Want” workshops in an effort to improve their relationships, yet empirical analysis of relationship improvement from these workshops is limited. The content of the workshops is based on the theory and practice of Imago relationship therapy and participants from three workshops participated in this study. Standard measures were used in preworkshop, postworkshop, and 3-month follow-up assessments to determine if the workshop had a positive impact on relational satisfaction and communication patterns of participants and if the impacts persisted after 3 months. Participant scores on both the Dyadic Adjustment Scale and the Communication Pattern Questionnaire showed significant increases post workshop, indicating the potential impact of these interventions in the short term. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background: The radial tuberosity contributes to the biceps supination moment arm and the elbow flexion moment. The purpose of our study was to compare the impact of a cortical bone trough versus an anatomic repair on measurements of the forearm supination moment arm and elbow flexion force efficiency. Our hypothesis was that a trough repair would decrease the tuberosity height, the native biceps supination moment arm, and elbow flexion force efficiency compared with an anatomic repair.Methods: The isometric supination moment arm and elbow flexion force efficiency were measured in ten matched pairs of cadaveric upper limbs. After testing, the geometry of the proximal aspect of the radius was reconstructed with use of stereophotogrammetry. All of the repair sites were three-dimensionally reconstructed to quantify the disturbance of the trough on native anatomy. The tuberosity distance was defined as the distance between the central axis of the radius and the centroid of the respective repair site.Results: Specimens with a trough repair had a 27% lower supination moment arm at 60° of supination (p = 0.036). There were no differences found for pronation or neutral forearm positioning (p > 0.235). Flexion force efficiency was not significantly different between the trough and anatomic repair groups. The average tuberosity distance was 11.0 ± 2.1 mm for the anatomic repairs and 8.3 ± 1.4 mm for the trough repairs (p = 0.003). The percentage of distance lost due to the trough was 25%. Furthermore, the supination moment arm in the supinated position was significantly correlated with the tuberosity distance.Conclusions: The trough technique resulted in a significant decrease (p = 0.036) in the moment arm of a 60° supinated forearm and a significant reduction (p = 0.003) in radial tuberosity height. The loss of the supination moment arm was correlated with the decrease in tuberosity height, providing evidence that the radial protuberance acts as a mechanical cam.Clinical Relevance: The anterior protuberance of the radial tuberosity functions as a supination cam; therefore, consideration should be given to preserve its topographical anatomy during a distal biceps repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The La Quina 5 Neandertal individual, dated to late Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 4 or early MIS 3, lived during a particularly cold and arid Ice Age interval, hunting mostly reindeer in open steppe habitats. Stable isotopes indicate the importance of hunted resources for Neandertals, although evidence of plant use also has been discovered. To address the plant food signature in the diet of La Quina 5, we marshal multiple methods, including dental microwear texture analysis (DMTA) and plant microremains analysis. For the DMTA, La Quina 5 is compared to Neandertals from MIS 5 – MIS 3, including Malarnaud, Spy I, Kůlna 1, Švédův stůl 1, and several individuals from Hortus cave (n = 5), Krapina (n = 19) and Vindija (n = 4), as well as human foragers, farmers and pastoralists (n = 150). La Quina 5 presents a low value for anisotropy implying the use of heterogeneous masticatory regimes like those characterizing foragers of the Americas. La Quina 5 also has a low complexity value indicating a plant-poor diet, and may have relied significantly on hunted resources perhaps necessary in the cold glacial interval of lower temperatures during Heinrich Stadial 6. Nevertheless, plant microremains are preserved in the dental calculus, including starch grains from grass seeds and plant underground storage organs, demonstrating the importance of plant foods in Paleolithic diets even if temporally or spatially dispersed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Article places New York Times v. Sullivan into the context of the legal counteroffensive that defenders of racial segregation waged against the Civil Rights Movement. Montgomery Commissioner L.B. Sullivan's libel suit against the New York Times and four African-American preachers was just one of many instances of white Southerners using ostensibly race-neutral laws to counter the growing strength of the black freedom struggle. By 1960, when Sullivan filed his suit, this basic tactic--the race-conscious deployment of race-neutral law--was rapidly replacing explicitly racially discriminatory laws as the legal weapon of choice for defenders of white supremacy. I examine why libel law and other race-neutral laws became such critical resources for civil rights opponents, and I assess their impact. For the Warren Court, these legalistic tactics presented a challenge. The unanimous Sullivan ruling notwithstanding, the Court regularly divided when given an opportunity to assess the use of race-neutral laws to counter the Civil Rights Movement. For defenders of segregation, the legal counteroffensive had benefits as a tool of movement mobilization. For civil rights activists, the legal attack made its mark, as it forced them to divert resources into defensive litigation battles. In the end, however, these tactics had only limited success in their primary goal of disarming the Civil Rights Movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inversion of the Middle Proterozoic Belt sedimentary basin during Late Cretaceous thrusting in Montana produced a large eastwardly-convex salient, the southern boundary of which is a 200 km-long oblique to lateral ramp subtended by a detachment between the Belt rocks and Archean basement. A 10 km-long lateral ramp segment exposes the upper levels of the detachment where hanging wall Belt rocks have moved out over the Paleozoic and Mesozoic section. The hanging wall structure consists of a train of high amplitude, faulted, asymmetrical detachment folds. Initial west-east shortening produced layer parallel shortening fabrics and dominantly strike slip faulting followed by symmetrical detachment folding. “Lock-up” of movement on the detachment surface produced regional simple shear and caused the detachment folds to become asymmetrical and faulted. Folding of the detachment surface after lock-up modified the easternmost detachment folds further into a southeast-verging, overturned fold pair with a ramp-related fault along the base of the stretched mutual limb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Helena salient is a prominent craton–convex curve in the Cordillera thrust belt of Montana, USA. The Lombard thrust sheet is the primary sheet in the salient. Structural analysis of fold trends, cleavage attitudes, and movement on minor faults is used to better understand both the geometry of the Lombard thrust and the kinematic development of the salient. Early W–E to WNW–ENE shortening directions in the Lombard sheet are indicated by fold trends in the center of the thrust sheet. The same narrow range of shortening directions is inferred from kinematic analysis of movement on minor faults and the orientations of unrotated cleavage planes along the southern lateral ramp boundary of the salient. As the salient developed, the amount and direction of shortening were locally modified as listric detachment faults rotated some tight folds to the NW, and as right-lateral simple shear, caused by lock-up and folding of the Jefferson Canyon fault above the lateral ramp, rotated other folds northeastward. Where the lateral ramp and frontal-oblique ramp intersect, folds were rotated back to the NW. Our interpretation of dominant W–E to WNW–ESE shortening in the Lombard sheet, later altered by local rotations, supports a model of salient formation by primary parallel transport modified by interactions with a lateral ramp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current literature on ethics and moral development focuses on discussion concerning the impact of intuition on moral decision-making. Through the use of student journal reflections over the course of one semester, this study utilized a grounded theory approach in order to explore and understand participant levels of awareness and understanding of intuition in this regard. The findings suggest that reflective engagement enables these participants to become more aware of and therefore access and govern intuitions so that they can be more equally integrated during a moral decision-making process. This study emphasizes the student’s understanding of the impact of intuition on moral decision-making and therefore offers additional insight into the current discussion in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Gas hydrate recycling is an important process in natural hydrate systems worldwide and frequently leads to the high gas hydrate saturations found close to the base of the gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ). However, to date it remains enigmatic how, and under which conditions, free gas invades back into the GHSZ. Here we use a 1D compositional multi-phase flow model that accounts for sedimentation to investigate the dominant mechanisms that control free gas flow into the GHSZ using a wide-range of parameters i.e. hydrate formation kinetics, sediment permeability, and capillary pressure. In the first part of this study, we investigate free gas invasion into the GHSZ without any sedimentation, and analyse the dynamics of hydrate formation in the vicinity of the base of GHSZ. This helps establish plausible initial conditions for the main part of the study, namely, hydrate recycling due to rapid and continuous sedimentation. For the case study, we apply our numerical model to the Green Canyon Site 955 in the Gulf of Mexico, where the reported high hydrate saturations are likely a result of hydrate recycling driven by rapid sedimentation. In the model, an initial hydrate layer forms due to the invasion of a specified volume of rising free gas. This hydrate layer is consistent with the local pressure, temperature and salinity state. This hydrate layer is then thermally de-stabilised by sedimentation resulting in free gas formation and hydrate recycling. A key finding of our study is that gas hydrate recycling is a cyclic process which can be divided into three phases of 1) gas hydrate melting and free gas nozzling through the hydrate layer, 2) formation of a new gas hydrate layer as the old layer vanishes, and 3) fast uninhibited grow of a new hydrate layer. High hydrate saturations of about 80 % can be attained purely through physical, burial-driven recycling of gas hydrates, without any additional gas input from other sources. Hydrate recycling is, therefore, highly dynamic with its own inherent cyclicity rather than a gradual process paced by the rate of sediment deposition. • Sedimentation-driven gas hydrate recycling is cyclic in nature with time scales set by reactive multi-phase transport. • Each cycle can be divided into three distinct phases: 1) gas accumulation phase, 2) gas breakthrough phase and 3) uninhibited hydrate build-up phase. • In the presence of sufficient accumulated gas, convex deposition of hydrate acts like a mechanical nozzle for the ascending gas flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distal biceps injuries, which usually occur in active middle-aged men, can result in chronic pain and loss of supination and flexion strength3,4. Surgical repair of a ruptured distal biceps tendon can reliably decrease pain and improve strength compared with nonoperative management3,4. However, even following successful healing and rehabilitation of a surgically repaired biceps tendon, full supination strength is rarely restored5-7. The expected outcome following distal biceps repair using a traditional anterior approach is a measurable loss of rotational strength, especially from neutral to supinated positions5,7. This deficit can lead to difficulty with occupational and recreational activities5,8. The center of an uninjured biceps tendon inserts into the radial tuberosity 6.7 mm anterior to its apex9,10. This posterior location forces the biceps tendon to wrap around the radial protuberance during pronation, thus utilizing the protuberance as a mechanical cam during forceful forearm supination10,11. The distal biceps tendon comprises a medial short head and lateral long head; the 2 heads are continuations of the proximal muscles2,20,21. The short head inserts distal to the long head on their radial attachment site2,20,21. Performing a distal biceps repair via an anterior approach typically places the center of the reattachment site 12.9 mm anterior to its apex or approximately 6mm anterior to an uninjured control tendon9. This shifts the repair site from its anatomic location (posterior to the radial protuberance) to a new nonanatomic location (on top of the protuberance). This anterior reattachment location decreases the cam effect of the radial protuberance, resulting in an average supination loss of 10% in neutral rotation and 33% in 60° of supination7,10. A posterior approach to the radial tuberosity using 2 separate intramedullary buttons for the short and long heads reliably positions the distal biceps insertion at its anatomic footprint, which is posterior to the radial protuberance9,10,11. This technique has been named the distal biceps tendon anatomic repair.Not only does it restore the normal supination cam effect of the radial protuberance, but it also provides superior initial fixation strength, with load to failure strength similar to the native tendon1. The distal biceps anatomic repair can be divided into the following 9 key steps: Step 1: Preoperative planning; Step 2: Positioning; Step 3: Identifying and retrieving the tendon; Step 4: Preparing the 2 heads of the tendon; Step 5: Posterior exposure of tendon footprint; Step 6: Drilling the short and long-head drill holes; Step 7: Passage of the tendon; Step 8: Unicortical button fixation; Step 9: Alternative fixation: cortical trough; and Step 10: Postoperative management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The zinc importer ZupT is required for the efficient allocation of zinc to zinc-dependent proteins in the metal-resistant bacterium Cupriavidus metallidurans but not for zinc import per se. The expression of zupT is upregulated under conditions of zinc starvation. C. metallidurans contains three members of the Fur family of regulators that qualify as candidates for the zupT regulator. The expression of a zupT-lacZ reporter gene fusion was strongly upregulated in a ΔfurC mutant but not in a ΔfurA or ΔfurB mutant. Expression of the genes for transition-metal importers (pitA, corA1, corA2, and corA3) was not changed in this pattern in all three Äfur mutants, but they were still downregulated under conditions of elevated zinc concentrations, indicating the presence of another zinc-dependent regulator. FurA was a central regulator of the iron metabolism in C. metallidurans, and furA was constitutively expressed under the conditions tested. Expression of furB was upregulated under conditions of iron starvation, and FurB could be an iron starvation Fur connecting general metal and iron homeostasis, as indicated by the phenotype of a ΔfurB ΔfurC double mutant. FurC was purified as a Strep-tagged protein and retarded the electrophoretic mobility of a DNA fragment upstream of zupT. Binding of FurC to this operator region was influenced by the presence of zinc ions and EDTA. Thus, FurC is the main zinc uptake regulator (Zur) of C. metallidurans and represses synthesis of the central zinc importer ZupT when sufficient zinc is present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1966 and 1976, Major League Baseball players won from their club owners a dramatic redistribution of the game's operational control and revenues. A new era was born, with athletes regularly moving between teams in search of multi-million dollar contracts, periodic strikes, and collective bargaining as the sports industry's primary policy-making mechanism. In this Article, I offer a new interpretation of how the baseball revolution happened. In contrast to most accounts, which attribute baseball's transformation to a convergence of strong personalities and serendipity, I argue that the baseball revolution was the culmination of a reform campaign that is best understood as an instance of what sociolegal scholars call legal mobilization. This campaign revolved around a basic legal claim: that baseball's "reserve" system denied fundamental rights to the players. This claim failed in court--most famously in Flood v. Kuhn (1972)--yet it resonated elsewhere. The leaders of the baseball revolution--beginning with Marvin Miller, the head of the players' union--drew upon this rightsbased claim for purposes other than winning litigation challenges. In essence, the language of the law allowed the players to reframe the terms of the debate over the reserve system. A struggle that was essentially over power and money became widely understood as a battle for individual freedom. In this way, an improbable legal argument served both to unite and mobilize the players and to secure enough outside support so as to ultimately force the team owners to concede to their demands. Considered through the lens of sociolegal analysis, with its appreciation for the ways in which legal norms function in diverse settings, the baseball revolution offers a valuable case study of the complex interrelation between legal claims, legal institutions, and movement mobilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crucial to the U.S. Supreme Court's disposition of the constitutional challenge to the Affordable Care Act (ACA) was a hypothetical mandate to purchase broccoli, which the U.S. Congress never had considered and nobody thought would ever be enacted. For the five justices who concluded that the ACA exceeded Congress's commerce power, a fatal flaw in the government's case was its inability to explain adequately why upholding that mandate would not entail also upholding a federal requirement that all citizens purchase broccoli. The minority insisted the broccoli mandate was distinguishable. This Article argues that the fact that all the justices insisted on providing a limiting principle--which was the demand underlying the broccoli hypothetical--was perhaps the most notable, precedent-breaking aspect of its landmark decision. As the Article shows, the Court almost always uses narrow, localist reasoning that analyzes only the government's actual action when confronted with novel constitutional questions. Indeed, the Court ordinarily explicitly declines to provide a limiting principle until it has heard several cases from which it can confidently deduce one. The Article provides the first comprehensive analysis of how, and why, the broccoli hypothetical ultimately proved so deeply consequential. Outside the courts, where the constitutionality of the mandate was robustly debated, the broccoli hypothetical served to highlight the potential liberty costs of the ACA. In the courts--where, strictly speaking, the doctrinal question involved not personal liberty but congressional power-- broccoli ensured that liberty costs would be a significant element of the constitutional analysis, and it also generated a perceived need to identify a limiting principle. In short, broccoli was a critical bridging mechanism that brought together the popular constitutional movement mobilized against the ACA and the constitutional challenge taking place in the courts. We conclude with a normative assessment of this extrajudicial influence on the courts. We argue that while popular constitutional theory might justify the majority's novel liberty-centered approach to congressional power, it cannot warrant the Court's unusual break from localist legal reasoning. The Court's premature engagement with limiting principles bypassed the benefits of its ordinary incremental, case-by-case analysis, and circumvented institutional synergies that can generate superior and more democratically legitimate outcomes when courts and legislatures work together, over time, to flesh out constitutional judgments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a review of the literature regarding transracial adoption and counseling families formed through transracial adoption. Recommendations are reported according to essential awareness, knowledge, and skills necessary in work with this client population. The need for counselor competency in addressing client racial and ethnic identity development is a salient theme highlighted throughout the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The call to generate increased student interest in math and science careers continues to receive tremendous amounts of national attention, most recently in President Barack Obama's (2011) State of the Union address when he referred to the cur rent climate as "our generation's Sputnik moment." Responses to this call focus predominantly on teacher training and standards-based instruction. However, considering the explosive momentum within science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education initiatives and the pivotal role school counselors can and should play in academic and career planning, school counselors would benefit from taking the necessary steps toward adopting and integrating elements of these STEM initiatives into their work [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the complexities inherent in mental health practice, developing student reflective capacities may be the most important part of preparing future counselors for success in the field (Griffith & Frieden, 2000). While the critical nature of this educational objective has been recognized in the literature, a deeper understanding of how reflection is defined, the intricacies of the reflective process, and the means by which reflection is promoted within counselor education is absent. Through the personal voices of counselors in training and counselor education professors, this phenomenological inquiry explicates the nature and the value of reflection in addition to how reflective practice is best taught and learned. Findings link to the literature and suggest the explicit inclusion of deliberate types of reflective pedagogy within counselor education. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: With the advent of GPS-enabled mobile writing devices such as smart phones and tablets, writing has become invested with a new power to express place—both through the geo-coding of one''s writing location and through the presentation of place-based research on customized digital maps. This essay argues that teachers of writing must learn to accommodate and exploit these new and developing digital modalities while also making students aware of the theoretical and lived implications of digital cartographies. The essay first reviews several digital mapping projects that force their users to reconsider standard notions of place and indexicality. The essay then outlines a curriculum for teaching digital mapping in a composition-rhetoric course and presents successful examples of student work. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The robustness index (RI) is determined by multiplying dental mesiodistal and buccolingual diameters, and is used to estimate occlusal area. However, because teeth are not rectangular its calculation consistently causes overestimations. Moreover, teeth, in particular molars, are not identically shaped so overestimations vary. The current study seeks to determine the extent to which overestimations are affected by tooth shape and to improve RI's efficacy. Initially, 120 molars were sorted into six shape groups, which were determined by hypocone/hypoconulid expression. Three maxillary and three mandibular shape groups were set using the Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System. ANOVA results determined that RI overestimations, which averaged around 20%, were not the same for each shape category. Maxillary molars with large hypocones and mandibular molars with no hypoconulids were overestimated significantly less than the other molar groups. Regression-based correction formulae were generated and applied to the original sample. These formulae far more precisely estimated tooth area than RI and there were no differences in estimation based upon tooth shape. A subsequent validation study of 24 additional molars was undertaken to test the formulae on teeth not from the original sample. Overestimation/underestimation averaged 0.5% and was about the same for each of the tooth shape groups. Finally, six new correction formulae were generated using all 144 molars. The correction formulae provide, what is termed here, an adjusted robustness index (ARI), and it is recommended that ARI is used in future studies of molar occlusal area. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental microwear analysts have demonstrated that hard diets leave numerous microscopic pits on occlusal surfaces. The relationship between occlusal pitting and gross macrowear, however, is not well known. The current study seeks to elucidate the relationship between dental microwear and macrowear by determin ing if microscopically pitted teeth are associated with greater expressions of macrowear. This study examined microwear and macrowear on mandibular second molars from 60 prehistoric adult Native Americans representing three dietary regimes (foraging, mixed economy, and agriculture). Initially, two dental microwear feature variables were studied: percentage of pits and mean scratch width. Standard macrowenr scores ranged from 4 to 40. ANOVAs suggested that neither of the microwear variables was affected by age or sex, but age affected macrowear scores. Because of this, the sample had a balanced number of young and old adults (i.e., those below and above skeletal age 35). A Pearson's correlation showed no covariatioa between scratch width and the percentage of pits. Regression analysis indicated that macrowear was not a function of the percentage of pits. However, a significant positive relationship was found between dental macrowear and scratch width. A post priori test found a significant negative relationship between macrowear and the total number of scratches. It is concluded, then, that wide scratches remove more enamel and dentin than do numerous pits, although both cause dental wear. It is suggested here that the term "abrasive" be used to describe those microwear profiles that lead to heavy macrowear and have relatively wide scratches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hot mix asphalt pavements comprise approximately 96% of the paved roadway surfaces in North America. Strategies employed to rehabilitate these surfaces vary widely at a cost of approximately $600 million annually. The Colorado Department of Transportation maintains approximately 28,000 lane miles of asphalt pavements. Of the many rehabilitation strategies employed to maintain this network, three strategies have been utilized most frequently. These strategies are: 1) overlays, 2) cold milling with overlay, and 3) heater scarification and overlay. This research was conducted to determine the expected life-cycle of these strategies. Performance was judged based on smoothness, permanent deformation, and cracking. Independent variables included asphalt binder, traffic, aggregate gradation, and climate. Results of this analysis indicate two of the rehabilitation strategies perform approximately equally with one performing slightly better than the other, and both performing significantly better than the third. Polymer-modified asphalts enhanced pavement performance depending on which rehabilitation strategy was utilized. Some pavements were rehabilitated after reaching the zero-remaining-service-life threshold. As a result, the expected life of the rehabilitation strategies utilized on these pavements may be shorter than could be expected had rehabilitation been done before distress reached this high level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examined components of adolescents’ social environment (social network, extracurricular activities, and family relationships) in association with depression. A total of 332 adolescents presenting for a routine medical check-up were self-assessed for social network risk (i.e., smoking habits of best male and female friends), extracurricular activity level (i.e., participation in organized sports teams, clubs, etc.), family relationship quality (i.e., cohesion and conflict), and symptoms of depression (i.e., minimal, mild, moderate/severe). Results of a forward linear regression modeling indicate that social environment components were associated with a significant proportion of the variance in adolescent depression (Adjusted R2 = .177, p ≤ .05). Specifically, adolescent females (β = .166, p < .01) and those having more smokers in their social network (β = .107, p < .05) presented with significantly greater depression symptoms. Conversely, adolescents who engaged in more extracurricular activities (β = −.118, p < .05) and experienced higher quality family relationships (β = −.368, p < .001) presented with significantly lower depressive symptoms. These findings highlight the important role that the social environment plays in adolescent depression, as well as yields new insights into socially-based intervention targets that may ameliorate adolescent depression. These intervention targets may be gender-specific, include positive social network skills training, increase adolescents’ engagement in organized activities, and attend to the quality of their family relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the debate over whether the law can undermine prejudicial attitudes and racial inequality in the U.S. It suggests that the prejudices that pulled the races apart were not particularly deep-seated; instead, they were themselves the product of laws that required the separation of the races. It stresses that if legal barriers that prevent African Americans and white Americans from living and working together are removed, they will begin to understand each other. It likewise offers a discussion on the U.S. Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education and comments on the debate over the role of the courts in social change in the country.