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The pineapple leaves (PL) left over in the fields after pineapple harvest or burnt out, generate waste which contributes to the release of greenhouse gases. As pineapple is one of the most harvested crops in the world, the quantity of pineapple trash and its disposal methods are challenging. The composition of PL waste makes it unique to encounter the increasing demand for renewable energy and other useful products. This review is focused on the production of different biorefinery products and miscellaneous products from PL waste. The high cellulose content in PL makes it a potential feedstock for the production of different biorefinery products like bioethanol, oligosaccharides, nitrocellulose, and humic acid apart from this, waste is also useful for the production of different products like pineapple leaf fibres, fake eyelashes, organic leather, pulp and paper. Although the opportunities, future perspectives, and challenges concerning PL waste utilization to value-added goods were also addressed. It has been demonstrated that pineapple waste conversions lower waste creation, and the products produced by the conversion would promote the 'waste-to-wealth' notion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignin is an aromatic compound found as a major component of plant cell wall and therefore, present abundantly in nature as a renewable resource. Due to its organic nature, it has the potential to serve as feedstock for value addition to sustainable bioproducts. Under biorefinery concept, each of the plant biomass components viz. cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin must be converted to some or the other products. Thus, development of different strategies to valorize lignin for chemicals other value-added products can remove the economic constraint on bioethanol-based biorefineries. However, lignin is highly heterogenous than its counterparts and therefore, very recalcitrant to bioconversion making its biovalorization very difficult. To fully utilize the potential of lignin, it is necessary to understand its degradation process and develop efficient biochemical/microbial strategies to achieve cost-effective lignin bioconversion. In recent times, many innovations have taken place in sustainable microbial utilization and bioconversion of lignin. Therefore, this paper focuses on the progress made in lignin biotransformation's for production of bio-based products, chemicals, and bioenergy in the context of biorefinery concept, with a critical perspective on biotechnological advancements, challenges, and future needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Being a lignocellulose-rich biomass, pineapple leaves waste (PL) could be a potential raw material for the production of biofuel, biochemicals, and other value-added products. The main aim of this study was to investigate the potential of pineapple leaves in the sustainable production of bioethanol via stepwise saccharification and fermentation. For this purpose, PL was subjected to hydrothermal pretreatment in a high-pressure reactor at 150 °C for 20 min without any catalyst, resulting in a maximum reducing sugar yield of 38.1 g/L in the liquid fraction after solid-liquid separation of the pretreated hydrolysate. Inhibitors (phenolics, furans) and oligomers production were also monitored during the pretreatment in the liquid fraction of pretreated PL. Enzymatic hydrolysis (EH) of both pretreated biomass slurry and cellulose-rich solid fraction maintained at a solid loading (dry basis) of 5% wt. was performed at 50 °C and 150 rpm using commercial cellulase at an enzyme dose of 10 FPU/gds. EH resulted in a glucose yield of 13.7 and 18.4 g/L from pretreated slurry and solid fractions, respectively. Fermentation of the sugar syrup obtained by EH of pretreated slurry and the solid fraction was performed at 30 °C for 72 h using Saccharomyces cerevisiae WLP300, resulting in significant ethanol production with more than 91% fermentation efficiency. This study reveals the potential of pineapple leaves waste for biorefinery application, and the role of inhibitors in the overall efficiency of the process when using whole biomass slurry as a substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Hydrothermal pretreatment is a sustainable approach for the recovery of XOS. • XOS and GOS of 23.7 and 18.3% respectively was obtained under best conditions. • Conduritol B epoxide served as inhibitor for controlled hydrolysis to get cellobiose. • After controlled hydrolysis 174 mg of cellobiose was obtained per gram of biomass. Globally, the demands for sustainably sourced functional foods like prebiotic oligosaccharides have been constantly increasing. This study assessed the potential of pineapple leaves (PL) as lignocellulosic feedstock for sustainable production of cellulose and hemicellulose-derived oligosaccharides through its hydrothermal pretreatment (HT) followed by controlled enzymatic hydrolysis. PL was subjected to HT at 160, 175, and 190 °C for 20, 30, 60, and 90 min without any catalyst for xylooligosaccharide (XOS) production, whereas, the resulting solid content after HT was subjected to controlled enzymatic hydrolysis by commercial cellulase using conduritol B epoxide (0.5–5 mM) for glucooligosaccharides (GOS) production. HT at 160 °C for 60 min resulted in maximum yield of XOS and GOS at 23.7 and 18.3 %, respectively, in the liquid phase. Controlled enzymatic hydrolysis of HT treated (160 °C) PL solids for 20 and 30 min yielded ∼ 174 mg cellobiose/g dry biomass within 24 h, indicating overall high oligosaccharide production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Hydrothermal combined with mild acid allowed the recovery of xylooligosaccharides. • XOS yield of 67.79% was obtained with 5% gluconic acid at 160 °C for 60 min. • Glucose obtained after enzymatic hydrolysis was used for the production of BC. • BC production with XOS can be integrated for sustainable circular bioprocess. A hydrothermal process is a sustainable approach for biorefinery leading to conversion of lignocellulosic (LC) biomass into value-added products. This study is based on the production of xylooligosaccharides (XOS) from pineapple leaves (PL) waste by using mild acid like gluconic acid (GA). GA, when used as catalyst in hydrothermal process to produce XOS the yield improved. The above process can be integrated with bacterial cellulose (BC) production bioprocess via Komagataeibacter europaeus 14,148 where gluconic acid is produced as by-product. Maximum XOS (2–5 degree of polymerisation) yield of 67.79 % in the liquid fraction was obtained via hydrothermal treatment at 160 °C for 60 min with 5% gluconic acid concentration. It is based on the selective solubilization of hemicellulose fraction. Enzymatic hydrolysis of GA hydrothermally pretreated solid fraction of PL biomass gave 14.5 g/L glucose with 5% solid loading and 10 FPU/gds enzyme loading which was employed for Bacterial cellulose production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bio-ethanol production from pretreated biomass in a single vessel was investigated in which cellulase production via SSF by Penicillium janthinellum EMS-UV-8, hydrolysis of biomass and ethanol fermentation was carried out sequentially. In this study, feasibility of using whole fermented matter with enzyme, fungal mycelia, spores and residual substrate, for the saccharification of pretreated wheat straw or avicel and its further fermentation to ethanol was investigated. Whole fermented matter produced during cellulase production via solid-state fermentation and extracted cellulase was compared for hydrolysis efficiency toward cellulosic biomass. Ethanol fermentation by Kluveromyces marxianus MTCC 4136 was investigated for both the above cases and no significant difference was observed. We could obtain similar titers of ethanol by both methods. Employing the whole fermented matter offered advantages over using extracted enzyme by reducing enzyme extraction step and thereby reducing economic constraint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present study was focused on cellulase production from an indigenously isolated filamentous fungal strain, identified as Penicillium oxalicum . Initially, cellulase production under submerged fermentation in shake flasks resulted in cellulase activity of 0.7 FPU/mL. Optimization of process parameters enhanced cellulase production by 1.7-fold and resulted in maximum cellulase activity of 1.2 FPU/mL in 8 days. Cellulase production was successfully scaled-up to 7 L fermenter under controlled conditions and incubation time was reduced from 8 days to 4 days for achieving similar cellulase titer. Optimum pH and temperature for activity of the crude enzyme were pH 5 and 50 °C, respectively. At 50 °C the produced cellulase retained approximately 50% and 26% of its activity at 48 h and 72 h, respectively. Hydrolytic efficiency of P. oxalicum was comparable to commercial cellulase preparations which indicate its great potential for application in the lignocellulose hydrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study concerns in-house development of cellulases from a mutant Penicillium janthinellum EMS-UV-8 and its application in separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) processes for bioethanol production from pre-treated wheat straw. In a 5 L fermentor, the above strain could produce cellulases having activity of 3.1 FPU/mL and a specific activity of 0.83 FPU/mg of protein. In-house developed cellulase worked more efficiently in case of SSF as ethanol concentration of 21.6 g/L and yield of 54.4% were obtained which were higher in comparison to SHF (ethanol concentration 12 g/L and 30.2% yield). This enzyme preparation when compared with commercial cellulase for hydrolysis of pre-treated wheat straw was found competitive. This study demonstrates that P. janthinellum EMS-UV-8 is a potential fungus for future large-scale production of cellulases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report herein the synthesis of ¾ substituted benzene sulfonamides linked via phenyl ring to a benzothiazole moiety. The title compounds in the two series namely N-(4-(benzothiazole-2-yl) phenyl) 4-substituted benzene sulfonamides and N-(4-(benzothiazole-2-yl) phenyl) 3-substituted benzene sulfonamides were synthesized by condensing 2-(3/4-aminophenyl) benzothiazole with various substituted sulfonyl chlorides. The synthesized compounds were subjected to neurotoxicity screening, computational studies, and evaluation of their anticonvulsant potential. Amongst all the synthesized compounds, compound 9 emerged as the most potent anticonvulsant agent in maximal electroshock (MES) model (standard: phenytoin) in mice and showed three hydrogen bond interactions with the nicotinic acetylcholine ion gated receptors (PDB ID: 2BG9). Interestingly, compound 13 showed five hydrogen bond interactions with the target protein and thus excellent binding affinity upon computational analysis but was found to be neurotoxic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co-culture of fungal strains Penicillium janthinellum EMS-UV-8 (E), Penicillium funiculosum strain P (P) and Aspergillus sp. strain G (G) and blending of their crude cellulase were evaluated for improvements in cellulase activities as well as for enhanced hydrolysis of dilute acid pretreated wheat straw (PWS). The blending of crude enzymes of P and E enhanced the hydrolysis of PWS more effectively due to synergism in cellulolytic enzyme activities. Here, three types of blends were made on the basis of equal FPUs, equal protein content or fixed volume containing different proportions of individual enzymes, the former blend hydrolyzed 42.6% of PWS due to the 98%,62%, 64% and 34% synergistic enhancement in endo-glucanase, cellulase (FPU), β-glucosidase and xylanase activities, respectively. Hydrolysis at 10% solid loading of PWS in roller bottle reactor with this blend further enhanced hydrolysis yield to 74% within 24 h, which was much better than the corresponding hydrolysis yields of individual (38.1% by E and 61.5% by P) or the commercial enzyme (62.3%). This study proved that synergistic blends of cellulases from two Penicillium spp. are cost-effective tools for efficient wheat straw hydrolysis for on-site biofuel production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Algae are emerging as a major source of safe bioactive pigments. • Algal pigments offer 2–10 folds higher bioactivity than synthetic pigments. • Algal pigments find application in pharma-, cosma- and nutraceuticals etc. • Their demands are rising due to increased bioactivity and no side effects. • Algal pigment market value is expected to reach 452.4 million USD by 2025. Algae have been identified as natural producer of bioactive commercial pigments. To perform photosynthesis, algae use pigments to harvest sunlight energy. The pigments found in algae are categorized in chlorophylls, phycobilins, and carotenoids. Popular carotenoids include astaxanthin, lutein, fucoxanthin, canthaxanthin, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin and finds application as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunoprophylactic, antitumor activities among others. Due to double-bonds in their structure, they exhibit broad health applications while protecting other molecules from oxidative stress induced by active radicals using various mechanisms. These carotenoids are synthesized by certain species as major products however they also present as byproducts in several species based on the pathway and genetic capability. Haematococcus pluvialis and Chlorella zofingiensis are ideal strains for commercial astaxanthin production. This review provides recent updates on microalgal pigment production, extraction, and purification processes to standardize and analyze for commercial production. Also, discussed the factors affecting its production, application, market potential, bottlenecks, and future prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]