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Bio‐based flexible dielectric substrates have gained tremendous attention for their potential to reduce environmental risks from nonbiodegradable electronic waste. The present study demonstrates the fabrication of facile, nontoxic, and biodegradable chitosan‐based flexible dielectric substrate using graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) as a nanofiller. The detailed impact of different concentrations of GNP (1, 2, and 3 wt%) into the chitosan (CS) matrix was studied on physicochemical, morphological, mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties. The fabricated CS/GNP composites showed improved mechanical strength, thermal stability, and electrical properties compared with unmodified CS film. The composites exhibited excellent thermal stability (200°C) with a promising biodegradation rate (within 6 days). The mechanical strength of the unmodified CS film was increased unequivocally with 2 wt% GNP loading with tensile strength of 23.56 Mpa. Furthermore, the current–voltage (I–V) characteristic curves for CS/GNP (2%) and CS/GNP (3%) showed similar current conduction and ohmic behavior in flat, bending, and flat‐after‐bending modes. The dielectric measurements revealed that the CS/GNP composite with 2 wt% filler exhibited optimal performance having permittivity (έ) of 32.71 (at 102 Hz) with low dielectric loss of 0.04 (at 106 Hz). These results suggest that the dielectric films offer strong prospects as an eco‐friendly alternative for various applications. Highlights: Biodegradable chitosan‐based flexible dielectric films were prepared.Films were made using a simple solvent casting method with 1–3 wt% GNP filler.Optimum physicochemical and electrical properties were seen at 2 wt% GNP.CS/GNP (2%) film exhibited ohmic behavior in both flat and bending modes.Excellent dielectric properties were achieved at 2 wt% GNP filler. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the design of Complibot, a robot with a novel gripper for pipe climbing. The mechanism of the gripper involves the use of a bistable buckled beam, which is a type of bistable compliant mechanism. The bistable buckled beam in the gripper is alternately actuated between its gripped and ungripped states using a camshaft and lever mechanism, which is powered by a single DC motor. The design parameters associated with the gripper are obtained both experimentally and numerically. A proper selection of design parameters helps in the efficient functioning of the gripper. After the design of the gripper, two such grippers are fabricated and attached to each other by two stepper motor-driven lead screws to make a pipe climbing robot with inchworm locomotion. The mobility of the robot is controlled by an Arduino Uno microcontroller after the electronic components have been integrated. Finally, Complibot is subjected to a series of tests to establish its maximum load-carrying capacity when climbing a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe. Complibot is found to perform satisfactorily without slipping while climbing a PVC pipe with a diameter of 105–115 mm, a velocity of 0.2 m/min, a power consumption of 18.58 W, a maximum load-carrying capacity of 114.64 N, and a payload to weight ratio of 0.52. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurobehavioral disorder among children, with an estimated prevalence of 1.3 per 1000 in India. The nationwide lockdown imposed due to the COVID-19 pandemic has led to the closure of schools for an indefinite period. After the reopening of schools, the lockdown period was feared to have caused a deterioration in symptoms of existing mental health conditions among school-going children. This field study aimed to probe the association of school closures due to lockdown with any change in symptoms of ADHD in aged 6–15 years in the largest tertiary care hospital in Kolkata. Methods: A longitudinal observational study was conducted involving 34 prediagnosed ADHD patients attending the Clinical Psychology outpatient department (OPD) of a tertiary hospital for follow-up. Data was collected by face-to-face interviews with the patients' parents using a predesigned, pretested structured study schedule. Conners' Parent Rating Scale (CPRS) was used to assess the ADHD symptoms. Results: Twenty-three (67.65%) patients were observed to have worsened ADHD symptoms after lockdown. Significant worsening was observed in the ADHD indicator and the mood disorder indicator. Significant contributing factors were rural residence, nuclear family, non-attendance at school, and knowledge inadequacy among parents. Conclusion: There was a significant worsening of symptoms of ADHD owing to the school closure due to the lockdown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon dioxide sequestration in cement-based materials has emerged as a promising avenue for utilising captured carbon dioxide (CO2) and reducing the carbon dioxide footprint of the concrete industry. This article presents a comprehensive review of various studies conducted in this domain with a particular emphasis on factors affecting the carbon dioxide uptake potential of various concrete types and the effect of carbonation on the critical properties of concretes. Studies conducted on the micro-mechanical analysis of carbon sequestered concrete show that carbonation significantly improved the microhardness of the concrete samples, thereby increasing the strength and reducing the cement intake requirement. Further, keeping two parameters, namely water/solid (w/s) ratio and carbonation reaction time, in focus, the carbon dioxide uptake capacity in concrete slurry waste (CSW) was evaluated using non-linear regression analysis. It was observed that CSW paste had a maximum carbon dioxide uptake with an intermediate w/s ratio of 0.2 due to carbon dioxide reaction hindrances during diffusion at a higher w/s ratio and lack of hydration at a lower w/s ratio. On the contrary, for belite-rich cement, a higher w/s ratio led to higher carbon dioxide uptake owing to belite phase consumption leading to increased calcite production. Additionally, comparing the maximum carbon dioxide uptake capacity of CSW at a particular condition with various other cement-based materials, it was observed that belite-rich cement had the ability to sequester the maximum amount of carbon dioxide compared to the other cement-based materials considered in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A hetero-structured composite with remarkable adsorption performance has drawn more attention owing to its splendid performance in environmental applications. The porosity, stability, and specific surface area of Chitosan can be improved by customizing it with the appropriate bio-polymeric adsorbents, which can also exhibit strong adsorption potential. In the Present study, Chitosan (host) was fabricated via in-situ chemical oxidative polymerization strategy in different ratio. The performance of synthesized composites was tested for the adsorption of Tartrazine dye in a batch mode. Results showed a maximum adsorption efficiency of 99.02 ± 1.980% for CS/Ppy-1:1 and 96.70 ± 1.934% for CS/Ppy-1:2 for the removal of Tartrazine dye under an optimum condition (Initial concentration that is 100 mg/L (CS/Ppy-1:1) and 75 mg/L (CS/Ppy-1:2), pH = 5, Temperature = 25 °C, Adsorbent dose = 10 mg). The adsorption isotherm and kinetic fitted well with the Langmuir model and pseudo-second-order respectively. The thermodynamic study revealed that the adsorption of dye is a spontaneous process. Further, Regeneration investigations showed over 65 ± 0.142% regeneration efficiency with 0.1 M NaOH solution, confirming that the desorption was impeccable. The electrostatic force of interaction, hydrogen bonding, surface complexation, and π − π stacking interactions were all implicated in the dye adsorption mechanism on the CS/Ppy composite. Also, the proposed system treats one of the most complex azo dyes using the efficient binary composite and shows successful regeneration/recyclability of adsorbent upto four successive cycles making it a potential adsorbent for large scale upgradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder with multiple contributing components, including a fundamental impairment in carbohydrate metabolism, defects in lipid and protein metabolism, and the modulation of these metabolic processes by HLA, environmental factors, and genetics. It tends to be hereditary. Caused by a decline in Insulin synthesis or use, it leads to improper nutrition uptake and metabolic dysfunction. Several variables, both environmental and genetic, contribute to the development and progression of diabetes. Certain risk factors, such as-Age, Positive F/H, Obesity, Physical inactivity and Resistance to Insulin. Aims: To assess the Prevalence of Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus with a minimum period of 5 years and the correlation of Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) Materials and Methods: It is a Cross Sectional Study of patients with Type 2 diabetes with minimum of five years duration of disease was evaluated for Doppler echocardiography and Glycosylated hemoglobin levels who were admitted in the medical ward of Katihar Medical College, Katihar, since December 2020 to May 2022. Result: In my study population out of 100 patients, 53% of patients were found with Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction, and 47% of were normal seen with Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction and present study determined association of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) with HbA1c in type-2 diabetes mellitus patients. Conclusion: As level of HbA1c is increases in a patient, the chances of developing Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction is also increased and As the FBS & PPBS is increases in a patient, the chances of developing Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction is also increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ultrasonication-based copper(II)-metallogel synthesis strategy has been developed using copper(II)-source and L -(+)tartaric acid as a low molecular weight gelator (LMWG) in DMF medium. The rheological studies, along with the thixotropic study, established the gel material as mechanically stable and self-healable in nature. The stone-like morphological patterns of Cu(II)metallogel were characterized through a field emission scanning electron microscopic study. The EDX elemental mapping confirms the primary chemical constituents of the metallogel. Besides, the supramolecular assembly of Cu(II)-metallogel displays electrical conductivity on a metal–semiconductor (MS) junction electronic device. The electrical property of the metallogel was thoroughly examined. The semi-conductive characteristics like the Schottky barrier diode nature of the synthesized Cu(II)-metallogel based device were explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A formulation of an adapalene nanohydrogel (ADP-NH) using different surfactants and cosurfactants for topical application was developed and characterized. The best formulation was obtained with nanohydrogel (NH) containing Tween-80- (NH-Tween-80-) incorporated carbopol-940 and ethanol, 0.67% and 3.00% w / w , respectively. The optimized formulations of NH-Tween-80, nanohydrogel containing sodium lauryl sulphate (NH-SLS), and nanohydrogel containing glycerol (NH-glycerol) were separately evaluated to examine their in vitro and ex vivo permeability characteristics and compared with 0.3% dimethyl sulfoxide (control) solution. The polydispersity index of NH-Tween-80, NH-SLS, and NH-glycerol were found to be 0.264 ± 0.312 , 0.382 ± 0.0045 , and 0.310 ± 0.412 , respectively. All NH formulations showed pH within human skin pH ranges throughout the stability period. The NH-Tween-80 revealed 191.22 μg/mL of ADP permeation through Strat-M® membrane which was statistically significant (p < 0.05) compared to NH-SLS, NH-glycerol, and control solution. At 24 h, NH-Tween-80 demonstrated 305.11 μg/mL of ADP permeation in Wistar rat abdominal skin which was 1.99-, 1.56-, and 4.89-fold higher in comparison with NH-SLS, NH-glycerol, and control solution, respectively. Moreover, the ex vivo permeability of NH-Tween-80 was also compared with conventional gel (market sample) which was 3.38-fold greater at 24 h. During the 6th month of accelerated stability analysis, the NH-Tween-80, NH-SLS, and NH-glycerol demonstrated 99.25 % ± 0.15 , 91.23 % ± 0.41 , and 96.08 % ± 0.20 drug content, respectively. There were no noticeable physical changes observed up to 6 months for NH-Tween-80, while color change was observed in the 1st month and 3rd month of accelerated stability samples of NH-SLS and NH-glycerol, respectively. In this study, only NH-Tween-80 was considered both physically and chemically stable formulation. Therefore, it was concluded that the topical application of ADP-NH containing Tween-80 could be a very promising alternative for the treatment of acne vulgaris. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An investigation was carried out to comprehend the altitudinal variation of phytoplankton and their distribution pattern in River Teesta. Phytoplankton were recorded at two different altitude levels of the river. A total of 35 genera of phytoplankton were recorded with dominated by diatoms. The altitudinal differences reflected comparatively high genus richness in the high-altitude region. Seasonal spectrum of phytoplankton was maximum during post-monsoon (7.67 ± 13.42 ul−1) and pre-monsoon (51.6 ± 24.52 ul−1) in the high-altitude and low-altitude region, respectively. On the whole, the major compositions of phytoplankton are represented as Bacillariophyceae > Cyanophyceae > Chlorophyceae across seasons. The k-dominance curve revealed that there was no remarkable difference in dominance pattern of phytoplankton among the sampling sites with 9 to 15 species accumulated 80% cumulative relative abundance across sites. Negative altitudinal gradient of diversity indices (Shannon and Simpson index) was recorded which implies lower diversity exists at higher altitude. Further, GAM model (R2 = 0.36) depicted statistically a nonlinear pattern of genus turnover against the altitudinal distance. The significant positive relationship was observed between phytoplankton genus turnover and altitudinal distance in the river. Canonical correspondence analysis reflected that water variables such as total alkalinity, total hardness, sp. conductivity, nitrate, total phosphate and silicate were the influential factors for the distribution of phytoplankton community in both the altitudes of the river Teesta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lung cancer stands as the primary contributor to cancer-related fatalities worldwide, affecting both genders. Two primary types exist where non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), accounts for 80–85% and SCLC accounts for 10–15% of cases. NSCLC subtypes include adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. Smoking, second-hand smoke, radon gas, asbestos, and other pollutants, genetic predisposition, and COPD are lung cancer risk factors. On the other hand, stresses such as DNA damage, telomere shortening, and oncogene activation cause a prolonged cell cycle halt, known as senescence. Despite its initial role as a tumor-suppressing mechanism that slows cell growth, excessive or improper control of this process can cause age-related diseases, including cancer. Cellular senescence has two purposes in lung cancer. Researchers report that senescence slows tumor growth by constraining multiplication of impaired cells. However, senescent cells also demonstrate the pro-inflammatory senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which is widely reported to promote cancer. This review will look at the role of cellular senescence in lung cancer, describe its diagnostic markers, ask about current treatments to control it, look at case studies and clinical trials that show how senescence-targeting therapies can be used in lung cancer, and talk about problems currently being faced, and possible solutions for the same in the future. • Defective senescent cells stimulate the development of lung cancer. • The rejuvenation biotechnology sector has prioritized targeting senescence cells. • Senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) fosters the development of tumors. • Medications known as senolytics can selectively eradicate senescent cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the effect of hot isostatic pressing (HIP) on the porosity, microstructure and mechanical properties of laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) IN625 structures built at a higher layer thickness of 100 µm. It is observed that the process-induced pores/voids of volume fraction (Vf) 0.43% in as-built IN625 structures are reduced significantly to ~ 0.01% after HIP treatment. The microstructure is changed from fine columnar dendrites to coarse equiaxed dendrites. The microstructural analysis of as-built structures reveals the presence of cellular/dendritic growth along with elemental segregation of Nb, Si and C and precipitation of Nb-rich carbides, whereas coarse recrystallized microstructure along with elemental segregation of Si and precipitation of Nb, Mo and Cr rich carbides is observed in hot isostatic pressed (HIP) samples. HIP structures exhibit lower tensile strength, higher ductility and lower anisotropy as compared to LPBF built structures. There is a reduction in the Vickers micro-hardness of IN625 samples after HIP, and the values are observed to be similar to their conventional counterparts. Further, an increase in the energy storage capacity of the material is observed after HIP treatment through Automated Ball Indentation (ABI®) studies. The study paves a way to develop ~ 100% dense, defect-free and isotropic engineering components using LPBF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unprecedented spread of the COVID-19 pandemic compelled academic institutions and public repositories worldwide to come up with novel ideas in order to keep themselves functional. Adoption of new technology often constituted the fulcrum of such institutional responses. This article delves into some of the measures adopted by the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, one of India's premier research institutes in social sciences. While doing so, it delineates a few anecdotal references from the past as well. The article emphasizes that the technological shifts in the wake of COVID-19 have far-reaching consequences so far as dissemination of knowledge through seminars and access to primary sources are concerned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotic resistance has become a threat to microbial therapies nowadays. The conventional approaches possess several limitations to combat microbial infections. Therefore, to overcome such complications, novel drug delivery systems have gained pharmaceutical scientists' interest. Significant findings have validated the effectiveness of novel drug delivery systems such as polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, metallic nanoparticles, dendrimers, and lipid-based nanoparticles against severe microbial infections and combating antimicrobial resistance. This review article comprises the specific mechanism of antibiotic resistance development in bacteria. In addition, the manuscript incorporated the advanced nanotechnological approaches with their mechanisms, including interaction with the bacterial cell wall, inhibition of biofilm formations, activation of innate and adaptive host immune response, generation of reactive oxygen species, and induction of intracellular effect to fight against antibiotic resistance. A section of this article demonstrated the findings related to the development of delivery systems. Lastly, the role of microfluidics in fighting antimicrobial resistance has been discussed. Overall, this review article is an amalgamation of various strategies to study the role of novel approaches and their mechanism to fight against the resistance developed to the antimicrobial therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Serratiopeptidase (SRP) is a proteolytic enzyme that emerged as one of the most potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs. The purpose of the present study was to formulate and evaluate enteric-coated tablets for SRP and investigate their stability using a simple and validated analytical method by ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy. The colloidal silicon dioxide (2.50%), sodium starch glycolate (3.44%), and crospovidone (2.50%) were used as appropriate excipients for the development of core part of tablets. To protect the prepared tablets from acidic environment in the stomach, white shellac, castor oil, HPMC phthalate 40, and ethyl cellulose were used. The seal coating and enteric coating attained were 2.75% and 6.74%, respectively. SRP was found to be linear at 265 nm in the concentration range of 25–150 µg/mL. The results revealed that our developed method was linear (R2 = 0.999), precise (RSD % = 0.133), and accurate (% recovery = 99.96–103.34). The formulated SRP tablets were found to be stable under accelerated conditions as well as under room temperature for 6 months (assay %: >97.5%). The in vitro drug release study demonstrated that enteric-coated tablets were able to restrict SRP release in both acidic environments: 0.1 N HCl and simulated gastric fluid (pH 1.2). Moreover, at 60 minutes, the formulated SRP tablets revealed 13.0% and 8.98% higher drug release in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) and simulated intestinal fluid (pH 6.8), respectively, compared to the marketed tablet formulation. This study concludes that enteric-coated tablets of SRP with higher drug release in the intestine can be prepared and examined for their stability using validated analytical technique of UV spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) are well-recognized as promising vehicles for delivering anticancer drugs due to their distinctive characteristics. They have the potential to enclose hydrophobic anticancer molecules, thereby enhancing their solubilities, permeabilities, and bioavailabilities; without the use of surfactant, i.e., through surfactant-free solubilization. This allows for higher drug concentrations at the tumor sites, prevents excessive toxicity imparted by surfactants, and could circumvent drug resistance. Moreover, biomedical engineers and formulation scientists can also fabricate chitosan NPs to slowly release anticancer agents. This keeps the drugs at the tumor site longer, makes therapy more effective, and lowers the frequency of dosing. Notably, some types of cancer cells (fallopian tube, epithelial tumors of the ovary, and primary peritoneum; lung, kidney, ependymal brain, uterus, breast, colon, and malignant pleural mesothelioma) have overexpression of folate receptors (FRs) on their outer surface, which lets folate-drug conjugate–incorporated NPs to target and kill them more effectively. Strikingly, there is evidence suggesting that the excessively produced FR&αgr (isoforms of the FR) stays consistent throughout treatment in ovarian and endometrial cancer, indicating resistance to conventional treatment; and in this regard, folate-anchored chitosan NPs can overcome it and improve the therapeutic outcomes. Interestingly, overly expressed FRs are present only in certain tumor types, which makes them a promising biomarker for predicting the effectiveness of FR-targeted therapy. On the other hand, the folate-modified chitosan NPs can also enhance the oral absorption of medicines, especially anticancer drugs, and pave the way for effective and long-term low-dose oral metronomic scheduling of poorly soluble and permeable drugs. In this review, we talked briefly about the techniques used to create, characterize, and tailor chitosan-based NPs; and delved deeper into the potential applications of folate-engineered chitosan NPs in treating various cancer types. Schematic illustration of target ligand-drug incorporated chitosan nanoparticles and its advantage in treating cancer. Figure created with BioRender.Com. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cementitious concrete is considered potentially the largest avenue to utilize the captured carbon dioxide (CO 2). Its capacity is significantly influenced by various parameters, including the CO 2 introduction method for sequestration. This paper attempted to study the variation in carbon sequestration potential of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) based concrete and paste when the CO 2 is introduced to the samples during mixing, curing and both. The carbonated samples obtained using the abovementioned methods have been compared in terms of CO 2 uptake capacity, microstructural densification, porosity reduction, and strength variations. A maximum CO 2 Uptake Capacity of about 25% was achieved under Standard Ambient Temperature and Pressure (SATP) conditions, with a maximum CO 2 Conversion of 70.35% and 93.80% obtained at the surface for CO 2 Mixing and CO 2 Curing, respectively. Further, carbon-sequestered concrete (CSC) resulted in enhanced compressive strength, and reduced the size of pores in addition to making them uniform in size. • A CO 2 Uptake Capacity of 13.9% was obtained using the CO 2 Mixing regime. • A CO2 Uptake Capacity of 19.75% was achieved using the CO 2 Curing regime. • A CO 2 uptake of 25.17% was observed using the CO 2 mixing + CO 2 curing regime. • A maximum CO 2 Conversion rate of 70.35% was achieved in the CO 2 Mixing case. • A maximum CO 2 Conversion rate of 93.80% was achieved for the CO 2 Curing case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses the Floquet theory for tuning the feedback gains to stabilize the tracking errors of a revolute-revolute-revolute-prismatic (RRRP) robot moving in a three-dimensional (3D) workspace. This robot is driven by a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control law, tracking a time-varying trajectory in joint space, without knowledge of any bounds of the inertia matrix and/or Jacobian of the gravity vector. The Floquet theory is used to obtain the values of feedback gains for which the asymptotic stability of the tracking errors is obtained. The numerical results obtained by Floquet theory are verified by the tracking error plots and phase portraits. The obtained results will be very useful for the control of any industrial robot, required to perform repetitive tasks like assembly of parts and inspection of products, amongst others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a system for oral delivery of docetaxel (DTX) was prepared to enhance the oral absorption and anticancer efficacy of DTX via metronomic chemotherapy. DTX was complexed with low-molecular-weight methylcellulose (LMC) and loaded into a nanoemulsion (NE), yielding DTX/LMC-NE (DLNE). To further enhance the oral bioavailability, d -alpha-tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate and sodium deoxycholate (DOCA) complexed with cationic lipid 1,2-dioleyl-3-trimethylammonium propane (DOTAP) (DOCA-DOTAP [DA-TAP] complex) was incorporated into DLNE, yielding the formulation DLNE#10. As expected, DLNE#10 showed 11.3- and 5.81-fold increases in artificial membrane (P e) and Caco-2 permeability (P app), respectively, resulting in 249% greater oral bioavailability, compared to free DTX. In contrast, inhibition of clathrin- and caveola-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and bile acid transporters by chlorpromazine, genistein, amiloride, and actinomycin D in the Caco-2 monolayer reduced the P app by 55.3%, 44.2%, 35.9%, and 36.5%, respectively; these findings suggest that these routes play important roles in enhancing the oral absorption of DLNE#10. In addition, our mechanistic study suggested that P-glycoprotein (P-gp) did not have an inhibitory effect on the permeation of DLNE#10. Notably, the half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC 50) of DLNE#10 were 43.5% and 16.8% greater than those of Taxotere® in MCF-7 and 4T1 cells, respectively. Finally, the tumor inhibitory rates in 4T1 cell tumor-bearing mice after oral metronomic dosing of DLNE#10 (20 mg/kg DTX) were 5.02- and 1.65-fold greater than the rates in the untreated control group and intravenously injected DTX (10 mg/kg) group, respectively. These observations support the improved oral absorption and enhanced chemotherapeutic efficacy of DTX in DLNE#10 via metronomic chemotherapy, suggesting that it is a better alternative than intravenous Taxotere®. Unlabelled Image • DTX/LMC-loaded nanoemulsion (DLNE) increased solubility and permeability of DTX. • DA-TAP-anchored DLNE enhanced the permeation of DTX via ASBT-mediated uptake. • DLNE incorporating TPGS showed an inhibitory effect on P-gp-mediated efflux of DTX. • The oral bioavailability of DLNE with DA-TAP and TPGS was greater than that of DTX. • Metronomic DLNE containing DA-TAP and TPGS showed enhanced anticancer efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a system for oral delivery of etoposide (ETP) was designed to avoid the problems associated with low and variable bioavailability of a commercially available ETP emulsion comprised of polyethylene glycol, glycerol, and citric acid anhydrous. ETP was complexed with low-molecular-weight methylcellulose (ETP/LMC) and loaded into a water-in-oil-in-water multiple nanoemulsion to formulate an ETP/LMC-nanoemulsion (ELNE). To further enhance the oral bioavailability, an ionic complex formed by anionic lipid 1,2-didecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate (sodium salt) and cationic Nα-deoxycholyl-l-lysyl-methylester was incorporated into ELNE, yielding ELNE#7. As expected, ELNE#7 showed 4.07- and 2.25-fold increases in artificial membrane and Caco-2/HT29-MTX-E12 permeability (Papp), respectively, resulting in 224% greater oral bioavailability compared with the commercially available ETP emulsion. In contrast, inhibition of clathrin- and caveola-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and bile acid transporters by chlorpromazine, genistein, amiloride, and actinomycin D in Caco-2/HT-29-MTX-E12 monolayers reduced the Papp by 45.0%, 20.5%, 28.8%, and 31.1%, respectively. These findings suggest that these routes play important roles in enhancing the oral absorption of ELNE#7. In addition, our mechanistic study suggested that P-glycoprotein did not have an inhibitory effect on the permeation of ELNE#7. Notably, ELNE#7 showed significantly enhanced toxicity in LLC and A549 cells compared with ETP-E. These observations support the improved oral absorption of ETP in ELNE#7, suggesting that it is a better alternative than ETP emulsion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From chapter 3 onward, the author deals with the development of forensic science in colonial India. In India, argues Saumitra Basu in I The History of Forensic Science in India i , the rise, growth, and development of forensic science can be located in the colonial period (p. 19). This book is a novel attempt to explore the colonial origin of forensic science in India along with the role played by nonmedical/nonscientific actors in its development. [Extracted from the article]

Highlights • Bioaccessibility of Se-AAs in Se- Chlorella was compared with other products. • Se- Chlorella is one of the food supplements with highest bioaccessibility (∼50%). • Disintegration increased bioaccessibility of Se-AAs, drying process had no effect. • In vitro bioaccessibility method in this study can be applied to other materials. Abstract Selenium (Se) is an indispensable microelement in our diet and health issues resulting from deficiencies are well documented. Se-containing food supplements are available on the market including Se-enriched Chlorella vulgaris (Se- Chlorella) which accumulates Se in the form of Se-amino acids (Se-AAs). Despite its popular uses, data about the bioaccessibility of Se-AAs from Se- Chlorella are completely missing. In the present study, gastrointestinal digestion times were optimized and the in vitro bioaccessibility of Se-AAs in Se- Chlorella , Se-yeast, a commercially available Se-enriched food supplement (Se-supplement) and Se rich foods (Se-foods) were compared. Higher bioaccessibility was found in Se- Chlorella (∼49%) as compared to Se-yeast (∼21%), Se-supplement (∼32%) and Se-foods. The methods used in production of Se- Chlorella biomass were also investigated. We found that disintegration increased bioaccessibility whereas the drying process had no effect. Similarly, temperature treatment by microwave oven also increased bioaccessibility whereas boiling water did not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lack of knowledge about the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of vaccines makes former biopharmaceutical optimization difficult. This was shown during the COVID-19 immunization campaign, where gradual booster doses were introduced.. Thus, understanding vaccine ADME and its effects on immunization effectiveness could result in a more logical vaccine design in terms of formulation, method of administration, and dosing regimens. Herein, we will cover the information available on vaccine pharmacokinetics, impacts of delivery routes and carriers on ADME, utilization and efficiency of nanoparticulate delivery vehicles, impact of dose level and dosing schedule on the therapeutic efficacy of vaccines, intracellular and endosomal trafficking and in vivo fate, perspective on DNA and mRNA vaccines, new generation sequencing and mathematical models to improve cancer vaccination and pharmacology, and the reported toxicological study of COVID-19 vaccines. Altogether, this review will enhance the reader's understanding of the pharmacokinetics of vaccines and methods that can be implied in delivery vehicle design to improve the absorption and distribution of immunizing agents and estimate the appropriate dose to achieve better immunogenic responses and prevent toxicities. • COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated supremacy of vaccines delivery technologies. • Problems for effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines suggested PD/PK studies is mandatory. • With respect to mRNA, DNA vaccines has more benefits. • Next generation sequencing technologies could play significant role in vaccines development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gram-negative bacteria often use N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) as quorum-sensing (QS) signal molecules. The present study aimed to identify and characterize the production of AHLs by Paracoccus sp. Ss63, which was isolated from the Mediterranean sponge Sarcotragus sp. High performance liquid chromatography - high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS) provided evidence for the production, by Paracoccus sp. Ss63, of twelve saturated long-chain AHLs (3-OH-C10-HSL, 3-OH-C12-HSL, C10-HSL, 3-OH-C14-HSL, C12-HSL, 3-O-C16-HSL, 3-OH-C16-HSL, C14-HSL, 3-OH-C18-HSL, C16-HSL, 3-O-C18-HSL, and C18-HSL), along with four putative unsaturated long-chain AHLs (C10 : 1-HSL, 3-OH-C18 : 1-HSL, C16 : 1-HSL, and C18 : 1-HSL). The distribution of Paracoccus sp. Ss63 in different sponge species, as well as in seawater and marine sediment samples, suggests a mixed lifestyle for this bacterium, i.e., free-living and host-associated. The high pH of seawater is likely to inactivate the AHL signal molecules, and limit the possibility of AHLs to accumulate to the concentration required for QS-based gene regulation. We hypothesize that Paracoccus sp. Ss63 utilizes quorum sensing to sense and respond to the different environments it experiences, with an active QS only when found inside enclosed niches (host-associated and at lower pH). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN) is common in developing countries with a high hospitalization rate. Most patients have acute nephritic syndrome features, although some occasionally present with unusual clinical features. This study aims to describe and analyze clinical features, complications, and laboratory parameters in children diagnosed with APSGN at presentation, 4 and 12 weeks later, in a resource-limited setting. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among children < 16 years with APSGN between January 2015 and July 2022. Hospital medical records and outpatient cards were reviewed for clinical findings, laboratory parameters, and kidney biopsy results. Descriptive analysis of multiple categorical variables was performed using SPSS version 16.0 and presented as frequencies and percentages. Results: The study included 77 patients. Most (94.8%) were older than five years, and age group 5–12 years had highest prevalence (72.7%). Boys were affected more frequently than girls (66.2% vs. 33.8%). Edema (93.5%), hypertension (87%), and gross hematuria (67.5%) were the most frequent presenting symptoms, and pulmonary edema (23.4%) was the most common severe complication. Anti-DNase B and anti-streptolysin O titers were positive in 86.9% and 72.7%, respectively, and 96.1% had C3 hypocomplementemia. Most clinical features resolved in three months. However, at 3 months, 6.5% of patients had persistent hypertension, impaired kidney function, and proteinuria alone or in combination. Most patients (84.4%) had an uncomplicated course; 12 underwent kidney biopsy, 9 required corticosteroids, and 1 required kidney replacement therapy. There was no mortality during the study period. Conclusion: Generalized swelling, hypertension, and hematuria were most common presenting features. Persistent hypertension, impaired kidney function, and proteinuria persisted in a small proportion who had a significant clinical course and required kidney biopsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioreduction of metal ions for the synthesis of stable nanoparticles (NPs) in physiological environment has been a great challenge in the field of nanotechnology and its application. In the present study, well-defined biofunctionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were developed following a biomimetic approach for an enhanced anticancer activity. The fucoxanthins-capped crystalline AuNPs showed a particle size of 14 nm. The temperature-mediated biosynthesized NPs were characterized by UV-vis, dynamic light scattering, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The cytotoxicity of the NPs was analyzed on liver (HepG2) and lung (A549) cancerous cells. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay infers that the biofunctionalized polyshaped AuNPs synthesized with an aqueous macroalgae extract showed a satisfactory anticancer effect on the cell lines, as evaluated by changes in cell morphology, cell viability, and metabolic activity. An altered cellular function and the morphology of cancer cell lines suggest a potential for in vivo application of AuNPs and the need to understand the interactions between nanomaterials, biomolecules, and cellular components. With continued improvements, these NPs may prove to be potential drug delivery vehicles for cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to assess the larvicidal property of marine actinobacterial compound 5-(2,4-dimethylbenzyl) pyrrolidin-2-one (DMBPO) extracted and isolated from Streptomyces VITSVK5 sp. tested against the larvae of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus Canestrini (Acari: Ixodidae), Anopheles stephensi Liston, and Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles (Diptera: Culicidae). The isolate bacteria was taxonomically characterized, identified, and designated as Streptomyces VITSVK5 sp. The crude extract was loaded on silica gel column and eluted with chloroform:methanol. The isolated pure compound was analyzed by thin layer chromatography using chloroform and methanol as the solvent system and confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The structure of the purified compound was established from infrared, ultraviolet, H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), C-NMR, and mass spectral data. The chemical shift assignments obtained for the aliphatic compound from H-NMR corresponding to the molecular formula CHNO. Bioassay-guided fractionation led to the isolation of compound which was identified as DMBPO. In the present study, Streptomyces VITSVK5 sp. crude extract and different fractions were tested against the larvae of parasites at the concentration of 1,000 ppm. Those fractions showing 100% mortality in 24 h alone was selected for further column chromatographic separation. The purified compound, CHNO, was tested in the concentrations of 500, 250, 125, 62.5, and 31.25 ppm and observed the percent larval mortality of 100, 70, 64, 40, and 28 against R. microplus; 100, 79, 63, 36, and 22 against A. stephensi; and 100, 84, 67, 42, and 27 against C. tritaeniorhynchus, respectively. The crude extract showed parasitic effects after 24 h of exposure at 1,000 ppm, and parasite mortality was observed against the larvae of R. microplus (LC = 210.39 ppm, r = 0.873); A. stephensi (LC = 169.38 ppm, r = 0.840); and C. tritaeniorhynchus (LC = 198.75 ppm, r = 0.887). The maximum efficacy was observed in purified marine actinobacterial compound DMBPO with LC and r values against the larvae of R. microplus (84.31 ppm, 0.889); A. stephensi (88.97 ppm, 0.817), and C. tritaeniorhynchus (74.95 ppm, 0.781), respectively. The control (distilled water) showed nil mortality in the concurrent assay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Myocardial infarction (MI), the end outcome of coronary artery disease (CAD), continues to be a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Over the past 50 years, it has been abundantly obvious that the series of thrombotic events that occur after an atherosclerotic plaque rupture obstructs the coronary artery, cutting off the oxygen and blood supply to the myocardial and leading to infarction. Aims: To assess the relationship between Nterminal pro-Brain natriuretic peptide levels on admission in ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and its short term complications, to determine the value of NT-pro-BNP in predicting short term outcome in patients with STEMI and compare the effectiveness of NT-pro BNP with cardiac troponin T and left ventricular ejection fraction in predicting the short term outcomes in STEMI. Materials and method: The present study was a cross-sectional study. This study was conducted from April 2021 to November 2022in Patna Medical College and Hospital, Patna were included as cases. Total 40 patients were included in this study. Result: Out of the 40 patients studied, 45 % of the patients had ALWMI, 15 % had ASMI, 32. 5 % with IWMI and 7. 5% with IWMI+RWMI. 23 (57. 5%) were smokers. The relation between smoking and NT-pro BNP was not statistically significant. NT- pro BNP levels in the full cohort ranged from 246 to 3000 pg/ml. The mean levels were 1585. 65± 999 .133 pg/ml with the median NT- pro BNP as 1483 .50 pg/ml. There was a significantly higher incidence of arrhyhmias (p - 0.001), cardiac failure (p- 0.043), lower ejection fraction (p-< 0.020) and deaths (p-0.024) in the group who had above median NTpro- BNP values. All 13 patients who had complications belonged to the above median NT pro BNP group. (p- <0.0001). The relation between the cardiac troponin T values, NT- pro BNP values, complications and deaths were not statistically significant. There was no statistical significance in the relation between LVEF < 50 % and the occurrence of complications, deaths. However there was strong correlation between LVEF < 50 % and NT- pro BNP above the median. (p - 0.020). Conclusion: NT-pro BNP is a superior short term prognostic indicator than cardiac troponin T and LVEF. It is a valuable tool for risk stratifying acute MI patients so that suitable treatment options may be developed and NT-pro BNP is a powerful predictor of short term prognosis in AMI, including mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Hypernatremia is serum sodium less than 135 meq/L. Hypernatremia is the most common electrolyte disorder. Its homeostasis is vital to the normal physiologic function of cells. A disturbance in body water homeostasis is a common feature of advanced cirrhosis. Aims: To study the prevalence of hypernatremia (<130mMol/l) in cirrhosis of liver and the association between hypernatremia and complications in cirrhosis of liver and its prognostic significance. Materials and method: This prospective research included 100 patients hospitalized to the Department of Medicine at PMCH in Patna. The research was carried out at PMCH Department of Medicine in Patna. This research was carried out between April 2021 and November 2022. This research covered 100 patients. Result: There was significant difference in three groups of =130 meq/L, 131-135 meq/L and =136 meq/L with respect to the complications of liver cirrhosis namely portal hypertension, hepatic encephalopathy, hepatorenal syndrome (p value = 0.0111, <0.0001, 0.0140 respectively). However no statistical significant difference was found in three groups with respect to ascites, gastrointestinal bleeding and coagulopathy (p value= 0.0621, 0.6904, 0.7094 respectively). There was significant difference in three groups of =130 meq/L, 131-135 meq/L and =136 meq/L with respect to the complications of liver cirrhosis namely portal hypertension, hepatic encephalopathy, hepatorenal syndrome (p value= 0.0111, < 0.0001, 0.0140 respectively). However no statistical significant difference was found in three groups with respect to ascites, gastrointestinal bleeding and coagulopathy (p value= 0.0621, 0.6904, 0.7094 respectively). Conclusion: Low serum sodium levels in cirrhosis are linked to serious consequences of liver cirrhosis such hepatic encephalopathy and hepatorenal syndrome, and causes high morbidity and mortality. Hyponatremia is common in cirrhotic individuals. Hyponatremia in cirrhosis patients leads to poor prognosis. To avoid potential liver cirrhosis consequences, hyponatremia must be treated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unsteady wake characteristics of a butterfly-shaped wing undergoing flapping and feathering motions are studied. A 4-bar quick return mechanism is used to generate the flapping motion. To achieve considerable feathering motion, the leading edge of the wing is fixed to the flapping arm of the model, while the trailing edge of the wing is kept free to bend and deform out of weight and aerodynamic loading. The flapping frequency and wing size considered for this study cover rotational Reynolds numbers of 6,040-10,080 for a zero advance ratio. The three-dimensional (3D) (stereoscopic) time-resolved (TR) velocity field is measured to understand the dynamics of the lift and thrust generation. The conservation of momentum principle has been used to estimate the thrust force from the particle image velocimetry (PIV) results. The mean velocity profiles in the wake show the frequency dependence ejection of the trailing edge vortex, which is believed to be effectively used for thrust production and maneuvering with various sized butterflies. The unsteady lift generation mechanism is discussed with the help of the measured variation of circulation with time. The thrust estimated from the PIV indicates positive generation throughout the entire cycle of flapping. An analytical approach for lift and thrust estimation has been considered for better understanding of the expected nature and variation of these aerodynamic forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The binding of heat stable enterotoxin (STa) secreted by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) to the extracellular domain of guanylyl cyclase c (ECDGC-C) causes activation of a signaling cascade, which ultimately results in watery diarrhea. We carried out this study with the objective of finding ligands that would interfere with the binding of STa on ECDGC-C. With this view in mind, we tested the biological activity of a alkaloid rich fraction of Holarrhena pubescens against ETEC under in vitro conditions. Since this fraction showed significant antibacterial activity against ETEC, we decided to test the screen binding affinity of nine compounds of steroidal alkaloid type from Holarrhena pubescens against extracellular domain (ECD) by molecular docking and identified three compounds with significant binding energy. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed for all the three lead compounds to establish the stability of their interaction with the target protein. Pharmacokinetics and toxicity profiling of these leads demonstrated that they possessed good drug-like properties. Furthermore, the ability of these leads to inhibit the binding of STa to ECD was evaluated. This was first done by identifying amino acid residues of ECDGC-C binding to STa by protein–protein docking. The results were matched with our molecular docking results. We report here that holadysenterine, one of the lead compounds that showed a strong affinity for the amino acid residues on ECDGC-C, also binds to STa. This suggests that holadysenterine has the potential to inhibit binding of STa on ECD and can be considered for future study, involving its validation through in vitro assays and animal model studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, AgCl microcrystals were obtained by solvothermal crystallization to investigate the effect of H+, Na+, K+, and different shape-tailoring agents (non-ionic: polyvinylpyrrolidone vs. anionic: sodium dodecyl sulfate) on the textural and photocatalytic properties of the samples. The crystallization process resulted in secondary products, such as AgxO or Ag, AgClO3, AgClO4, which were further transformed during the photocatalytic tests. The most efficient photocatalyst (assessed for methyl orange degradation) was synthesized using HCl, as a chloride source and polyvinylpyrrolidone, as a shape-tailoring agent. Therefore, the ability of polyvinylpyrrolidone to enhance the photocatalytic activity was also investigated, and it was found that the addition of 0.6 g polyvinylpyrrolidone resulted in the most efficient photocatalyst. Moreover, AgxO, being a charge separator, could play a critical role in the photocatalytic process, while reversibly transforming to Ag back and forth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most significant hurdle in the commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is the poor environmental stability of the hybrid organic inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) under ambient conditions. In the present report, we have investigated the environmental stability of nickel chloride (NiCl 2) doped methylammonium lead iodide {MAI-(PbI 2) 1-x (NiCl 2) x } thin films. MAI-(PbI 2) 1-x (NiCl 2) x thin films were exposed to the environment with 65% relative humidity for different time intervals. The degradation of the films with aging is monitored by looking at the evolution of lead iodide (PbI 2) peak in the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and found that the rate of degradation decreases with an increase of doping percentage. The enhanced stability of the MAI-(PbI 2) 1-x (NiCl 2) x films is explained in terms of strengthening of hydrogen bonds formed between organic and inorganic components. The time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) measurements of the films are performed to study the impact of NiCl 2 doping on lifetime of the charge carrier. We observe an increase in average lifetime of the charge carrier with NiCl 2 doping. • Thin films of (NiCl 2) doped methylammonium lead iodide {MAI-(PbI 2) 1-x (NiCl 2) x } are prepared. • The stability of the films in an environment with 65% relative humidity is investigated. • The film doped with x = 7% is found to be more stable compared to other films. • The doping of Ni+2 in the lattice of MAPbI 3 strengthens the hydrogen bonds. • The lifetime of the charge carrier is investigated using TRPL measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Environmental stability of MAPbI 3 is enhanced by doping CoCl 2 at B site. • MAI-(PbI 2) 1-x (CoCl 2) x (x ≥ 5) are more stable compared to MAPbI 3 in ambient environment. • The doping strengthens hydrogen bonding between organic cation and inorganic cage. • The morphological and optical properties of MAPbI 3 are improved with doping. • MAI-(PbI 2) 0.95 (CoCl 2) 0.05 shows promising results for application as RS device. In this report, we studied the effect of partial substitution of Pb2+ by Co2+ on environmental stability and performance of methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI 3) based resistive switching (RS) device. The substitution of Co2+ enhances the environmental stability of MAPbI 3 thin films and their RS performance. Raman spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations further revealed that the Co2+ substituted MAPbI 3 thin films show improved environmental stability compared to undoped MAPbI 3 by increasing the strength of hydrogen bonds formed between inorganic octahedra and organic cation (I........H). The Co2+ substitution (5 at%) lowers the switching voltage and increase the separation between high resistance state (HRS) and low resistance state (LRS) currents of the RS device compared to undoped MAPbI 3 device. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results indicate that the substitution of Co2+ also enhances the uniformity and compactness of MAPbI 3 films, leading improved performance of the RS device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) are expected to pose a significant challenge for both medicine and public health in the upcoming years due to global demographic changes. NDs are mainly represented by degeneration/loss of neurons, which is primarily accountable for severe mental illness. This neuronal degeneration leads to many neuropsychiatric problems and permanent disability in an individual. Moreover, the tight junction of the brain, blood-brain barrier (BBB)has a protective feature, functioning as a biological barrier that can prevent medicines, toxins, and foreign substances from entering the brain. However, delivering any medicinal agent to the brain in NDs (i.e., Multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, etc.) is enormously challenging. There are many approved therapies to address NDs, but most of them only help treat the associated manifestations. The available therapies have failed to control the progression of NDs due to certain factors, i.e., BBB and drug-associated undesirable effects. NDs have extremely complex pathology, with many pathogenic mechanisms involved in the initiation and progression; thereby, a limited survival rate has been observed in ND patients. Hence, understanding the exact mechanism behind NDs is crucial to developing alternative approaches for improving ND patients' survival rates. Thus, the present review sheds light on different cellular mechanisms involved in NDs and novel therapeutic approaches with their clinical relevance, which will assist researchers in developing alternate strategies to address the limitations of conventional ND therapies. The current work offers the scope into the near future to improve the therapeutic approach of NDs. [Display omitted] • Advancement in nanotechnology is a boon for cellular repair in mental disorders. • Molecular mechanisms in NDs could augment mental illness therapies and research. • Clinical insights may improve understanding of limits and benefits of NDs therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analytical approach has been instigated for spectrophotometric inquisition of trace amounts of palladium in its bivalent oxidation state employing a novel 1-benzopyran derivative viz. A 1:2 [Pd(II):HMPB] light yellow complex is formed by a spontaneous interaction between Pd(II) and HMPB. The complex is quantitatively extracted from a weakly basic medium into dichloromethane absorbing prevalently and consistently at 405-425 nm. The method coheres to linearity up to 1.5 µg mL-1 of palladium(II). Analytical parameters such as the molar absorption coefficient (ε=3.011 x 104 L mol-1 cm-1), Sandell's sensitivity [0.0035 µg Pd(II) cm-2], % RSD (0.62%) and the limit of detection [0.0147 µg Pd(II) mL-1] indicate that the study satisfies all the criteria for good sensitivity, precision and accuracy. In addition, intervention with regard to numerous anions/complexing agents and cations of primary analytical importance has been performed to assess the method's flexibility and usefulness. The results show that the majority of them do not cause any interference during determination. To better understand chemistry of the prepared complex, spectroscopic quantum chemical studies including DFT and MEP mapping based on examination of the electronic characteristics of the complex in its most stable least energy conformation are used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spontaneously resolving depressed skull fractures have been previously reported in the pediatric age group, however they are very rare in adolescents. We report a case of spontaneously elevating depressed fracture in a 13 year old boy. Depressed skull fractures in this age group might resolve on its own but may also complicate during its course of non-operative self elevation. In the reported case, the child developed gliosis and suffered seizures two years after the trauma. Repeat scans showed almost normal skull topography with underlying gliotic changes. Although all depressed skull fractures won't complicate as such, patients without neurological deficits should also be operated to prevent any delayed complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of efficient generation expansion planning (GEP) and transmission expansion planning (TEP), value assessment method (VAM) is the critical topic to discuss. Presently, two well-known VAMs, min-cut max-flow (MCMF) and load curtailment strategy (LCS), are used for GEP and TEP. MCMF does not follow electrical laws and is unable to calculate congestion cost (CC) and re-dispatch cost (RDC). LCS calculates both, but in iterative way, thus takes a long time to provide solution. In the constrained network, multiple quantities like demand/energy not served (D/ENS) and generation not served (GNS), wheeling loss (WL), CC and RDC are existing together and thus have to be calculated together to encounter the loss in all aspects. Existing methods show limitations in this regard and do not calculate all above described quantities simultaneously. Thus, in this paper, a non-iterative VAM (NVAM) is presented based on electrical laws, which calculates value of the present and the planned systems by incorporating all system quantities of D/ENS, GNS, WL, CC and RDC together. Due to non-iterative batch approach, it is quite faster compared to the above-mentioned traditional VAMs, i.e., MCMF and LCS. Furthermore, comparative results on IEEE-5 bus and IEEE-24 bus power systems show its higher efficiency. The MATLAB code of the introduced NVAM is provided in “Appendix” for further development by the researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant-derived compounds, specifically antioxidants, have played an important role in scavenging the free radicals present under diseased conditions. The persistent generation of free radicals in the body leads to inflammation and can result in even more severe diseases such as cancer. Notably, the antioxidant potential of various plant-derived compounds prevents and deregulates the formation of radicals by initiating their decomposition. There is a vast literature demonstrating antioxidant compounds' anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and anti-cancer potential. This review describes the molecular mechanism of various flavonoids, such as quercetin, kaempferol, naringenin, epicatechin, and epicatechin gallate, against different cancers. Additionally, the pharmaceutical application of these flavonoids against different cancers using nanotechnologies such as polymeric, lipid-based nanoparticles (solid–lipid and liquid–lipid), liposomes, and metallic nanocarriers is addressed. Finally, combination therapies in which these flavonoids are employed along with other anti-cancer agents are described, indicating the effective therapies for the management of various malignancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or stroke is defined as an abrupt onset of a neurologic deficit that is attributable to a focal vascular cause. 1Cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) can be classified into two major categories: about 87% of strokes are ischemic, the rest being haemorrhagic. It is difficult to be sure clinically about the type of stroke (haemorrhagic or ischemic) in majority of cases as there is no absolute differentiating feature. Aim:Monitoring ECG changes in real time can help lessen the severity of the consequences of a cardiovascular event and the number of casualties. Materials and Methods: The present study was a hospital based prospective observational study. This Study was conducted from December 2020 to May 2022 at Departmentof General Medicine, Katihar Medical College, Katihar. Result:In this study, ST segment changes, T wave changes, U waves, Q waves, LVH, Sinus arrhythmia, P Pulmonale, Normal were significantly associated with type of stroke. Conclusion:Patients with cerebrovascular accidents often have abnormal electrocardiogram in the absence of known organic heart disease or electrolyte imbalance. These ECG changes are more common in intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage than in infarcts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Sodium levels should be between 135 and 145mEq/L. A cell's ability to maintain homeostasis is necessary for proper operation. An imbalance in the body's general water control may be the cause of abnormal sodium levels. High sodium levels caused by irregular water balance are present in chronic liver illness that is not yet fully reversible. Aims: To assess the correlation among serum sodium imbalance and prognosis in decompensated liver disease patients and its clinical relevance. Materials and Methods: It was a prospective hospital based observational study of 75 patients with biochemical and clinical evidence of chronic liver disease (CLD), who were admitted in the medical ward of Katihar Medical College, Katihar, since December 2020 to May 2022. Result: In present study, 69 (92%) patients were alcoholic, 1 (1.33%) had HCV, 5 (6.67%) had HBV, and none had primary biliary cirrhosis, cryptogenic cirrhosis, and autoimmune hepatitis. There was abdominal distension in 75 patients (100%), jaundice in 22 (29.33%), lower limb swelling in 75 (100%), GI bleed in 19 (25.33%), and altered sensorium in 15 patients (20%). Conclusion: It has been shown that low serum sodium is a poor prognostic marker and increases the risk of early mortality. The few available treatments for hyponatremia currently consist of appropriate free water restriction, stopping diuretics, and may be short-term vaptan (eg; Tolvaptan) usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: COPD Is Chronic Progressive Irreversible Airway Disease That Results In Restriction Of Physical Activities. Patients With COPD Complain Of Cough With Expectoration, Shortness Of Breath On Excretions, Wheezing. Cigarette smoking, exposure to dust, Smoke Pollutants, and occupational exposure is the usual cause of illness. Patient with COPD may develop long-term complications like Right sided heart failure and bronchogenic Carcinoma. Aims To assess the electrocardiography, echocardiography, hematological and radiological changes to reduce morbidity & mortality effects in COPD. Materials and Methods: The present study was a Randomized control trial. This Study was conducted from December 2020 to May 2022 at Medicine Department of Katihar Medical College. Result: In our study we classified patient with moderate, severe and very severe disease as per the severity of disease and P Pulmonale was found as a common abnormality. The studies responding lower incidence of P Pulmonale might have been done a large no. of Patient without taking into consideration the severity of the disease and R/S ratio > 1 in lead V1 correlated well with severely of COPD. This finding was present in 2(5.88%) in Moderate COPD, 2(6.45%) in severe COPD and 6(17.44%) in very severe COPD. Conclusion: COPD is one of the most prevalent diseases of world. Most of the people in fifth sixth decade usually have the disease. Disease starts earlier and with advancing age increases in severity and older patients usually have severe or very severe disease. Severity also depends on duration of smoking and age at which smoking begins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes (T2D), a frequent comorbidity in AMI, has been associated to an increased risk of long-term in-hospital mortality and upcoming cardiovascular events. "Inflammation underlies both the complicated diseases diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis. Acute myocardial infarction is really a risk factor for type 2 diabetes, which is assessed in a state of low-grade inflammation. Aims: To identify the "CRP level at the time of admission as a reliable indicator of hospital mortality and morbidity in both patients with and without diabetes mellitus who experienced an acute myocardial infarction Materials and Methods: The material for the present study was collected from patients who are admitted in Katihar Medical College and Hospital over a period of one and a half year from December 2020 to May 2022.100 Patients were included in this study. Result: This study found that diabetes patients with acute myocardial infarction had statistically significant higher admission CRP levels than non-diabetic patients. Patients with diabetes who had higher CRP levels had a greater incidence of death and morbidity when compared to non-diabetic patients. Conclusion: According to the results of this investigation, CRP is a potent predictor of hospital morbidity and mortality in both diabetes and nondiabetic individuals with acute myocardial infarction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutraceuticals have emerged as potential compounds to attenuate the COVID‐19 complications. Precisely, these food additives strengthen the overall COVID treatment and enhance the immunity of a person. Such compounds have been used at a large scale, in almost every household due to their better affordability and easy access. Therefore, current research is focused on developing newer advanced formulations from potential drug candidates including nutraceuticals with desirable properties viz, affordability, ease of availability, ease of administration, stability under room temperature, and potentially longer shelf‐lives. As such, various nutraceutical‐based products such as compounds could be promising agents for effectively managing COVID‐19 symptoms and complications. Most importantly, regular consumption of such nutraceuticals has been shown to boost the immune system and prevent viral infections. Nutraceuticals such as vitamins, amino acids, flavonoids like curcumin, and probiotics have been studied for their role in the prevention of COVID‐19 symptoms such as fever, pain, malaise, and dry cough. In this review, we have critically reviewed the potential of various nutraceutical‐based therapeutics for the management of COVID‐19. We searched the information relevant to our topic from search engines such as PubMed and Scopus using COVID‐19, nutraceuticals, probiotics, and vitamins as a keyword. Any scientific literature published in a language other than English was excluded. Practical applications: Nutraceuticals possess both nutritional values and medicinal properties. They can aid in the prevention and treatment of diseases, as well as promote physical health and the immune system, normalizing body functions, and improving longevity. Recently, nutraceuticals such as probiotics, vitamins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, trace minerals, and medicinal plants have attracted considerable attention and are widely regarded as potential alternatives to current therapeutic options for the effective management of various diseases, including COVID‐19. Regular consumption of such nutraceuticals has been shown to boost the immune system and prevent viral infections. Nutraceuticals such as vitamins, amino acids, flavonoids like curcumin, and probiotics have been studied for their beneficial effects in the prevention of COVID‐19 symptoms such as fever, pain, malaise, and dry cough. As such, various nutraceutical‐based products such as compounds could be promising agents for the effective management of COVID‐19 symptoms and complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] The oral route of drug administration offers a convenient, cost-efficient, and non-invasive means of administering medications. Nevertheless, as newly developed active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are getting increasingly intricate due to former physicochemical properties like solubilities and permeabilities, the transportation of these moelcules likewise becomes more difficult. Factors such as product stability, deterioration during administration, and medication absorption may reduce the product's efficacy, necessitating the consumption of numerous capsules instead of a single one. Furthermore, pharmaceutical manufacturers often prefer to design daily prescriptions to provide a controlled release of the active drug component, resulting in the levels within a desired average concentration in the bloodstream throughout the day; and in this regard, biopolymer-based nanoparticles have proven their efficacy. Notably, biological agents, immunotherapeutic medications, chemotherapeutic treatments, and other illnesses and disorders have increasingly benefited from the use of biopolymer-based nanomedicines in recent years. This review provides a concise and current overview of the recent advancements in nano-based drug delivery systems, specifically biopolymeric nanoformulations for oral drug delivery. This article also discusses and highlights the advantages and constraints of biopolymeric nanoparticles in administering pharmaceuticals derived from natural sources for therapeutic use. Furthermore, we have provided information about advancements, patents applied for or approved, and future possibilities in nanomedicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental plaque is the sole reason for dental caries and periodontal disease. Few antibacterial agents might counterbalance the inadequate mechanical plaque removal. Antimicrobial agents are best indicated in secondary and tertiary prevention as the objectives are to restore health and to prevent disease recurrence. The rationale behind it is to prevent or delay subgingival recolonization by pathogenic microorganisms. Delmopinol is a chemical plaque control agent which can be used as an adjunct to mechanical plaque control. It is an antiplaque agent that aids in reduction of plaque and gingivitis while possessing the property of inhibiting the adhesion of oral microorganisms to the tooth surface. Long term use of such compound can preserve the biological environment of the oral cavity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wounds are structural and functional disruptions of skin that occur because of trauma, surgery, acute illness, or chronic disease conditions. Chronic wounds are caused by a breakdown in the finely coordinated cascade of events that occurs during healing. Wound healing is a long process that split into at least three continuous and overlapping processes: an inflammatory response, a proliferative phase, and finally the tissue remodeling. Therefore, these processes are extensively studied to develop novel therapeutics in order to achieve maximum recovery with minimum scarring. Several growth hormones and cytokines secreted at the site of lesions tightly regulates the healing processes. The traditional approach for wound management has been represented by topical treatments. Metal nanoparticles (e.g., silver, gold and zinc) are increasingly being employed in dermatology due to their favorable effects on healing, as well as in treating and preventing secondary bacterial infections. In the current review, a brief introduction on traditional would healing approach is provided, followed by focus on the potential of wound dressing therapeutic techniques functionalized with Ag-NPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of phytomedicine in cancer therapy is a growing field of research that takes use of the medicinal properties of plant-derived compounds. Under the domain of cancer therapy and management, alkaloids, a prominent group of natural compounds, have showed significant potential. Alkaloids often affect a wide range of essential cellular mechanisms involved in cancer progression. These multi-targeting capabilities, can give significant advantages to alkaloids in overcoming resistance mechanisms. For example, berberine, an alkaloid found in Berberis species, is widely reported to induce apoptosis by activating caspases and regulating apoptotic pathways. Notably, alkaloids like as quinine have showed promise in inhibiting the formation of new blood vessels required for tumor growth. In addition, alkaloids have shown anti-proliferative and anticancer properties mostly via modulating key signaling pathways involved in metastasis, including those regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition. This work provides a comprehensive overview of naturally occurring alkaloids that exhibit anticancer properties, with a specific emphasis on their underlying molecular mechanisms of action. Furthermore, many methods to modify previously reported difficult physicochemical properties using nanocarriers in order to enhance its systemic bioavailability have been discussed as well. This study also includes information on newly discovered alkaloids that are now being studied in clinical trials for their potential use in cancer treatment. Further, we have also briefly mentioned on the application of high-throughput screening and molecular dynamics simulation for acceleration on the identification of potent alkaloids based compounds to target and treat cancer. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]