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The direct synthesis of H 2 O 2 is nowadays a hotspot in heterogeneous catalysis. The reaction is promoted by Pd nanoparticles supported on a porous material, strongly affecting the catalytic performance. Nanostructured Pd supported on ion-exchange resins shows remarkable catalytic activity, as compared to catalysts supported on inorganic materials. Novel catalysts supported by a highly accessible cross-linked polymer have been developed, by using a mesoporous form of polydivinylbenzene (pDVB). Different sulfonation procedures lead to different morphology and reactivity of the supports, hence to different performances of palladium catalysts supported thereby. XRD suggests the formation of palladium hydride during the metal precursor reduction with H 2. This phase is stable under laboratory conditions for several weeks, but its catalytic role, if any, also depends on other conditions, such as the presence of sulfonic groups. EPR of the spent catalysts points out radical species, suggesting the participation of pDVB in the formation of H 2 O 2. [Display omitted] • Pd on mesoporous polydivinylbenzene is very active in the direct synthesis of H 2 O 2 • Radical species on the polymer support take part to the formation of H 2 O 2 • Stable palladium hydrides are formed during the synthesis of the catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acetonitrile is used as an effective, non-corrosive selectivity enhancer for the direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide (HP). Palladium catalysts supported by activated carbon or poly-divinylbenzene are poisoned by acetonitrile, which makes them very little productive. Conversely the catalysts supported by strongly acidic ion-exchange resin are much more selective and productive in the presence of acetonitrile, and for relatively long time. TEM shows that the size of their metal nanoparticles can be decreased by a reconstruction process, possibly sustained by leached palladium(II) species. HP decomposition experiments show that acetonitrile inhibits the O O bonds splitting. • Conventional selectivity enhancers for the direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide are very corrosive. • Like established enhancers, such as the halide ions, acetonitrile is a good ligand to Pd(II). • The effect of acetonitrile was studied in Pd on carbon and ion-exchange resins catalysts. • Acetonitrile inhibits O-O splitting and works as an enhancer only with Pd catalysts supported on ion-exchangers. • • The metal nanoparticles are reconstructed through a process of release-and-capture of Pd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The role of nasal continuous positive airways pressure (nCPAP) in the management of respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants is not completely defined. Objective: To evaluate the benefits and risks of prophylactic nCPAP in infants of 28-31 weeks gestation. Design: Multicentre randomised controlled clinical trial. Setting: Seventeen Italian neonatal intensive care units. Patients: A total of 230 newborns of 28-31 weeks gestation, not intubated in the delivery room and without major malformations, were randomly assigned to prophylactic or rescue nCPAP. Interventions: Prophylactic nCPAP was started within 30 minutes of birth, irrespective of oxygen requirement and clinical status. Rescue nCPAP was started when FIO2 requirement was > 0.4, for more than 30 minutes, to maintain transcutaneous oxygen saturation between 93% and 96%. Exogenous surfactant was given when FIO2 requirement was > 0.4 in nCPAP in the presence of radiological signs of respiratory distress syndrome. Main outcome measures: Primary end point: need for exogenous surfactant. Secondary end points: need for mechanical ventilation and incidence of air leaks. Results: Surfactant was needed by 22.6% in the prophylaxis group and 21.7% in the rescue group. Mechanical ventilation was required by 12.2% in both the prophylaxis and rescue group. The incidence of air leaks was 2.6% in both groups. More than 80% of both groups had received prenatal steroids. Conclusions: In newborns of 28-31 weeks gestation, there is no greater benefit in giving prophylactic nCPAP than in starting nCPAP when the oxygen requirement increases to a FIO2 > 0.4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender identity disorder is a rare disorder of uncertain etiology (1:30,000 M to F; 1:100,000 F to M). The emphasis of body shape in this disorder suggests that there may be an association with anorexia nervosa. Previous research suggests that eating disorders are related to homosexuality in men although links with female sexual orientation is less clear. This report describes the case of an adolescent 19-year-old biological female transgender patient presented to a Mental Health Center in Trieste. Diagnostically, this patients presents with prominent restricting, purging anorexia that was wed by the desire to obtain and then maintain an idealized prototypal masculine shape. The failure of the realization of this project involves in a self-distructive conduct. The case offers an important opportunity to explore the comorbidity about eating disorders and gender identity disorder. The patient completed this measures: a background measure of his sexual orientation, the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory III (MCMI-III), the Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI-2), the Bem Sex Role Inventory, the Eating Disorder Inventory and the Eating Attitude test. This report suggests that the divergence of body image psychopathology may be impacted by gender role orientation, which is consistent with a developing body of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction From Charcot studies on Hysteria to recent analysis of the World Health Organization (WHO), mental illness seems to be a matter in which sex and gender play a non-negligible role. In the WHO data on neuropsychiatric disorders, women are prevalent in almost all types of disorder. Objective Primary prevention can only refer to the recognition of social, educational, relational, environmental factors. Few studies have been conducted on the socio-demographic characteristics of the female population relating to psychiatric services. Aims The aims of our research are to evaluate both the demographic and clinical characteristics of women related to mental health services in Trieste and their adherence to rehabilitation programs. Methods The study was conducted by collecting the personal data of clinical users women from the four mental health centers in Trieste and the psychiatric service for diagnosis and treatment (SPDC). In the year 2014, the user attending the mental health department are 4952. Results Data analysis showed that women in charge at the Department of Mental Health is 2731, representing 55% of all users. The predominant age group is between 46 and 65 years (between 17% and 23% for each CSM). The number of women taking part at rehabilitation activities is of 1332 (49%). Conclusions It is considered necessary that the services for mental health sponsor prevention, treatment and rehabilitation around the specific needs of women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The role of nasal continuous positive airways pressure (nCPAP) in the management of respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants is not completely defined. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the benefits and risks of prophylactic nCPAP in infants of 28-31 weeks gestation. DESIGN: Multicentre randomised controlled clinical trial. SETTING: Seventeen Italian neonatal intensive care units. PATIENTS: A total of 230 newborns of 28-31 weeks gestation, not intubated in the delivery room and without major malformations, were randomly assigned to prophylactic or rescue nCPAP. INTERVENTIONS: Prophylactic nCPAP was started within 30 minutes of birth, irrespective of oxygen requirement and clinical status. Rescue nCPAP was started when Fio2 requirement was > 0.4, for more than 30 minutes, to maintain transcutaneous oxygen saturation between 93% and 96%. Exogenous surfactant was given when Fio2 requirement was > 0.4 in nCPAP in the presence of radiological signs of respiratory distress syndrome. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary end point: need for exogenous surfactant. Secondary end points: need for mechanical ventilation and incidence of air leaks. RESULTS: Surfactant was needed by 22.6% in the prophylaxis group and 21.7% in the rescue group. Mechanical ventilation was required by 12.2% in both the prophylaxis and rescue group. The incidence of air leaks was 2.6% in both groups. More than 80% of both groups had received prenatal steroids. CONCLUSIONS: In newborns of 28-31 weeks gestation, there is no greater benefit in giving prophylactic nCPAP than in starting nCPAP when the oxygen requirement increases to a Fio2 > 0.4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: High-dose heparin is used during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) to prevent thrombosis in the circuits used for extracorporeal circulation. The aim of this study was, initially, to develop a population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model to assess the variability of PK/PD parameters and their correlation with the results of the routine haemostatic test activated clotting time (ACT) and thereafter to develop a Bayesian estimator enabling an individualized dosing strategy.Methods: Fifty consecutive patients undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB were included in the study. Heparin was administered as an initial bolus of 300 IU kg -1 followed by additional boluses of 5000 IU to maintain ACT <400 s. In total, 361 blood samples were collected. The PK and PD data were analysed using a non-linear mixed effect model.Results: A two-compartment model with a linear elimination link to an E max model best described heparin anti-factor Xa activities and ACT. Covariate analysis showed that body weight was positively correlated with clearance and central compartment volume. Inclusion of body weight with these parameters decreased their variability by 11 and 15%, respectively. The Bayesian estimator performed well in predicting individual parameters in an independent group of patients.Conclusions: A population PK/PD analysis of heparin during CPB, using a routine haemostatic test, shows that Bayesian estimation might help to predict ACT on the basis of only one or two blood samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the feasibility of the prenatal diagnosis using fetal neurosonography of brain injuries in the surviving fetus after the demise of a monochorionic cotwin. Methods: This was a retrospective observational study in the period 1990-2004 of monochorionic twin pregnancies with a single fetal demise. A detailed sonographic evaluation of the intracranial anatomy of the surviving twin had been performed whenever possible using a multiplanar approach and from 1999, fetal magnetic resonance imaging was offered as well. Postnatal follow-up was obtained in all cases. Results: In six of nine cases, abnormal neurosonographic findings were identified including intracranial hemorrhage, brain atrophy, porencephaly and periventricular echogenicities evolving into polymicrogyria. Prenatal diagnosis of brain lesions was confirmed postnatally and all affected infants who survived had severe neurological sequelae. Two fetuses had normal cerebral structures both on the prenatal neurosonogram and on postnatal imaging and were following normal developmental milestones, one at 1 and the other at 5 years of age. In one case the neurosonographic examination was suboptimal and the infant was found at birth to have a porencephalic cyst. Fetal magnetic resonance imaging was performed in two cases and confirmed the ultrasound diagnosis. Conclusions: Prenatal neurosonography is a valuable tool for the prediction of neurological outcome in fetuses surviving after the intrauterine death of a monochorionic cotwin. Although our experience is limited, we suggest that magnetic resonance imaging should also be offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To assess sonographically brain anatomy in fetuses with severe anemia due to red blood cell alloimmunization undergoing intrauterine intravascular transfusions. Methods Multiplanar neurosonography was performed in seven consecutive hydropic fetuses undergoing intrauterine transfusions (mean gestational age 22 ± 2.5 weeks; mean hemoglobin concentration at the first transfusion 2.3 ± 1.0 g/dL). Results Abnormal cerebral findings were identified in four out of seven fetuses. An intracerebellar hemorrhage developed in two fetuses after the first transfusion and one fetus that had severe brain edema before the first transfusion was later found to have cystic periventricular leukomalacia. In one fetus unilateral ventriculomegaly was noted after the first transfusion. Two fetuses were terminated. The remaining pregnancies had an uneventful course, the infants were delivered between 34 and 36 gestational weeks and were alive and well at the time of writing. Prenatal diagnosis of brain injury was always confirmed except for the case with ventriculomegaly that underwent spontaneous intrauterine resolution. Conclusions Fetuses with extreme anemia due to red blood cell alloimmunization can be salvaged by intrauterine transfusion. In some of these cases brain injury may occur prenatally, and the risk seems to be particularly high when the hemoglobin concentration at the time of the first transfusion is ≤ 2 g/dL. We suggest that in these pregnancies detailed fetal neuroimaging by either multiplanar sonography and/or magnetic resonance imaging is indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Prenatal diagnosis of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) has been widely reported. Hemorrhages may occur either within the cerebral ventricles, subdural space or infratentorial fossa. The aim of this study was to determine the sonographic criteria for the diagnosis of fetal ICH, the role of in utero magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the outcome of this condition. Methods The archives of our ultrasound laboratory and the literature were searched for all cases of antenatally diagnosed ICH. A grading system was used to classify the intraventricular lesions as suggested in postnatal sonographic studies. Results Adding our series of 16 fetuses to the 93 cases identified in the literature, a group of 109 fetal ICHs was obtained: 89 were intracerebral (79 intraventricular and 10 infratentorial) and 20 were subdural hemorrhages. Intraventricular lesions were mostly classified as severe (32 each for Grades III and IV). In 27 cases antenatal MRI was performed additionally to ultrasound and confirmed the sonographic findings. Of the entire group, 65 infants (59%) were reported to be alive 1 month after birth (51 intraventricular hemorrhages, three infratentorial hemorrhages, 11 subdural hematomas). At 12 months, of the 48 infants whose follow-up was available, 25 or 52% were judged neurologically normal (17/36 or 47% among the intraventricular hemorrhages, 6/9 or 66% among the hematomas, and 2/3 or 66% among the infratentorial hemorrhages). Conclusions Fetal ICH may be accurately identified and categorized by antenatal sonography. The outcome is usually poor, especially for those fetuses affected by higher-grade intraventricular hemorrhages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To assess the clinical significance of fetal isolated borderline cerebral lateral ventriculomegaly defined as a width of the atrium of the lateral cerebral ventricles of 10–15 mm in the absence of other sonographically demonstrable malformations. Design Retrospective study of the outcome of fetuses with a sonographic diagnosis of isolated borderline cerebral lateral ventriculomegaly and review of the English-language literature. Results Of 31 fetuses, two had chromosomal aberrations (trisomy 21 and trisomy 13) and three had neurological complications (one infant developed shunt-dependent hydrocephalus, one lissencephaly and one cerebral hemorrhage and periventricular leukomalacia). The literature search revealed eight independent studies. Including the present series, 234 cases were available for analysis. An abnormal outcome was documented in 22.8% of cases. Perinatal death occurred in 3.7%. Chromosomal aberrations, mostly trisomy 21, were present in 3.8%, malformations undetected at a second-trimester sonogram in 8.6% and neurological sequelae, mostly a mild to moderate delay in cognitive and/or motor development, were present in 11.5%. The risk of an abnormal neurological outcome was increased in females versus males (22.6% versus 4.6%, relative risk 4.892; 95% confidence interval 1.356–17.656), when the atrial width was 12 mm or more (13.9% versus 3.8%, relative risk 3.6, 95% confidence interval 1.035–12.846) and when the diagnosis was made in the second trimester versus later in gestation. Conclusions In most cases, isolated borderline cerebral lateral ventriculomegaly has no consequence. However, this finding carries an increased risk of cerebral maldevelopment, delayed neurological development and, possibly, chromosomal aberrations. The optimal management of these cases remains uncertain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrasound examination of a 30-week fetus, appropriate for gestational age, revealed a nuchal cord and absence of end-diastolic velocities in the Doppler waveforms of the umbilical artery. Cardiotocography suggested impending fetal distress, clinically confirmed following expedient abdominal delivery. We suggest that Doppler velocimetry of the umbilical vessels may be useful in the assessment of viable fetuses with a sonographic diagnosis of a nuchal cord. Conversely, a nuchal cord should be considered as part of the differential diagnosis of abnormal Doppler velocimetry of the umbilical vessels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Sporting practice for psychotic patients have been demonstrated to be efficacious as a rehabilitation tool at various levels, improving social interaction, self esteem, body self consciousness, reduce anxiety and depression, reduce stigma, improve compliance, reduce admission rates, reduce aggressiveness, reduce family burden. Since 1999 the Fuoric'entro Polisportiva was founded in Trieste, with the support of the Department of Metal Health, with the aim of influencing recovery at several levels. Objectives Evaluate the impact on participants' health. Aims Demonstrate the outcome of the rehabilitation program based upon the sporting activity. Methods The research is a descriptive, case-control study, led on 40 patients (20 cases and 20 controls) followed by the Trieste's Metal Health Department. We considered as items living situation, professional condition, gender and age, diagnosis, therapy and its compliance, admissions’ number and duration, main therapeutic interventions, following up a previous study on the same rehabilitation program. Results In the cases’ group there is a stable improvement of the professional and living conditions, compliance and a reduction of admissions’ number and duration. Conclusions A rehabilitation program based on sporting can improve coping abilities, psychopathological conditions, person's 'social functioning”, family burden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Schizophrenia is a chronic disorder which severely limits the social and occupational functioning. Employment, education, relationships, housing and health are among the most frequently stated life and treatment goals among persons suffering from schizophrenia. Rehabilitation for persons with schizophrenia aims at preservation and improvement of psychosocial functions, promotes recovery-oriented interventions and, therefore, serves the central goals of affected persons. Objectives The goals of these models focus on improving knowledge, coping, self-care, social support and self-management strategies. Aims The aims of this cases report is to underline the effectiveness of multidimensional approach, which included drug treatment, psychosocial therapeutic interventions, supported employment, peer-supported housing. Methods We report 8 patients with a early onset psychosis, detected with EriRaos and clinical interview. Results Diagnostically, these patients had a real improvement of their psychosocial functions in areas such as work, social relationship and independent living skills. Conclusions Cognitive functioning, education, negative symptoms, social support and skills, age, work history and rehabilitation service to restore community functioning have proven to be strong predictors for successful psychiatric rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction The rate of non fatal self-injurious behaviour in young people has increase in recent years. Non fatal self-injurious behaviour such as cutting oneself and abuse of substance is often performed without suicidal intent to cope with emotional distress although it is well known to have a close association with future suicidal behaviour. Objectives Evaluating people under 29's suicidal behaviours' rates. Aims Monitoring developments in not lethal self injurious behaviour in the population of adolescents and young adults in Trieste to identify strategies that will guide the prevention of suicidal behaviour in this age group. Methods Retrospective study based on verbal access to emergency, extracts under the headings “self-harm” and “poisoning” during period 2000-2007. We considered as variables the calculation of rates for the age groups 15-19 and 20-29 years, mode of self-injurious act coded according to the parameters of the ICD-10. Results The average rate for the age group 15-19 years was found to be 0.5 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, while for ages 20-29 was found to be 1.3 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. There wasn't a significant difference between the two genders. The methods most frequently adopted were found to be voluntary intoxication and cutting. Conclusions To counter the fragility and risk of self-harm and suicide in adolescents and young adults, our Local Health Company launched in 2014 a dedicated website. The site provides information on the types of conditions that may affect the target population and the self-destructive behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction A review of the literature shows that the self-injurious behaviours are more common among females, and suicides among male subjects. A significant difference between the two genders is also reflected in the choice of means used to commit the act of self-injuring, considering the male gender predilection for more violent means. Some recent studies indicate trends that deviate from the above data in the literature or indicate a tendency to an attenuation of these differences. Objectives Reasons for engaging in self-harm behaviours include to regulate emotion and to elicit attention. Correlates of these practices include a history of sexual abuse, depression, anxiety, alexithymia, hostility, smoking, dissociation, suicidal ideation, and suicidal behaviors. Aims: the aim of this study is to evaluate the gender difference in self-injurious behaviour. Methods Our retrospective study was conducted making a comparison between a period of time before and after the start of an articulated program of prevention of suicidal behaviors in Trieste, from 1983 to 2007. Results In the '80, the self-injurious behavior were more common among males; after 2000 years this difference has continuously attenuated. This trend is in contrast with findings in the international literature. Even the repeated acts of self-harm were more common among males. Regarding the data on suicides, they were more frequent in male subjects, and this fact has remained stable over time, in accordance with international data. Conclusions More studies are necessary to evaluate gender difference in self-injurious behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) has a prevalence of 6,2% on general population, with greater rates for men (7,7%) than women (4,8%). It has been frequently associated with substance misuse, Bipolar Disorder (type I and II), anxiety and other personality disorders, but seldom it has been associated with Major Depressive Disorder. Objectives The emphasis put on sex by elder people with NPD hasn't been widely studied in Literature. Frustration on the maintenance of a fixed rate of weekly sexual intercourse with their partners has led to a MDD in two outpatients that, for this reason, came to our Community Mental Health Center (CMHC). Aims Find if the supposed relation between certain Life Events for people with a well-controlled NPD can lead to a MDD can be detected. Methods Both completed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-II) that confirmed the co-existence. Results Diagnostically, these patients presented an exaggerated self-appraisal even during the depressive phases, attempts to gain others’ approval and attention, very little interest on others’ thoughts and efforts to gain personal advantages in a depressive frame. Conclusions This report suggest the necessity of further studies on the relation between NPD and MDD when a kind of frustration in important fields of patients’ life occurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction The Compulsory Health Treatment (TSO) is an action applicable in case of justified need and clinic emergency, in presence of the refusal to Health Treatment Volunteer (TSV) in a subject suffering from specific illnesses, among which there are severe psychiatric illnesses. Objectives The TSO is the subject of discussion, because it's actually an action that violates – even if only temporarily – the free will of the person. It's a procedure justified by the impossibility of applying alternative practices that ensure a speedy recovery to the subject of his psychic integrity, consistent with the need of the person. Aim The aim of this study is to evaluate the epidemiology of TSO in Trieste between 2011 and 2013. Methods This retrospective study was conducted on 74 TSO performed at the CMHC and the Emergency Unit of Trieste, on 71 people (22 women, 49 men). Data analysis were on gender, diagnosis, TSO's days' number, frequency and significant changes during the TSO, with a comparison of these variables between the data of 2011, 2012 and 2013. Results The number of people under TSO was the same in the three years, with a countertrend of gender (decrease of 30% of women; increase of 46% of men). There was a decrease about days of TSO in the three years. Conclusion It's necessary to implement practices that promote good cooperation from the subject, to establish a contractuality which allows to limit TSO only for time strictly necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction The suicidal behaviours constitute a significant problem in terms of public health, thus a major goal of the WHO is to reduce these behaviours. In the '80s suicide rates and suicide attempts in the Trieste were the highest in Italy, comparable with those of Central Europe. Since the '90s a project was launched to prevent suicidal behaviour and suicide rates and non-lethal self-harm gestures have plummeted. Objectives We study the sociodemographic variables of this phenomenon. Aims The aim of our study is to monitor the performance of non-lethal self-harm over time and identify evidences to implement prevention strategies Methods We conducted retrospective study in the period 01.01.2000- 31.12.2007. We analyzed the records of hospital emergency rooms in Trieste, screened according to the keywords that indicate the diagnosis of access “self-harm” and “voluntary intoxication”. Socio-demographic variables were stratified by age and gender. Outcome variables were evaluated. Data were compared with those of a study conducted from 1993 to 1990. Results The study showed a mean of 85/100,000 inhabitants. The methods most frequently used were drug intoxication and cutting. There was a reduction in hospitalisations rates and an increased number of appointments in the Mental Health Department by the subjects with a suicide attempt history. Conclusions The rates of non-lethal self-harm in the period considered decreased compared to the '80s, while the average age of those who commit the act increased. These data can be used to enhance the primary and secondary prevention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Spices-use is continuously increasing in Western Countries, especially for legal reasons. Intoxication has been widely associated with psychotic symptoms. Objectives Here we present a case-report that seems to highlight this possible association between canabimimetics and psychosis, stressing the use of 'Spices” as an instrument of auto-determination in the young patient's opinion. Aims Find if the supposed relation between certain Life Events and Spices use for people with a use consequent to a Dependent Personality traits can lead to an unmasking of a psychosis. Methods Clinical interviews, Eri-Raos, drug-use and literature revision. Results Diagnostically, these patient presented right after a Spice intoxication psychotic symptoms like delusions, strong distress, the feeling of being observed and considered 'mad”, self-isolation that strengthened the need of Spice use and more difficulty (but self-reported need) to stay with others and to self-determinate herself in meaningful relationships. These symptoms have had a strong relief after the establishment of a relationship with our community mental health center (CMHC) and its multidisciplinary staff, that took care whit the patient of the whole life, in particular of the details that were stressful for her. Conclusions This report, being in accordance with others, suggests the necessity of further studies on the relation between Spice-use and psychotic symptoms, in particular for patients with a use that has roots to Dependent Personality Traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents authors' response to comments on their article on the diagnosis of isolated borderline fetal ventriculomegaly. Derivation of the conclusion that isolated borderline ventriculomegaly is associated with an increased risk of an abnormal outcome; Definition of isolated fetal ventriculomegaly.