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The purpose of this study was to characterize the subject area of Agriculture, Multidisciplinary in Argentina, reviewing at institutional level, the work done by researchers at institutions in Argentina and published in international journals with impact factor among 1997 and 2009, through the Web of Science database. In the context of Latin America, 7795 have been published works of all types and 7622 article or review in 49 journals, and at the level of Argentina have been found 531 articles or reviews published in 31 journals, mostly in English (80.23 %), but also in Spanish (15.25%) and Portuguese (4.33%). Moreover, the institutions have been analyzed from the point of view quantitative and qualitative through various bibliometric indicators, such as Weighted and Relative Impact Factor and the ratio number of citations compared to the number of documents, finding that among the most productive institutions include the National Council for Scientific and Technical Research by the number of documents, and the Center for Research and Development in Food Cryotechnology by the Weighted Impact Factor and the ratio citations against documents, showing a little international collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Maps provide a suitable cartographic base for historical analyses. [•] The main problem is the heterogeneity of the quality of historical data. [•] The quality of historical maps must be analyzed prior to the application of their information. [•] The evolutionary algorithms NSGA-II and msPESA are assessed in this study. [•] Solutions obtained by NSGA-II dominate solutions obtained by msPESA. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The arches were a great advance in construction with respect to the rigid Greek linteled architecture. Its development came from the hand of the great Roman constructions, especially with the semicircular arch. In successive historical periods, different types of arches have been emerging, which in addition to their structural function was taking aesthetic characteristics that are used today to define the architectural style. When, in the construction of a bow, the rise is less than half the springing line, the semicircular arch is no longer used and the segmental arch is used, and then on to another more efficient and aesthetic arch, the basket-handle arch. This study examines the classic geometry of the basket-handle arch also called the three-centered arch. A solution is proposed from a constructive and aesthetic point of view, and this is approached both geometrically and analytically, where the relationship between the radius of the central arch and the radius of the lateral arch is minimized. The solution achieved allows the maximum springing line or clear span to be saved with the minimum rise that preserves the aesthetic point of view, since the horizontal thrust of a bow is greater than the relationship between the springing line of the arch and the rise. This solution has been programmed and the resulting software has made it possible to analyse existing arches in historic buildings or constructions to check if their solutions were close or not from both points of view. Thus, it has been possible to verify that in most of the existing arches analyzed, the proposed solution is reached. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gothic art was developed in western Europe from the second half of the 12th century to the end of the 15th century. The most characteristic Gothic building is the cathedral. Gothic architecture uses well-carved stone ashlars, and its essential elements include the arch. The thrust is transferred by means of external arches (flying buttresses) to external buttresses that end in pinnacles, which accentuates the verticality. The evolution of the flying buttresses should not only be considered as an aesthetic consideration, but also from a constructive point of view as an element of transmission of forces or loads. Thus, one evolves from a beam-type buttress to a simple arch, and finally to a rampant arch. In this work, we study the geometry of the rampant arch to determine which is the optimum from the constructive point of view. The optimum rampant arch obtained is the one with the common tangent to the two arches parallel to the slope line. A computer program was created to determine this optimal rampant arch by means of a numerical or graphical input. It was applied to several well-known and representative cases of Gothic art in France (church of Saint Urbain de Troyes) and Spain (Cathedral of Palma de Mallorca), establishing if they were designs of optimal rampant arches or not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]