Search

Pingyin rose is an edible flower rich in anthocyanins. In this study, antioxidant capacity and color were used as the main evaluation indexes to investigate the effects of common physical and chemical factors on the stability of rose anthocyanin extracts (RAEs). In addition, the physicochemical properties of the whey protein isolate (WPI)‐RAEs complex after spray drying were studied. Vitamin C, temperature, and some metal ions can cause different degrees of discoloration of RAEs solution. More importantly, heat treatment, as well as most metal ions and sugars, had no significant effect on the antioxidant capacity of RAEs solution (p > 0.05). Moreover, compared to spray‐dried pure WPI, the WPI‐RAEs powder was delicate and uniform, and had higher particle size, bulk density, moisture activity, and better gel properties. The release rate of all WPI‐RAEs sol/gel to RAEs reached about 89% in the intestinal digestion stage, but the WPI‐RAEs interaction reduced the digestibility of protein in the intestinal digestion stage. We hope that this study can provide a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of WPI‐RAEs as food ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe study examined the efficacy of additives in preventing the crystallization of functional ingredients during the spray-drying process. Spray-drying of a hydrophobic drug from alcohol in the presence of a hydrophilic carrier-forming agent was utilized as a representative scenario, which frequently leads to the crystallization of the main drug component induced by the drying process. Ibuprofen (IBP) and its four congeners were employed as representatives of readily crystallizable hydrophobic pharmaceutical compounds. Disaccharides were intentionally employed as components of the drug carrier to create conditions conducive to crystallization. Ten materials, including the IBP congeners, were investigated for their anti-crystallization properties. The findings indicated that additives with a hydrophobic moiety similar to that of IBP and a carboxylic acid salt moiety effectively prevented IBP and its congeners from crystallizing when the additive content was ≥0.2 g/g-drug during spray-drying and storage at 30 °C over silica gel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractSeveral studies have demonstrated potential of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) in various applications. However, no protocols are available for the production of spray-dried CNF with high water redispersibility; interfibrillar hydrogen bonding that occurs during spray drying is believed to be responsible for such lack of redispersibility. The present study therefore aimed to develop a protocol that can be used to prepare CNF powders from Centella asiatica via spray drying, with maltodextrin (MD) at CNF-to-MD ratios of 1:0, 1:1, 1:1.5, 1:2 and 1:2.5 as the drying aid. Chlorophylls within such plant were also complexed with zinc in order to allow the resulting redispersed CNF to exhibit thermally stable green color. The resulting powders were analyzed for their morphology, XRD pattern and FTIR spectra to confirm the interaction between CNF and MD. Appropriate CNF-to-MD ratios were determined based on the sedimentation behavior, morphology, fiber sizes and viscoelasticity of the redispersed suspensions. Only spray-dried powders with CNF-to-MD ratios of 1:2 and 1:2.5 showed no sedimentation during the entire storage period. Suspensions prepared from the powders produced at these ratios were also capable of regaining morphology and nanofibrous widths (19–20 nm) comparable to those of freshly prepared CNF suspension, with gel-like behavior and viscoelasticity remained unchanged. Zinc-chlorophylls complex possessed thermal stability under the employed spray drying condition, as confirmed by the retention of chlorophylls in the powders. Green color of redispersed CNF suspensions was similar to that of freshly prepared CNF suspension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potato starch (PS), a naturally occurring carbohydrate biopolymer, is commonly used in the meat industry to enhance the processing and nutritional properties of meat products. This study utilizes spray drying to produce PS‐based powders for the production of 3D printed beef products. The effects of incorporating PS‐based materials at 1% concentrations into beef pastes are investigated, focusing on the impact on product texture, cooking properties, printing accuracy, freeze‐thaw stability, and color. Additionally, the suitability of the 3D printed beef products for individuals with dysphagia is assessed using the International Dysphagia Diet Standardization Initiative (IDDSI). The 3D printed beef products containing PS‐based powders are successfully manufactured and maintained their structure during printing and cooking. The addition of these powders improve moisture content, cooking yield, lightness, and reduced diameter reduction, redness, hardness, cohesiveness, and chewiness. Moreover, the results suggest that P‐N, can be classified as potential level 6 diets (soft and bite‐sized) according to the IDDSI framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of an inhalation powder (IP) for cancer therapy is desired to improve the therapeutic response and patient compliance. The latest studies highlighted that statins, a class of drugs used in hypercholesterolemia, can have anticancer and antiinflammatory properties. Therefore, the aim of the study was to develop an IP containing liposomes loaded with simvastatin using spray drying technology, as well as to investigate the influence of formulation factors on the quality attributes of the IP by means of experimental design. Results highlighted that the composition of liposomes, namely type of phospholipid and cholesterol concentration, highly influences the quality attributes of IP, and the use of optimal concentrations of excipients, i.e. D-mannitol and L-leucine, is essential to preserve the characteristics of liposomes throughout the spray drying process. The in vitro characterization of the optimal IP formulation revealed that the total percentage of released drug is higher from the IP formulation compared to the powder of active substance (53.38 vs. 42.76%) over a period of six hours, and 39.67% of dry particles have a size less than 5 µm, making them suitable for inhalation. As a conclusion, spray drying technology can be effectively used in the development and preparation of IP containing liposomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Food waste by‐products contain many bioactive compounds, such as proteins, carbohydrates, polyphenols and carotenoids. The purposes of this study was to extract oleoresin from tomato waste, apply tomato pomace powder (TPP) as a new shell material for encapsulation of oleoresin and to fortify orange juice using the developed microcapsules. Microencapsulation was carried out based on different TPP (2% and 3%) and oleoresin (20% and 30%) concentrations by spray drying at two temperatures (130 and 140 °C). Different features of microcapsules such as the encapsulation load, encapsulation efficiency, moisture content, hygroscopicity, bulk and tapped densities and the Hausner ratio were analysed. Based on properties of microcapsules, samples containing 3% TPP and 30% oleoresin dried at 130 °C were selected as the best treatment and their characteristics such as morphology, chemical structure and thermal behaviour were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that spherical micron‐size particles were formed and their crack‐free fine surface showed their potential for encapsulation of anti‐oxidants to reduce oxygen diffusion. Microencapsulated oleoresin was then added to the orange juice and the samples' pH, acidity, total soluble solids and colour were evaluated and compared with pure orange juice. Free radical scavenging method was used to investigate the anti‐oxidant properties of orange juice during storage. The results indicated that at the end of the 30 days of storage the fortified orange juice had anti‐oxidant activity equal to pure fresh orange juice on day one. Sensory evaluation results showed no significant differences between appearance, colour, thickness and overall acceptance of fresh and the fortified juices (P < 0.05). The results of this study showed the potential application of food and agricultural waste in production of value‐added ingredients to be used as natural additives in food industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incorporation of leucine (Leu), a hydrophobic amino acid, into pharmaceutically relevant particles via spray-drying can improve the physicochemical and particulate properties, stability, and ultimately bioavailability of the final product. More specifically, Leu has been proposed to form a shell on the surface of spray-dried (SD) particles. The aim of this study was to explore the potential of Leu in the SD protein/trehalose (Tre) formulation to control the water uptake and moisture-induced recrystallization of amorphous Tre, using lysozyme (LZM) as a model protein. LZM/Tre (1:1, w/w) was dissolved in water with varied amounts of Leu (0 - 40%, w/w) and processed by spray-drying. The solid form, residual moisture content (RMC), hygroscopicity, and morphology of SD LZM/Tre/Leu powders were evaluated, before and after storage under 22°C/55% RH conditions for 90 and 180 days. The X-ray powder diffraction results showed that Leu was in crystalline form when the amount of Leu in the formulation was at least 20% (w/w). Thermo-gravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy results showed that 0%, 5%, and 10% (w/w) Leu formulations led to comparable RMC and raisin-like round particles. In contrast, higher Leu contents resulted in a lower RMC and increased surface corrugation of the SD particles. Dynamic vapor sorption analysis showed that partial recrystallization of amorphous Tre to crystalline Tre·dihydrate occurred in the 0% Leu formulation. However, adding as little as 5% (w/w) Leu inhibited this recrystallization during the water sorption/desorption cycle. In addition, after storage, the formulations with higher Leu contents showed reduced water uptake. Instead of observing recrystallization of amorphous Tre in 0%, 5%, and 10% (w/w) Leu formulations, recrystallization of amorphous Leu was noted in the 5% and 10% (w/w) Leu formulations after storage. In summary, our study demonstrated that the addition of Leu has the potential to reduce water uptake and inhibit moisture-induced recrystallization of amorphous Tre in the SD protein/Tre powder system. [Display omitted] • Leu was in crystalline form when the amount of Leu in the SD LZM/Tre formulation was not less than 20 % (w/w). • The addition of as little as 5 % Leu could inhibit the recrystallization of amorphous Tre during the water sorption/desorption cycle. • Higher Leu contents resulted in a lower RMC and an increased surface corrugation of the SD particles. • Higher Leu contents led to less water uptake after storage. • Rather than recrystallization of amorphous Tre, recrystallization of amorphous Leu was observed in both 5% and 10% Leu formulations after storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reed sawdust is a kind of paper mill waste with high cellulose and hemicellulose content. To promote the rational use of resources, it is essential to make full use of waste resources and transform them into new values. In this work, reed sawdust was pretreated with liquid hot water (LHW) at 170 °C for 30 min. A total of 39.00 g/L glucose was obtained after enzymatic saccharification of cellulose at 50 °C, 20 FPU/g-reed sawdust cellulase, 25% (w/v) reed sawdust, in 5 replenishments. When the fermentation was performed 96 h, the medium contained xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) 11.74 g/L and biomass 15.21 g/L, in which lipid was 4.14 g/L. After spray drying, feed additives containing 29.17% XOS and 10.29% docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) can be prepared. In particular, the hemicellulose and cellulose in reed sawdust are creatively used at the same time without separation, which greatly reduces the cost of purification in traditional processes and provides a new way for the high-value transformation of sawdust resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, MoVTeNbOx catalysts was doped with Cr by using spray drying method. The effect of Cr doping on the crystalline phase, physicochemical properties, and catalytic performance of selective oxidation of propane to acrylic acid of MoVTeNbOx was investigated. The results showed that the samples as-prepared by spray drying method present unique spherical morphology stacked by rod particles. In addition, Cr doping induced a change in the mesopore structure formed by rod stacking, reducing the pore radius of the catalysts from 5-10 nm to 2-4 nm. Meanwhile, Cr doping dramatically reduced the average particle size of MoVTeNbOx catalysts, decreasing the rod cross-section diameter of catalysts from 234.21 to 134.96 nm and the rod length from 1.096 μm to 485.71 nm, which significantly increased the amount of (001) active crystalline plane. Moreover, an appropriate amount of Cr doping increased the number of reducible species in the catalyst and reduced its acidity. At the same time, the surface V5+ content of the catalyst was increased from 35.8% to 72.6%. Cr-doped MoVTeNbOx with mesoporous structure showed excellent performance in catalyzing selective oxidation of propane to acrylic acid reaction. Among them, S-3 sample (V: Cr = 1:0.015) increased the selectivity and yield to acrylic acid from 67.5% to 84.3% and from 26.4% to 43.2%, respectively, at reaction temperature of 380 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enzymes are widely used in the food industry due to their ability in improving the functional, sensory, and nutritional properties of food products. However, their poor stability under harsh industrial conditions and their compromised shelf-lives during long-term storage limit their applications. This review introduces typical enzymes and their functionality in the food industry and demonstrates spray drying as a promising approach for enzyme encapsulation. Recent studies on encapsulation of enzymes in the food industry using spray drying and the key achievements are summarized. The latest developments including the novel design of spray drying chambers, nozzle atomizers and advanced spray drying techniques are also analyzed and discussed in depth. In addition, the scale-up pathways connecting laboratory scale trials and industrial scale productions are illustrated, as most of the current studies have been limited to lab-scales. Enzyme encapsulation using spray drying is a versatile strategy to improve enzyme stability in an economical and industrial viable way. Various nozzle atomizers and drying chambers have recently been developed to increase process efficiency and product quality. A comprehensive understanding of the complex droplet-to-particle transformations during the drying process would be beneficial for both process optimization and scale-up design. Highlights: Encapsulation of enzyme using spray drying is a versatile approach for improving enzyme stability and shelf-life in food industry. This paper gives an overview of recent development and progress in enzyme encapsulation using spray drying. Emerging spray drying techniques and novel design of spray drying chambers and atomizers are summarized. Ex ante process simulations and technoeconomic analysis are also presented providing critical insights for commercial production of encapsulated enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary The size and morphology of particles impact the quality and functionality of food in derived particulate systems. This review presents an extensive bibliometric analysis targeting food science and technology. Through keyword compilation and bibliographic coupling analysis, the research topics identified are as follows: stability and functionality of food systems, ultrasound‐assisted processes, food oral processing and digestion, starch properties and modifications, and spray drying and microencapsulation. This comprehensive overview details the primary methods employed in particulate systems and highlights the influence of particles in the design of food systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-quality nanopowder raw materials are a prerequisite for obtaining high-performance nanomaterials. Although the traditional preparation methods of nanopowders (mechanical alloying, chemical coprecipitation, spray drying (SD), etc.) are mature to some extent and widely used, nevertheless, these methods also present many deficiencies. Among these traditional methods, although SD also exhibits some shortcomings, however, the unique advantages of spray technology still make it good prospect for various applications. In recent years, many modified SD methods have been reported. In addition, spray pyrolysis (SP) and spray solution combustion synthesis (SSCS) have also been proposed and gradually developed. After briefly introducing the concept and characteristics of nanopowders, this document reviews (including principles, characteristics, influencing factors, shortcomings, and innovations) three types of typical spray techniques (SD, SP, and SSCS) used for preparation of nanopowders. Moreover, future prospects for further development and application of spray technology for preparation of nanopowders are discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poor water solubility of drugs is a limiting factor for their bioavailability and pharmacological activity. Many approaches are known to improve drug solubility, and among them, the physical method, solid dispersions (SDs), is applied. SDs are physical mixtures of a drug and a carrier, sometimes with the addition of a surfactant, which can be obtained by milling, cryomilling, spray-drying, or lyophilization processes. In this study, solid dispersions with etodolac (ETD-SDs) were prepared by the milling method using different carriers, such as hypromellose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, copovidone, urea, and mannitol. Solubility studies, dissolution tests, morphological assessment, thermal analysis, and FTIR imaging were applied to evaluate the SD properties. It was shown that the ball-milling process can be applied to obtain SDs with ETD. All designed ETD-SDs were characterized by higher water solubility and a faster dissolution rate compared to unprocessed ETD. SDs with amorphous carriers (HPMC, PVP, and PVP/VA) provided greater ETD solubility than dispersions with crystalline features (urea and mannitol). FTIR spectra confirmed the compatibility of ETD with tested carriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CYSZ (CeO 2 -Y 2 O 3 -ZrO 2) coatings were prepared via PS-PVD (plasma spray physical vapor deposition) using untreated YSZ and CeO 2 blend powders instead of commercially CYSZ powders. 8YSZ was mixed with different proportions of CeO 2 (10, 20and 30 wt%). CYSZ agglomerated composite powders were then produced via spray drying and CYSZ coatings were deposited through PS-PVD spraying. Microstructures of composite powders and coatings were observed using SEM and EDS, and characterization of powders and coatings were evaluated via XRD, laser particle size measurement and XPS. Results showed agglomerated composite powders possessed high percentages of particles with optimum size and were suitable for subsequent PS-PVD process. The coatings prepared with reactive deposition had a typical columnar structure as current coating method. The coatings exhibited uniform distribution of all elements and consisted mainly of the t-ZrO 2 phase. Crystal structure and properties of coatings were identical to coating deposited via solid phase reactive powder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zirconia-toughened alumina (ZTA) ceramics have attracted much attention in the medical field as joint replacement materials due to their good mechanical properties and biocompatibility. However, the flexural strength of conventional ZTA is still slightly insufficient in traditional preparation techniques. In this study, by improving the slurry system, the effects of the solid content of the slurry, additives, and the pH of the slurry on the slurry system were investigated. ZTA powders with a uniform particle size distribution, high degree of sphericity and high flowability were prepared by spray granulation. The mechanical properties, microstructure and biocompatibility of the ZTA pressing were investigated after degreasing and sintering processes. The results showed that the hardness of the prepared ZTA ceramics was 1658.24 ± 28.04 H V, the fracture toughness was 4.016 ± 0.027 MPa m1/2, and the biaxial bending strength was 501.43 ± 21.44 MPa, and the three-point bending strength reached 635 MPa. The ZTA ceramics also possessed good biocompatibility and a low haemolysis rate, which aligns with the requirements of clinical biomedical implant materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effect of modifying the mineral composition through adjustment of pH prior to ultrafiltration on the functionality of acid whey protein concentrate (WPC; pH 4.6). Increasing pH to 6.5 prior to ultrafiltration produced a concentrate with a significantly higher calcium and phosphorous content, compared to ultrafiltration at pH 4.6. WPC produced at pH 6.5 also had significantly more calcium‐phosphate precipitation following pasteurisation and evaporation and had a higher viscosity at 30% solids (300 s−1, 50°C). In addition, both reconstituted powders (5%, w/w, protein) had strong gelation properties following heat treatment at 90°C; however, the WPC produced at pH 6.5 had a significantly firmer gel strength, but such gels appeared to be more sensitive to breakage at increased frequency and oscillation strain. Overall, the pH prior to UF had a significant impact on the processing of acid whey and final product functionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Practical Application In this research, a novel kind of walnut (Juglans regia L.) peptides‐zinc (Zn‐WPs) chelate was obtained using the mass ratio of the walnut peptides (WPs) to ZnSO4.7H2O of 3.5:1 at pH 8.5 and 50°C for 84 min, with the chelation rate of 84.5%. In comparison to walnut peptides (WPs), the contents of aspartic acid and glutamic acid in Zn‐WPs chelate are approximately 27%, indicating that hydrophilic amino acids predominantly bind with walnut peptides. Following chelation with zinc ions, the ultraviolet‐visible (UV) characteristic absorption peak shifted from 213 nm to 210 nm, while the average particle size of the chelate increased to 8.0 ± 0.14 µm, presenting a loose spherical structure under scanning electron microscopy. These findings suggest the formation of new substances. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed carboxyl, amino, and peptide bonds as the chelation sites of WPs and zinc. The IC50 of walnut peptides‐zinc (Zn‐WPs) chelate is 2.91 mg/mL, indicative of a favorable DPPH radical scavenging rate. Furthermore, Zn‐WPs chelate microcapsules were produced via the spray drying method, achieving an encapsulation rate of 75.67 ± 0.83% under optimal conditions. These microcapsules demonstrate robust stability across diverse environmental conditions. This study underscores the potential of Zn‐WPs and its chelate microcapsules to enhance stability and bioactivity under varying circumstances.In this study, a new walnut peptide‐zinc (Zn‐WPs) chelate was prepared. The presence of zinc ions changes the structure and properties of walnut peptides and improves its stability. The production of Zn‐WPs chelate microcapsules enables Zn‐WPs to have strong in vitro stability under different pH and simulated gastrointestinal digestion conditions. These results provide novel insights for developing the walnut peptides as bioactive ingredients in functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractAimsMethodsResultsConclusionThis study examines microencapsulation as a method to enhance the stability of natural compounds, which typically suffer from inherent instability under environmental conditions, aiming to extend their application in the pharmaceutical industry.We explore and compare various microencapsulation techniques, including spray drying, freeze drying, and coacervation, with a focus on spray drying due to its noted advantages.The analysis reveals that microencapsulation, especially via spray drying, significantly improves natural compounds’ stability, offering varied morphologies, sizes, and efficiencies in encapsulation. These advancements facilitate controlled release, taste modification, protection from degradation, and extended shelf life of pharmaceutical products.Microencapsulation, particularly through spray drying, presents a viable solution to the instability of natural compounds, broadening their application in pharmaceuticals by enhancing protection and shelf life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food preservation and fortification pose significant challenges in the fruit and dairy sectors, particularly in developing regions with limited infrastructure and rising production volumes. Cashew apples, rich in antioxidants such as vitamin C and polyphenolic compounds, often go to waste due to their high perishability. In Goa, India, these discarded fruits are used to produce “Feni,” an alcoholic beverage, but broader utilization strategies are still needed. This study introduces a novel approach to extend the shelf life of dairy products like milk powder and enhance their nutritional content by fortifying it with cashew apple juice (CAJ) through spray drying. In order to reduce moisture content during spray drying and to obtain a free‐flowing powder of the final product, maltodextrin was added. Maltodextrin alters the adhesive properties of the fruit juice droplets on surfaces and facilitates the formulation of free‐flowing powder. The key parameters including solubility, bulk density, and glass transition temperature, along with structural analyses such as X‐ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscope, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, were evaluated to compare the fortified CAJ milk powder with its commercial counterparts. Experiments determined optimal spray‐drying conditions, achieving a free‐flowing powder at inlet and outlet temperatures of 140 and 60°C, respectively, with a 7% maltodextrin concentration (18 DE). The resulting milk powder displayed a Tg value of 76.7 ± 2.3°C, falling within the acceptable range of 65 to 98°C, demonstrating the feasibility of this fortification method based on the spray‐drying process parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of a water-soluble microencapsulation method for probiotic strains using gum Arabic (GA) and skim milk (SKM) over a three-month storage period following processing. Methods: Four strains of Pediococcus acidilactici (BYF26, BYF20, BF9, and BF14) that were typical lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from the chicken gut were mixed with different ratios of GA and SKM as coating agents before spray drying at an inlet temperature 140°C. After processing, the survivability and probiotic qualities of the strains were assessed from two weeks to three months of storage at varied temperatures, and de-encapsulation was performed to confirm the soluble properties. Finally, the antibacterial activity of the probiotics was assessed under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Results: As shown by scanning electron microscopy, spray-drying produced a spherical, white-yellow powder. The encapsulation efficacy (percent) was greatest for a coating containing a combination of 30% gum Arabic: 30% skim milk (w/v) (GA:SKM30) compared to lower concentrations of the two ingredients (p<0.05). Coating with GA:SKM30 (w/v) significantly enhanced (p<0.05) BYF26 survival under simulated gastrointestinal conditions (pH 2.5 to 3) and maintained higher survival rates compared to non-encapsulated cells under an artificial intestinal juices condition of pH 6. De-encapsulation tests indicated that the encapsulated powder dissolved in water while keeping viable cell counts within the effective range of 106 for 6 hours. In addition, following three months storage at 4°C, microencapsulation of BYF26 in GA:SKM30 maintained both the number of viable cells (p<0.05) and the preparation's antibacterial efficacy against pathogenic bacteria, specifically strains of Salmonella. Conclusion: Our prototype water-soluble probiotic microencapsulation GA:SKM30 effectively maintains LAB characteristics and survival rates, demonstrating its potential for use in preserving probiotic strains that can be used in chickens and potentially in other livestock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enzymes are challenging to formulate due to their inherent instability, particularly in solution. This study aims to use the design of experiment (DOE) approach to develop spray-dried encapsulated trypsin nano-powder (TrySP) with maximum activity and stability using a Büchi B-90 nano spray dryer. A 53 full factorial design with 26 randomly ordered experiments was created to study the impact of process variables on the quality attributes of TrySP. The additive concentration (%), mesh cap size (μm), inlet temperature (Tinlet) (°C), trypsin concentration (%), and additive type (Mannitol or trehalose) were selected as the independent variables. The dependent parameters were yield value, particle size, residual enzyme activity, and moisture content. Further, comparative physicochemical and kinetic characterization of TrySP was performed. TrySP had diverse qualities (yield value 60.2–96.8%, residual activity >90–50%, particle size 314–1030 nm, and moisture content 0.7–2.2%). Optimized TrySP exhibited 89% yield value and 95% residual activity in the presence of 8% (w/w) mannitol. Kcat of TypSP increased from 22.5/s to 25.6/s with improved operational and storage stabilities. The half-life (t1/2) of TrySP showed 6 folds increase. Furthermore, TrySP activation energy increased from 45,918 J/mol to 94,491 J/mol. The sustainable model presented in this study enables the development of a thermostable, encapsulated trypsin nano-powder with physical and chemical properties that are optimized for various biotechnological industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upon spray drying of dairy powders, the distribution of components within the droplets can become nonuniform. In this study, the influence of the composition on the drying behaviour, morphological development and surface composition were studied using single droplet drying. The addition of fat was found to result in an earlier locking point (1.1 instead of 1.8 s). The fat content did not influence the morphological development, but the protein and lactose ratios did influence whether the dried particle was smooth or wrinkled. Confocal Raman microscopy revealed that the initial fat, lactose and protein contents influenced the dry surface composition. For example, fat was found on the surface of emulsions that were either rich in fat or in whey protein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common factors influencing the survival of microbes to spray drying include microbial intrinsic resistance, properties of the carrier, inlet and outlet temperatures, and rate of feeding. In this work, cheese whey was used as both a growth medium and a carrier for spray drying of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis INL1. The growth of the strain was favoured by acid conditions, reaching higher counts when pH was not controlled during fermentation and when pH was controlled at a constant value of 5.5, compared with 6.5. Powders containing ca. 9 log order (cfu/g) of B. lactis INL1 were obtained by direct spray drying of the culture coming out of the fermenter. No differences in survival to spray drying were observed in terms of fermentation conditions. However, fermentation conditions are considered to have influenced the strain's survival along the storage. Spray drying in acid conditions was detrimental to the survival along storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) is one of the high-energy oxidants, but has limited application due to its high sensitivity. In this work, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) was used as a co-oxidizer, which is expected to increase the safety of CL-20. One kind of novel graphene-based carbohydrazide complex (GCCo and GCNi) was employed to modify the properties of dual-oxidant CL-20@PVDF composites by the spray drying method and compared with traditional nanocarbon materials (CNTs and GO). The properties of these composites were investigated using the TGA/DSC technique and impact test. The results show that GCCo and GCNi could increase the activation energy (Ea) of CL-20@PVDF composites, and change the physical model of CL-20@PVDF, which followed the random chain scission model and then the first-order reaction model. In addition, these nanocarbon materials could reduce the impact sensitivity of CL-20@PVDF by their unique structure. Besides that, a dual-oxidant CL-20@PVDF system was used to improve the combustion property of Boron. GCCo and GCNi with the synergetic effect could increase the flame temperature and control the burn rate of CL-20@PVDF@B compared with CNTs and GO. The energetic nanocarbon catalyst-modified oxidant provides a facile method for stabilizing high-energy but sensitive materials to broaden their application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles composed of Levan and Dolutegravir (DTG) have been successfully synthesized using a spray drying procedure specifically designed for milk/food admixture applications. Levan, obtained from the microorganism Bacillus subtilis, was thoroughly characterized using MALDI-TOF and solid-state NMR technique to confirm its properties. In the present study, this isolated Levan was utilized as a carrier for drug delivery applications. The optimized spray-dried nanoparticles exhibited a smooth surface morphology with particle sizes ranging from 195 to 329 nm. In the in-vitro drug release experiments conducted in water media, the spray-dried nanoparticles showed 100 % release, whereas the unprocessed drug exhibited only 50 % release at the end of 24 h. Notably, the drug release in milk was comparable to that in plain media, indicating the compatibility. The improved dissolution rate observed for the nanoparticles could be attributed to the solid-state conversion (confirmed by XRD analysis) of DTG from its crystalline to amorphous state. The stability of the drug was verified using Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy and Thermogravimetry-Differential Scanning Calorimetry analysis. To evaluate the in-vitro cellular toxicity, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was conducted, which revealed the CC 50 value of 88.88 ± 5.10 µg/mL for unprocessed DTG and 101.08 ± 37.37 µg/mL for DTG nanoparticles. These results indicated that the toxicity of the nanoparticles was comparable to the unprocessed drug. Furthermore, the anti-HIV activity of the nanoparticles in human cell lines was found to be similar to that of the pure drug, emphasizing the therapeutic efficacy of DTG in combating HIV. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Cyclodextrins, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl acetate and polyethylene glycol increase probucol solubility. • Probucol based microparticles can be dispersed in aqueous solutions, allowing for slow probucol release from the particulate matrix. • Ursodeoxycholic acid stabilises probucol microparticles and delays probucol release. • Probucol based microparticles show no cytotoxicity in permissive HEI-OC1 cells. • Ursodeoxycholic acid in combination with probucol enhances probucol's protective effects in vitro against cisplatin. Targeted drug delivery is an ongoing aspect of scientific research that is expanding through the design of micro- and nanoparticles. In this paper, we focus on spray dried microparticles as carriers for a repurposed lipophilic antioxidant (probucol). We characterise the microparticles and quantify probucol prior to assessing cytotoxicity on both control and cisplatin treated hair cells (known as House Ear Institute-Organ of Corti 1; HEI-OC1). The addition of water-soluble polymers to 2% β -cyclodextrin resulted in a stable probucol formulation. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) used as formulation excipient increases probucol miscibility and microparticle drug content. Formulation characterisations reveals spray drying results in spherical UDCA-drug microparticles with a mean size distribution of ∼5–12 μm. Probucol microparticles show stable short-term storage conditions accounting for only ∼10% loss over seven days. By mimicking cell culture conditions, both UDCA-probucol (67%) and probucol only (82%) microparticles show drug release in the initial two hours. Furthermore, probucol formulations with or without UDCA preserve cell viability and reduce cisplatin-induced oxidative stress. Mitochondrial bioenergetics results in lower basal respiration and non-mitochondrial respiration, with higher maximal respiration, spare capacity, ATP production and proton leak within cisplatin challenged UDCA-probucol groups. Overall, we present a facile method for incorporating lipophilic antioxidant carriers in polymer-based particles that are tolerated by HEI-OC1 cells and show stable drug release, sufficient in reducing cisplatin-induced reactive oxygen species accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amphotericin B (AmB) is the gold standard for antifungal therapy; however, its poor solubility limits its administration via intravenous infusion. A promising formulation strategy to achieve an oral formulation is the development of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) via spray-drying. Inclusion of surfactants into ASDs is a newer concept, yet it offers increased dissolution opportunities when combined with a polymer (HPMCAS 912). We developed both binary ASDs (AmB:HPMCAS 912 or AmB:surfactant) and ternary ASDs (AmB:HPMCAS 912:surfactant) using a variety of surfactants to determine the optimal surfactant carbon chain length and functional group for achieving maximal AmB concentration during in vitro dissolution. The ternary ASDs containing surfactants with a carbon chain length of 14 ± 2 carbons and a sulfate functional group increased the dissolution of AmB by 90-fold compared to crystalline AmB. These same surfactants, when added to a binary ASD, however, were only able to achieve up to a 40-fold increase, alluding to a potential interaction occurring between excipients or excipient and drug. This potential interaction was supported by dynamic light scattering data, in which the ternary formulation produced a single peak at 895.2 dnm. The absence of more than one peak insinuates that all three components are interacting in some way to form a single structure, which may be preventing AmB self-aggregation, thus improving the dissolution concentration of AmB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the technical feasibility of incorporating selenized Lactobacillus spp. microencapsulated via spray drying into cattle feed. Gum Arabic and maltodextrin were used as encapsulating agents. The encapsulation process was carried out with a drying air flow rate of 1.75 m3/min, inlet air temperature of 90°C, and outlet air temperature of 75°C. The viability of the encapsulated microorganisms and the technological characteristics of the obtained microparticles were evaluated. Microorganisms were incorporated into beef cattle feed to supplement their diet with up to 0.3 mg of Se per kilogram of feed. The encapsulated particles, consisting of a 50/50 ratio of gum Arabic/maltodextrin at a 1:20 proportion of selenized biomass to encapsulant mixture, exhibited superior technical viability for application in beef cattle feed. Supplemented feeds displayed suitable moisture, water activity, and hygroscopicity values, ensuring the preservation of viable microorganisms for up to 5 months of storage, with an approximate count of 4.5 log CFU/g. Therefore, supplementing beef cattle feed with selenized and microencapsulated lactic acid bacteria represents a viable technological alternative, contributing to increased animal protein productivity through proper nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated the effect of different polymers and manufacturing methods (hot melt extrusion, HME, and spray drying, SD) on the solid state, stability and pharmaceutical performance of amorphous solid dispersions. In the present manuscript, a combination of different binary amorphous solid dispersions containing 20% and 30% of drug loadings were prepared using SD and HME. The developed solid-state properties of the dispersions were evaluated using small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and modulated differential scanning calorimetry (mDSC). The molecular interaction between the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and polymers were investigated via infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy. The in vitro release profile of the solid dispersions was also evaluated to compare the rate and extend of drug dissolution as a function of method of preparation. Thereafter, the effect of accelerated stability conditions on the physicochemical properties of the solid dispersions were also evaluated. The results demonstrated higher stability of Soluplus® (SOL) polymer-based solid dispersions as compared to hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC)-based solid dispersions. Moreover, the stability of the solid dispersions was found to be higher in the case of API having high glass transition temperature (Tg) and demonstrated higher interaction with the polymeric groups. Interestingly, the stability of the melt-extruded dispersions was found to be slightly higher as compared to the SD formulations. However, the down-processing of melt-extruded strands plays critical role in inducing the API crystal nuclei formation. In summary, the findings strongly indicate that the particulate properties significantly influence the performance of the product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inhaled delivery of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) probiotics has been demonstrated to exert therapeutic benefits to the lungs due to LAB's immunomodulatory activities. The development of inhaled probiotics formulation, however, is in its nascent stage limited to nebulized LAB. We developed a dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulation of lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) intended for bronchiectasis maintenance therapy by spray freeze drying (SFD). The optimal DPI formulation (i.e., LGG: mannitol: lactose: leucine = 35: 45: 15: 5 wt.%) was determined based on the aerosolization efficiency (86% emitted dose and 26% respirable fraction) and LGG cell viability post-SFD (7 log CFU/mL per mg powder). The optimal DPI formulation was evaluated and compared to lyophilized naked LGG by its (1) adhesion capacity and cytotoxicity to human lung epithelium cells (i.e., A549 and 16HBE14o- cells) as well as its (2) effectiveness in inhibiting the growth and adhesion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to lung cells. The optimal DPI of LGG exhibited similar non-cytotoxicity and adhesion capacity to lung cells to naked LGG. The DPI of LGG also inhibited the growth and adhesion of P. aeruginosa to the lung cells as effectively as the naked LGG. The present work established the feasibility of delivering the LAB probiotic by the DPI platform without adversely affecting LGG's anti-pseudomonal activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated the impact of Lonicera caerulea L. juice matrix modification and drying techniques on powder characteristics. The evaluation encompassed phenolics (514.7–4388.7 mg/100 g dry matter), iridoids (up to 337.5 mg/100 g dry matter), antioxidant and antiglycation capacity, as well as anti-ageing properties of powders produced using maltodextrin, inulin, trehalose, and palatinose with a pioneering role as a carrier. Spray drying proved to be competitive with freeze drying for powder quality. Carrier application influenced the fruit powder properties. Trehalose protected the phenolics in the juice extract products, whereas maltodextrin showed protective effect in the juice powders. The concentrations of iridoids were influenced by the matrix type and drying technique. Antiglycation capacity was more affected by the carrier type in juice powders than in extract products. However, with carrier addition, the latter showed approximately 12-fold higher selectivity for acetylcholinesterase than other samples. Understanding the interplay between matrix composition, drying techniques, and powder properties provides insights for the development of plant-based products with tailored attributes, including potential health-linked properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The final particle moisture content of ceramic slurry spray drying affects the processing, product quality, and process energy consumption. While the real-time moisture content determination is very difficult for spray drying process due to nonlinear, severe lag, interference factors, and complexity of the systems, the high temperature, high humidity drying environment and short drying process. In current work, an improved moth optimization (IMFO) algorithm combined with backpropagation neural network (BPNN) was proposed to predict the moisture content of ceramic slurry particles during spray drying. The performance of the model is trained and tested. Results demonstrate that IMFO has better convergence ability and speed compared to other algorithms such as particle swarm optimization (PSO) and gravitational search algorithm (GSA). The IMFO-BPNN model achieves a MAE of 0.0293, RMSE of 0.0383, and R2 value of 0.9113, outperforming the prediction performance of BPNN and MFO-BPNN models. The absolute error rate of the IMFO-BPNN model (0–5%) is lower compared to BPNN (5–10%) and MFO-BPNN model (>10%), showcasing superior accuracy in predicting moisture content. This mathematical model established in the study provides an efficient, accurate, and nondestructive method for predicting the drying endpoint of ceramic slurry spray drying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incorporating natural antimicrobial agents into food systems is a promising alternative to synthetic additives. This study developed corn-based functional extrudates enriched with essential oils from oregano, rosemary, chamomile, and hypericum (EOB) via twin screw extrusion processing. EOB was introduced in both encapsulated and non-encapsulated forms using electrohydrodynamic processing, spray drying, and freeze drying within a whey protein isolate and pullulan matrix. Extrudates containing spray-dried EOB (SP-EOB) achieved the highest extrusion efficiency (72.94% ± 1.16%). Morphological analysis revealed homogeneous structures for XE and XS extrudates, while XF extrudates were more porous. The gastrointestinal release kinetics of EOB from the extrudates were best described by the Korsmeyer-Peppas model, indicating an anomalous diffusion mechanism with "n" values ranging from 0.480 to 0.650. These findings highlight the potential for naturally bioactive and sustainable food products via advanced processing methods, reducing dependence on synthetic additives. HIGHLIGHTS: Development of novel functional extrudates with incorporated bioactive compounds. Incorporated essential oils in encapsulated and non-encapsulated forms. Extrudates with spray-dried EOs achieved the highest extrusion efficiency (72.94%). Controlled release of essential oils was described by the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. Encapsulation improved EO stability and bioavailability in the extrudates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to identify the influence of rice protein hydrolysates (RPH) (degree of hydrolysis DH of 2, 6, and 10%) and rice protein isolate (RPI) on the formation and stabilization of the volatile oil droplets and to verify how protein hydrolysate affects the distribution of components on the surface and physicochemical properties of the spray-dried microparticles. In general, RPHs could reduce the interfacial tension (3.78–4.04 mN/m) compared to non-hydrolyzed protein (4.74 mN/m). However, no significant difference was observed between RPH samples. A positive correlation was observed between the interfacial tension and the oil droplet size, in which RPH emulsions showed 8.29–8.66 µm while RPI was 9.06 µm. DH influenced the surface composition of the spray-dried RPH emulsions. RPH10 powder showed a greater presence of protein (3.3%) on the particle surface and consequently exhibited high oil retention (50.0%). In contrast, this sample presented high hygroscopicity attributed to the protein surface. This study provides insights into differences between RPH powders, which can potentially impact the powder functionality and protection of the active compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many functional properties of spray-dried microparticles are affected by the presence and composition of the materials used in the matrix and on the surface. The characteristics of these materials are an essential factor because any damage or alteration on the microparticle surface can affect the protection and retention of the bioactive-loaded delivery system and influence its interaction with the environment. There is a real gap between scientific concerns from the field and accessible reviews on the subject. This review presents a detailed description of the surface modification of spray-dried powders for improving the powder quality, efficiency of the microencapsulation, and microencapsulation process design in food industries. Additionally, the theoretical foundation, mechanisms, and methods used to understand the surface modification of spray-dried food powders are highlighted. Therefore, for a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the particle surface formation, the application of advanced microscopy techniques and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) used together have offered very precise and detailed results under different conditions at the molecular level. These findings will contribute to further research improvement about the surface composition of spray-dried microparticles and how they influence on their functional properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To prepare sweet tea extract microcapsules (STEMs) via a spray-drying by applying different wall material formulations with maltodextrin (MD), inulin (IN), and gum arabic (GA). Methods: The microcapsules were characterised by yield, encapsulation efficiency (EE), particle size, sensory evaluation, morphology, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy and in vitro digestion studies. Results: The encapsulation improved the physicochemical properties and bioactivity stability of sweet tea extract (STE). MD5IN5 had the highest yield (56.33 ± 0.06% w/w) and the best EE (e.g. 88.84 ± 0.36% w/w of total flavonoids). MD9GA1 obtained the smallest particle size (642.13 ± 4.12 nm). MD9GA1 exhibited the highest retention of bioactive components, inhibition of α-glucosidase (96.85 ± 0.55%), α-amylase (57.58 ± 0.99%), angiotensin-converting enzyme (56.88 ± 2.20%), and the best antioxidant activity during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Conclusion: The encapsulation of STE can be an appropriate way for the valorisation of STE with improved properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractImproving exergy efficiency is crucial to the drying process, especially in reducing costs and carbon dioxide emissions. A closed-loop drying system with a condenser-reheater system was built and analyzed using a numerical simulation to explore the optimal drying conditions, such as inlet air temperature and the air flow rate. Heat-loss coefficients in the simulation were fitted to experimental measurements. The study found that increasing the inlet temperature led to an increase in energy inflow and exergy loss in the system. With an increase in air flow rate from 0.005 to 0.01 kg/s, the exergy loss of the chamber decreased (0.07–0.04 kW), and the exergy efficiency increased (69–92%). The exergy loss was mainly concentrated in the drying chamber, that is, the drying process, and the newly connected condenser and reheater had good exergy efficiencies, exceeding 60%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a mathematical model and numerical simulation for the evaporation and drying of a liquid droplet containing suspended solids, relevant to processes such as spray drying and spray pyrolysis in the food and pharmaceutical industries. The model comprises three stages: first is the evaporation of the liquid droplet consisting of solid particles, followed by the second stage starting with the formation of a porous crust around a wet-core region and, finally, the third stage with sensible heating of the dry particle. Using a finite difference method with a moving grid, we account for the moving interface between the crust and wet core. Our model incorporates spatial temperature variations and is validated against experimental data on colloidal silica droplet drying, showing good agreement. We examine model assumptions and analyze the impact of drying conditions on drying rate and final particle morphology. Along with the temperature and velocity of the drying gas, we also find that the shape of suspended solid particles inside the droplet and assuming continuum flow of vapor through the crust influence drying quality. Finally, we develop a regime map to predict whether the final particle will be solid or hollow based on operating conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is one of country where black rice is abundantly cultivated. Black rice anthocyanin compounds have been confirmed to have various health benefits, and their use as a functional food is increasing after anthocyanin compounds are produced into microcapsules. This study aimed to determine the best coating material in black rice anthocyanin microcapsule production using spray drying with a mono-factor design. The coating materials used consisted of maltodextrin (MD), Arabic gum (AG) and skim milk powder (SMP). The results showed that microcapsules based on MDA and AG were not perfectly spherical, the outside was wrinkled with a smooth surface, while the microcapsules based on SMP were perfectly spherical with a slightly rough surface. All microcapsules had functional components such as anthocyanins (49.46 - 98.02 mg/100 g), total phenolic (63.51 - 95.83 mg GAE/100 g) and antioxidant activity (25.36 - 43.88 % RSA), which were quite good. The low water content (3.17 - 3.27 %) and aw (0.28 - 0.31) caused the microcapsules to be slightly hygroscopic (18.75 - 21.01 %), with high solubility (87.86 - 96.42 %). The average size of microcapsules was 22.009 - 48.710 mm, where the best flow properties were obtained from SMP-based microcapsules. Microcapsules have a low pH (2.52 - 2.87), with the characteristic color of black rice still preserved (red-violet) due to good stability during drying. In conclusion, SMP is highly recommended as a coating material for black rice anthocyanin microcapsules using the spray drying method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the poor aqueous solubility of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), encapsulating it in egg yolk results in a reduction in the hydration properties of egg yolk powder (EYP), subsequently affecting its functional properties. In this study, the effects of vacuum low-temperature spray drying (VLTSD), high-temperature spray drying (HTSD), and freeze-drying (FD) on the hydration properties of DHA-enriched EYP were investigated. Firstly, we optimized the inlet temperature and feed rate for VLTSD (60 °C, 300 mL/h) and HTSD (170 °C, 800 mL/h), while FD was conducted under − 70 °C conditions. The most striking finding of this study was the DHA-enriched EYP prepared by VLTSD exhibited desirable solubility (54.86 g/100 g), water dispersibility (48.63%), and coefficient of stability (24.88%) during rehydration, which was well predicted by low-field NMR. Compared to HTSD and FD, the solubility increased by 16.18% and 45.17%, respectively. Furthermore, at the microscopic level, SEM images and FTIR spectra revealed that VLTSD enhanced the hydration properties by protecting the structural integrity and increasing the hydrogen bonding of the DHA-enriched EYP. The encapsulation efficiency of DHA-enriched EYP prepared by VLTSD, HTSD, and FD were 97.15%, 96.51%, and 81.31%, respectively. According to the quality analysis, VLTSD had the best protection for DHA-enriched EYP in terms of chromaticity, bulk density, storage stability, and sensory evaluation. Therefore, this study confirmed the applicability of VLTSD technology for microencapsulation of bioactive substances such as DHA to enhance the hydration properties of powders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon dioxide (CO 2) and methane (CH 4) are highly hazardous air pollutants that pose significant threats to the environment and human health and contribute indirectly to global warming. The dry reforming of methane (DRM) reaction has been investigated in numerous applications, including hydrogen production and catalytic converters. Catalytic DRM is one of the most effective approaches for utilizing CO 2 and CH 4 in syngas, which has garnered a lot of scholarly attention as a model reaction throughout the past couple of decades. Previous studies have extensively investigated the development of catalysts for DRM, with a particular emphasis on noble metal catalysts, catalyst configuration, and the influence of process parameters. However, despite the current understanding, there still needs to be a research gap in comprehending the synergistic interactions between catalytic activity and physicochemical features. Addressing this gap is of utmost importance. Therefore, a state-of-the-art review that clarifies new advancements for specific recently developed catalytic DRM systems with a complete evaluation and the synergistic link to physicochemical properties and their correlation with catalyst deactivation is critically urgent. Furthermore, in this study, we emphasized Ni-based catalysts as a promising option for DRM, given their potential, wide availability, and cost-effectiveness, owing to their high activity. Also, we discussed the limitations associated with this particular active metal. Additionally, this review integrates informetric analysis, employing robust search resources such as Web of Science. This analysis provides valuable insights into the DRM reaction, facilitating a deeper understanding of research trends and developments. This review can serve as a critical reference for scientists and experts engaged in mitigating CO 2 and CH 4 using DRM reactions and supports the academic and industrial sectors in their research and development efforts by contributing to developing well-designed catalysts suitable for future applications. [Display omitted] • A comprehensive review of the role of catalytic properties for Dry Reforming of Methane (DRM). • Rational and suitable design of catalysts for DRM were addressed. • Metal-support interaction, particle size, basicity, oxygen vacancies, reducibility, and porosity were elucidated. • Current challenges and future perspectives for DRM developments have been proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edible flowers are a potential source of bioactive ingredients and are also an area of scientific research. Particularly noteworthy are Cyani flos, which have a wide range of uses in herbal medicine. The below study aimed to investigate the influence of selected soluble fiber fractions on the selected properties of physical and biochemical powders obtained during spray drying a water extract of Cyani flos. The drying efficiency for the obtained powders was over 60%. The obtained powders were characterized by low moisture content (≤4.99%) and water activity (≤0.22). The increase in the addition of pectin by the amount of 2–8% in the wall material resulted in a decrease in hygroscopicity, water solubility, and protection of flavonoids and anthocyanins both before and after digestion in the tested powders in comparison to the sample with only inulin as a carrier. Additionally, it was noted that all samples were characterized by high bioaccessibility when determining antioxidant properties and xanthine oxidase inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a calcium phosphate ceramic, widely used as a matrix for protein chromatography. The crystal structure of HAp is amenable to a wide range of substitutions, thus allowing for the alteration of its properties. In this study, nickel‐ion substituted HAp (NiSHAp) was synthesized using a wet‐precipitation method, followed by spray drying. This resulted in the structural incorporation of nickel ions within well‐defined microspheres, which were suitable for chromatographic applications. The chromatographic experiments were conducted with NiSHAp and compared with spray‐dried hydroxyapatite (SHAp) matrices. Protein purification experiments were conducted using refolded recombinant L‐asparaginase (L‐Asp), which was produced as inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli. The results showed that NiSHAp effectively adsorbed L‐Asp, which was selectively eluted using a phosphate buffer, surpassing the efficiency of imidazole‐based elution. In contrast, SHAp showed weaker binding and lower selectivity. The significance of this study lies in developing a scalable NiSHAp matrix for protein purification, especially for large‐scale applications. The NiSHAp matrix offers a cost‐effective alternative to commercial immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) adsorbents, especially for purifying His‐tagged proteins. This innovative approach exhibits the advantages of mixed‐mode chromatography by combining the properties of hydroxyapatite and IMAC in a single matrix, with the potential of improved industrial‐scale protein purification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dual phase high entropy ceramics (DPHECs) exhibit excellent high temperature mechanical properties and oxidation resistance. Nevertheless, they cannot be applied in the structural components on large scale due to their intrinsic brittleness. Hence, DPHEC coating is a necessary development direction for industrial applications. In this study, we first fabricated micron-order DPHEC powder with high quality by precursor synthesis, spray drying (SD), and induction plasma spheroidization (IPS). The DPHEC coating was prepared by supersonic atmospheric plasma spraying (SAPS). The microstructure, phase compositions, and mechanical properties of the DPHEC powder and coating are investigated in detail. Results show that the SD&IPS powder and SAPS coating are all composed of HEB and HEC phases, showing slight composition segregation and typical global eutectic microstructure. The nanohardness and Young's modulus are 22.17 ± 2.76 GPa and 309.79 ± 35.71 GPa, respectively. The fracture toughness was calculated to be 2.23 ± 0.17 MPa m1/2 from the energy analysis method. The mechanical properties are enhanced by the solid solution and fine grain strengthening effects and are weakened by the intrinsic defects of plasma sprayed coating. This work provides a new method and a potential material for thermal spraying ultra-high temperature ceramic coatings. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to formulate solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) for nimodipine (NIM). The selection of Cremophor RH 40, Lipoxol 300, and PEG 400 as oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant was based on solubility and self-emulsification assessments. A ternary phase diagram determined the optimal oil to Smix (surfactant/co-surfactant) ratio (40:60). By utilizing liquid SNEDDS (NIM-SNEDDS) as an adsorbate and chitosan EDTA microparticles, developed through spray drying (SD-CHEM) and solvent evaporation (SE-CHEM) as adsorbents, the solid SNEDDS were created (NIM-SD-SSNEDDS and NIM-SE-SSNEDDS, respectively). Results: Both solid formulations exhibited favourable drug loading (NIM-SD-SSNEDDS = 79.67 ± 2.97%, NIM-SE-SSNEDDS = 77.76 ± 4.29%), excellent flowability, and drug amorphization as per XRD and DSC analysis. Scanning electron microscopy revealed smoothening and filling of adsorbent surfaces by adsorbate (with size range NIM-SD-SSNEDDS = 10–15 μm, NIM-SE-SSNEDDS = 20–25 μm). FTIR confirmed no interaction of drug and excipients. Stability studies demonstrated the physical and thermodynamic stability of reconstituted nanoemulsions with droplet size, PDI, zeta potential, emulsification time, % transmittance and cloud temperature for NIM-SD-SSNEDDS as 247.1 nm, PDI 0.620, 1.353 mV, 38–41 s, 94.64%, 54 °C and for NIM-SE-SSNEDDS as 399.6 nm, PDI 0.821, 1.351 mV, 40–48 s, 92.96%, 49 °C, respectively. FE-SEM images showed globules formed with small sizes, and there was no coalescence evidence, implying the reconstituted nanoemulsions' stability. In vitro dissolution studies revealed a fourfold increase in drug dissolution for NIM-SD-SSNEDDS (84.43%) and NIM-SE-SSNEDDS (76.68%) compared to pure drug (28%). Ex vivo permeation studies indicated almost similar profiles for NIM-SD-SSNEDDS (22.61%) and NIM-SE-SSNEDDS (21.93%) compared to NIM-SNEDDS (25.02%). Conclusion: NIM-SD-SSNEDDS exhibited superior performance compared to NIM-SE-SSNEDDS, highlighting the efficacy of microparticles developed by the spray drying method (SD-CHEM) as adsorbents for solidification. These results suggest enhanced dissolution and permeation for nimodipine in both the solid SNEDDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resistant starch (RS) has being attracted attention due to its health benefits. In this study, combination of spray drying and post‐treatments is adopted to prepare post‐treated spray‐dried corn starch (PSDCS) with high content of RS. Effect of post‐treatment conditions on structural and digestive properties of the PSDCS is investigated. Relative humidity can alter the ordered structures of the PSDCSs due to changes in equilibrium moisture content. When fixing relative humidity at 33%, improvements in short‐range structure and long‐range crystalline structure of the PSDCS obtained at alternant temperature of 4/30 °C (12 h/12 h) are better than those of the PSDCSs obtained at other temperatures. The highest content of RS (29.97%) is found in the PSDCS obtained at 4/30 °C, which is approximately 3.3 times of native corn starch and 5.6 times of spray‐dried corn starch. These findings demonstrate feasibility of preparation of starch products with lower digestibility using spray drying combined with post‐treatments and lay the groundwork for the production and application of products with high content of RS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium sulfide (Li2S) is a promising alternative cathodic material for lithium–sulfur batteries, which can alleviate the volume expansion of sulfur‑based cathodes. As a fully lithiated cathode, Li2S can be paired with Li-free anodes, thereby increasing the selectivity of anodic materials. Nevertheless, Li2S cathode is hindered by its high cost, harsh preparation conditions, and inadequate conductivity, which impose limitations on its practical application. Hence, the crucial factor in enabling the practicality of Li2S cathode is the development of low-cost and facile synthetic methods to produce highly conductive Li2S material. Herein, a high‑conductivity Li2S@C/CNT composite cathode is prepared using low-cost Li2SO4 as a lithium source through a facile spray drying technique combined with carbothermal reduction method. Benefiting from the high-speed three-dimensional pathway for electron transport provided by the in-situ formed botryoidal highly conductive network, the Li2S@C/CNT cathode exhibits ultrahigh initial discharge capacity (1028.5 mA h g− 1@1 C), superior cycle stability (520.6 mA h g− 1 after 200 cycles), and remarkable rate capability (301.8 mA h g− 1@5 C). This work not only presents a simple and feasible approach for the low-cost preparation of high‑performance Li2S cathode, but also proposes an innovative idea for advancing the development of high energy density lithium–sulfur batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, NaSn0.02Ti1.98(PO4)3/C composite material was prepared by spray drying method combined with high-temperature calcination, which can improve the electrochemical performance of NaTi2(PO4)3. The doping of Sn4+ increases the lattice spacing of NaTi2(PO4)3, thereby accelerating the diffusion coefficient of Na+. The carbon doped on NaTi2(PO4)3 reduces the charge transfer impedance and enhances the ion diffusion coefficient. As a result, NaSn0.02Ti1.98(PO4)3/C exhibits improved electrochemical performance. The specific capacity for the initial discharge of NaSn0.02Ti1.98(PO4)3/C at 1C, 5C, 10C and 20C rates are 108 mAh/g, 86 mAh/g, 76.3 mAh/g, and 71.4 mAh/g, respectively. After 1400 cycles at 10C, the capacity of the material decreases to 64.3 mAh/g, with a capacity retention rate of 84.2%. Therefore, NaSn0.02Ti1.98(PO4)3/C exhibits fast charge/discharge performance as well as cycling stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mining and metallurgical industry represents one of the leading causes of environmental pollution. In this context, the optimization of mineral waste management and the efficient extraction of metals of interest becomes an imperative priority for a sustainable future. Microorganisms such as Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans have represented a sustainable and economical alternative in recent years due to their capacity for environmental remediation in bioleaching processes because of their sulfur-oxidizing capacity and sulfuric acid generation. However, its use has been limited due to the reluctance of mine operators because of the constant reproduction of the bacterial culture in suitable media and the care that this entails. In this work, the central objective was to evaluate the functional characteristics of A. thiooxidans, microencapsulated and stored at room temperature for three years in vacuum bags, using a spray drying process with gum arabic as a wall vector. Growth kinetics showed a survival of 80 ± 0.52% after this long period of storage. Also, a qualitative fluorescence technique with a 5-cyano-2-3 ditolyl tetrazolium (CTC) marker was used to determine the respiratory activity of the microorganisms as soon as it was resuspended. On the other hand, the consumption of resuspended sulfur was evaluated to corroborate the correct metabolic functioning of the bacteria, with results of up to 50% sulfur reduction in 16 days and sulfate generation of 513.85 ± 0.4387 ppm and 524.15 ± 0.567 ppm for microencapsulated and non-microencapsulated cultures, respectively. These results demonstrate the success after three years of the microencapsulation process and give guidelines for its possible application in the mining-metallurgical industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, yeasts isolated from citrus groves, trees and leaves were identified, phylogenetic analyzes were performed and their antifungal effects were determined. Wickerhamomyces anamolus (M72), Meyerozyma guilliermondii (M77), and Pichia kudriavzevii (M74) species were identified and were found to have antifungal effects against P. digitatum and P. italicum. Pichia kudriavzevii (M74), which has the highest antifungal effect, showed 67% and 62% inhibition rates against P. digitatum and P. italicum, respectively. An encapsulation study was carried out using a microencapsulation process to ensure that the M74 strain, which has the most antifungal effect, is long-lived enough to be a biopesticide. The optimum spray drying process parameters as well as the optimum concentration values of wall materials were investigated in the spray drying process for the microencapsulation of Pichia kudriavzevii (M74) through the Taguchi methodology. The formulation containing 0.1% sodium alginate (SA) and 10% corn starch (CS) showed a good performance in the inhibition of P. digitatum, a mold that causes losses in orange, thanks to its high percentage of viability (73%). The inhibition percentages may indicate that this formulation may be a candidate to be considered as a potential alternative application to synthetic fungicides on orange fruits for the effective control of P. digitatum mold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]