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The article explores the ways open-shop movement participants invoked the memory of the late U.S. President Abraham Lincoln, slavery, Civil War and Reconstruction eras and how these shaped the consciousness, responses and narrative constructions of Progressive Era labor union opponents. It examines the rise of free labor ideology, soldiering, labor unrest, acts of state and business-generated repression and employer rhetoric, as well as the activities of Newcomb Frierson Thompson.

The Saamaka, one of Suriname's six Afro-descendant maroon groups, have lived in the rainforest since they escaped slavery in the colonial era, adapting Indigenous foods and materials to survive in a new environment. In 1762 the Dutch signed a treaty that recognized Saamaka freedom and autonomy one hundred years before the abolition of slavery. However, the Saamaka have struggled against persistent attempts at ecocide by the Dutch colonial government and then, since independence, by the Surinamese state. This article highlights the plight of tribal and Indigenous groups in Suriname, especially the Saamaka, who have protested against logging and mining by demanding rights to their lands. The article relies both on qualitative interviews with maroon and Indigenous groups as well as Surinamese literature, especially Anton de Kom and Cynthia McLeod, to understand the Saamaka's own ecological awareness vis-à-vis their representation as forest peoples. The article critiques alphabetic literacy as limiting of Indigenous and maroons' use of orality, which emphasizes collectivism. The interviews show the innovative techniques through which Indigenous and Black ecologies define the relationship of humans to their environment in the Guiana Shield. Indigenous and maroon cartographic and spatial practices are confirmed through interviews and storytelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article exposes how white Northerners engaged in mob violence against white Southerners in Bleeding Kansas during the 1850s and 1860s and its effect on the state's political history during the Civil War. Topics discussed include expansion of slavery, labeling of white Southerners as secessionsists, anti-Black violence and white supremacy campaign, the Lawrence Massacre, lynching and anti-secesh hatred, and struggle of proslavery forces, abolitionists and free staters for dominance.

The article discusses African American slave rebellion during the Second Seminole War. Topics explored include the first emancipation proclamation issued by U.S. Army officer Thomas Sidney Jesup in 1838, the way this rebellion served as a precedent for slave resistance during the American Civil War, and the distinction between American slavery in early 19th century and the enslavement of Africans in Florida by some Seminole Indians.

This article offers a genre‐based argument for the white Imoinda in Thomas Southerne's stage adaptation of Aphra Behn's Oroonoko. Southerne's adaptation was one of the earliest depictions of plantation slavery on the English stage, and it drew on tropes from the Oriental she‐tragedy's depiction of enslaved European women in the Ottoman Empire. Evoking Desdemona in the then‐popular Othello, Imoinda offers a rare moment when the actress's whiteness is named as such diegetically. The stage Oroonoko shines a spotlight on the way that gendered performance worked through naturalizing white women as the default sympathetic subject for Enlightenment audiences. The dramatic conventions of the Oriental she‐tragedy make this representation of the white Imoinda imaginatively viable, while the dissonance of her character reveals the contradictory nature of race thought in the long eighteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1834, hundreds of thousands of enslaved people in the British empire became free laborers under the 1833 Abolition of Slavery Act. In Britain that same year, the Poor Law Amendment Act created the first free market in labor for some of the United Kingdom's poorest workers, agricultural laborers on British and Irish farms. Although political economists in Britain posited that slavery was estranged from the free market, "free labor"—at least for farmworkers—came to Britain and its empire at roughly the same time. For some activists in the British antislavery movement, wage labor appeared to have a civilizing power, and it seemed that enslaved people would need to be taught how to behave in a free labor market so that its "natural" laws would impel them to steady wage work after emancipation. In 1815, the end of the Napoleonic wars brought a prolonged period of economic "distress" in Britain and Ireland. In this era, antislavery thinkers began to reflect on the ways that wages, properly calibrated, could civilize free as well as enslaved workers. This article traces overlapping ideas about the free market in both antislavery and laissez-faire economic thought. It shows how antislavery thinkers struggled with the tension between their faith in a free labor market and their concerns about setting a "civilizing" rate of wages. Finally, it sketches the history of the Quaker abolitionist William Allen's attempt to build a colony in England that would educate free workers in wage labor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to Leviticus 7:12–15, the sacrifice of thanksgiving involved three kinds of unleavened bread (Lev 7:12), and prohibited anyone from leaving any of its flesh until morning (Lev 7:15). This article proposes that this dual requirement was intended to provide a symbolic link to the Passover meal (Exod 12:8–10), which acknowledged God's salvation of his people from bondage and slavery. This symbolic significance is confirmed through an examination of the use of the term »the sacrifice of thanksgiving« in the Psalter, in which the thanksgiving offering usually serves as a response to God's rescue from distress and as an expression of praise for God's salvation. This comparison aids our understanding of the symbolic significance of the thanksgiving offering in relation to the remembrance of the Exodus event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The psychological case for reparations offers a framework for understanding the emotional complexity inherent in the centuries‐long resistance to granting reparations to African Americans for its three hundred years of chattel slavery and its legacies—Jim Crow, redlining, mass incarceration, extrajudicial killings, and voter suppression. A central component of the resistance is moral injury, which Bryan Nichols and I maintain is the primary reason why the concept of reparations is so emotionally charged. The disavowal of the collective trauma for both the formerly enslaved and former slave owners creates moral wounds which show up as metaphorical ghosts that haunt US culture. Behavioral scientists who understand the complexity of both individual and large group dynamics are called upon to acknowledge and repair the intergenerational moral wounds of chattel slavery and assume leadership in the reparative process—to "transform ghosts into ancestors." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the term 'new slavery', short for 'a new form of slavery', as used by Liberal British Parliament members and white South African trade unionists in opposition to the recruitment of Chinese indentured labourers to work in the Transvaal gold mines. The recruitment of Chinese indentured labourers emerged following the South Africa War (1899-1902) in response to African 'native' labourers' refusal to return to the mines. This article explores how the Transvaal's distinct indentured labour system, characterized by coercive features akin to those in the Indian indentured labour system, and further defined by mandatory repatriation, fines for assisting labourers in contract violation and the establishment of a Chinese consulate for fair treatment, set a precedent for global labour programmes. These specific conditions of the Transvaal system influenced the development of subsequent labour initiatives, particularly the Chinese Labour Corps during World War I. The article provides an overview of the overlaps between these programmes and highlights the enduring impact of the Transvaal system on the evolution of global labour practices including modern guest worker programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the years prior to legal emancipation, British officials enacted a series of laws intended to ameliorate the condition of those held in slavery in their colonies. This article investigates the impact of amelioration on the islands of the Seychelles immediately prior to emancipation. While the legal changes, including the dispatch of a Protector of Slaves to the Seychelles, were limited in terms of effectiveness, their implementation offered people new avenues to protest mistreatment and engage directly with the language of abolition. Reports filed by the protector highlight people's uncertainty and isolation during the years leading up to emancipation. While there is evidence of resistance through uprisings, desertions, and the filing of formal complaints, people in the Seychelles faced significant challenges as owners used the islands' distance from colonial oversight to maintain control through violence and patriarchal structures of domination. As remote 'island laboratories', however, the islands offer unique insights into the ways in which people managed to leverage British abolitionism to their advantage even on such isolated islands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jacob D. Green's speaking career in England (1863-66) is an exploration of how an independent, self-financed Black speaker became a networked abolitionist building on the achievements of other expatriate African American activists like Moses Roper and James Watkins. Born enslaved in Maryland, Green made serial escapes from enslavement in Kentucky and elsewhere in the United States, sojourning in Toronto before arriving in Lancashire at about age forty-eight with evidently few funds. Green appealed to cotton and woollen mill town residents to oppose enslavement and the Confederate States of America from where most of North-West England's cotton originated. He initially lectured under the sponsorship of nonconformist ministers in Yorkshire and built a network that included ministers in the United Methodist Free Church, Congregational Union, capitalists, and tradespeople. Nonconformist sponsorship led to an 1864 move to Heckmondwike in the centre of his lecture circuit. He connected with those who sponsored other Black abolitionists, burgeoning his network by speaking in West Yorkshire towns and cities that had hosted African American orators before. As a networked abolitionist, he earned income from speaking and publishing an autobiography and may have died in England in 1866. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a systematic and localized analysis of how female anti-slavery activity in the North-East of England influenced and impacted the transatlantic campaign to abolish slavery in the West Indies and then the United States. Female anti-slavery societies in Newcastle and Darlington organized local meetings with prominent African American anti-slavery campaigners, leading regional and national conversations about abolition and wider discussions about race and slavery. This article argues that regional conceptions of race and identity were shaped by local religious dissenting cultures and the unique professional relationships formed between African American abolitionists and North-East women's societies. This study is nonetheless critical of the way white female anti-slavery activism often envisioned emancipation as a fulfilment of maternal and imperialistic duties, arguing that the notion of a 'transatlantic sisterhood' espoused by British and American female abolitionists only served to further subjugate those who had previously been enslaved, delaying any unified political response from women on both sides of the Atlantic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the eighteenth century, Newport, Rhode Island stood at the centre of the Transatlantic slave trade, producing commodities like rum to be traded for African captives from Senegambia, the Gold Coast, the Bight of Biafra, and the Bight of Benin. These captive men, women and children were then transported to South America, the West Indies, the Chesapeake, Charleston, and Savannah. Those who were not sold in these markets, were labelled as 'refuse,' and endured a second or third voyage to the north to be sold in markets in New York, Newport, or Boston. Through an examination of a court case between prominent Newport merchant, John Banister and wigmaker, David Cummings, this article queries the life of a sick African girl, bought by David Cummings, but rendered useless because of her rapidly declining health due to the 'great pox,' also known as yaws. What conditions allowed for her enslavement? How did she become ill and how was she treated? Lastly, how did the law commodify her bonded existence? By examining the mechanisms that allowed for her enslavement, a young life that was reduced to a monetary value, and the bare labour she was forced to provide, is brought to the fore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how Black freedom seekers in New York City gained recognition from the British military as refugees in the twelve months between the signing of the provisional Treaty of Paris, agreed on 30 November 1782, and the departure of the last Black refugees from the city on 30 November 1783. It focuses on the British evacuations from New York in 1783 as moments when the distinction between being a refugee from slavery and gaining the acknowledgement of refugee status became most acute. This article argues that historians have not considered how the Black refugee experience in New York City both differed from and was shaped by the earlier evacuation from Charleston. It demonstrates how Black refugees in New York pushed Sir Guy Carleton toward a more expansive policy of refuge through the collective and cumulative weight of their testimony. Gaining recognition as a refugee depended on the British military's willingness to accept that status. British recognition of Black sanctuary status, however, was circumscribed by several factors, including enslavers' wartime allegiances, the gendered contours of British conceptions of refuge, and Black refugees' mobility and military service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medieval race-making connected enslavement and a wanton nature based on ideas that enslaved women had an uncontrollable sexual appetite. Focusing primarily on Muslim, Mongol ('Tatar', Turkic, or any individuals from central Asia), and African women, this article considers how the bodies of enslaved women of colour were eroticized, depicted as pathologically lusty, and their sexuality perceived as fundamentally more carnal in both a Christian and Islamic context as a tacit justification for their enslavement. This study argues that a hierarchy of slaves existed throughout the Mediterranean that was linked to dermal pigmentation because the bodies of the enslaved were not all perceived to be the same. It also makes the case that a commonality of racialisation existed across the Christian and Islamic Mediterranean and advocates for the use more flexible methodologies to recover the omissions in archival sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the life of Marton, an enslaved woman living in eighteenth-century Louisiana. Through her biography, this article uncovers how women of African descent developed marketplaces using the leftovers of the plantation economy. Marton produced beer from scavenged rice. She sold her beer so successfully that enslavers eventually allowed her to sell it outside of the plantation setting. Her materials—fragments of grain—enslavers considered "waste," yet she repurposed the kernels into a commodity, thus opening a narrow avenue of increased autonomy within a repressive slave regime. This work broadens historiographies in economic and women's histories as well as studies of enslavement, revealing how enslaved women adapted to material scarcity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This reflective article addresses the role and power of accounting in creating, perpetuating and, potentially overcoming, inequalities. Such inequalities may be based on personal characteristics, including gender, or relate to the global effects of neo‐liberalism and broader structural inequalities resulting in colonialism, slavery, and repression. The article illustrates how accounting operates in society, its power and effects, particularly the role of accounting as a calculative practice and as a profession in creating and perpetuating inequalities. However, accounting can also subvert or overcome inequalities, when positioned with critical and emancipatory intent. Three areas of going beyond accounting's current confines are discussed where it is proposed that accounting research and practice can contribute to an enhanced understanding of intersectional perspectives and systemic inequalities, and, importantly, ways of overcoming them. These are: going beyond disciplinary orientation to embrace feminist interdisciplinarity; going beyond borders to embrace reflexive intersubjectivity and contextualized knowledge; and going beyond stasis towards academic activism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shortly after Toussaint Louverture died in 1803, a literary tradition emerged in British abolitionist texts which portrayed the character of Toussaint in heroic terms. This article takes five texts written between 1803–1863 to demonstrate how Toussaint was constructed as an antislavery hero and what the motivations were behind this construction. The hero can be understood as a lens through which Toussaint’s character, and the character of the whole Haitian Revolution, was flattened. The hero was a frame that made him knowable and understandable to European audiences, but that also erased both the mass of enslaved people that formed the grassroots of the revolution in Haiti, as well as the many aspects of Toussaint himself that were not deemed to fit the hero narrative. This literary tradition arose because the mainstream of the nineteenth-century British antislavery movement opposed and feared rebellions led by enslaved people, believing on racist grounds that they were violent, uncontrolled, and anarchic, and at odds with the new liberal vision of empire that most British abolitionists wanted to create. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses slavery in the Les Malouines/Las Malvinas/Falklands Islands to advance the historical study of the geographies of race in Argentina with reference to marronage and critical place naming. These islands are an example of an assemblage of colonial military extractive powers. There still are disputes with Argentina since the armed conflict of 1982. However, Las Malvinas were a part of the Spanish Empire since the French colonial authorities sold this territory in 1766. Despite being seen as at the margins of this Empire, an infertile terrain with unbearable weather, and a place of punishment for those who defied colonial rule, it was of strategic value, expensive but worth maintaining to keep the British Empire removed from Buenos Aires and Montevideo. To reduce the islands' expenses, the plan was to relocate recaptured fugitives to this territory as a labour force. Archival records collected from the National General Archive of Uruguay, General Archive of the Indies, and National Historical Archive of Madrid show that Las Malvinas were not exempt from slavery. In 1770, Antonio and Miguel, ‘royal slaves’, were part of the islands' population among white Europeans and indigenous people held captive there. They were allowed to leave the islands to live and serve the King and they navigated through the ports of Montevideo and Buenos Aires, where their tracks end. This paper demonstrates how this insular space, meant for penance, was also a place where resistance linked with marronage broke an assemblage of colonial military powers. It also highlights that the historical geographies of slavery in Argentina are intrinsically assembled with the dispossession of indigenous and other disadvantaged groups proposing an Afro‐Marrón approach to their analysis with a potential extension to other racialised Latin American geographies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reflects on our mapping and database project britishmonumentsrelatedtoslavery.net, the first and currently most complete account of British representational public monuments related to British transatlantic slavery. It reproduces our headline findings and presents some new maps of the data. However, our main focus in this paper is on placing our project in a wider context of emergent practices and methods that inspired us. First, we note the exponential historical emergence of three connected critical, grassroots ‘counter’ practices across different institutions: of mapping, curating, and ethnography. We frame their critical commonality in their ‘counter’ approach to the nexus of what Benedict Anderson identified as three key ‘institutions of power … census, map, museum’, which have been central to conceiving and executing policy. Second, we prospectively identify some of the common structural causes that underlie this emergent assembly of instituent knowledge‐making practices from below. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT I argue that there is no morally relevant difference, based solely on motivation for enjoyment, between enjoying simulated rape with a sexbot compared to other media. In defence of this claim, I distinguish between two types of enjoyment – enjoyment qua simulation and enjoyment qua substitution – and further claim that each type of enjoyment shares corresponding similarities with either idle or surrogate fantasies. Given this, the enjoyment of one's rape fantasy is, I contend, immoral if one enjoys qua substitution one's surrogate fantasy about (for example) sexualized enslavement and rape, but not if one enjoys qua simulation one's idle fantasy about the same sexualized enslavement and rape. I therefore conclude that whether one's enjoyment is immoral depends on the motivation for the enjoyment and the type of fantasy one creates to procure it (where the motivation for enjoyment and fantasy share the same desire), and not the media used to facilitate one's fantasy and subsequent enjoyment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recognition of the importance of gender as a salient factor for understanding the impact of genocides is a relatively new phenomenon. This shift in approach — an understanding of genocide as entailing gendercide — is particularly important for an understanding of the Yazidi genocide that ISIS undertook in northern Iraq beginning in June 2014. To explore these different gendered impacts, we conducted semi-structured interviews during the summers of 2019 and 2021 with seventeen female and fifteen male Yazidi survivors who currently reside in displaced persons camps in northern Iraq. These transcribed narrative interview texts reveal significant differences in how the female and male survivors narrate the experience of their traumatization. The core of the Yazidi female survivors’ traumatization was their experience of defilement as sabaya or slaves, most often sexual slaves. Yet even in the face of this social death, the female survivors’ narratives relate how they were able to enact strategies for protecting their human dignity, including engaging in various forms of resistance during captivity. Conversely, the core of the Yazidi male survivors’ traumatization was their experience in religious education camps where they were indoctrinated with ISIS ideology and enrolled in physical and combat training for their ultimate deployment as ISIS child soldiers. Precisely because the boys were offered an alternative mujahadeen ideal of manhood, their captivity narratives remain in limbo, ambivalently caught between the seeming failure of the Yazidi male code of honor and ISIS’s hyper-masculinized and violent jihadist identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

My research challenges and participates in discourses of respectability, focusing on female homoerotic desires, the intertwining of religiously endorsed enslavement with sexual violence, and the intersection of race, ethnicity, and religion with sexual violence. I argue for the freedom of academic writing to present evidence-based conclusions and personal insights, drawing on contemporary figures like Sudanese anti-slavery activist Mende Nazer. Respecting biblical texts involves differentiating between plausible historical readings and personal ethical views. Misreadings of biblical passages are common, but interpretations such as that Rom 1:26–27 condemns same-gender relations or that Col 3:22 condones enslavement are not among them. The early Christian groups rejecting slavery were labeled heretics, prolonging slavery's existence. A hard, critical examination of where things went wrong both within the Bible and beyond may help to prevent future Christians from supporting new forms of slavery. I hope that my feminist intersectional interpretations are compatible with the womanist biblical interpretation and ethics that are central to all future research on these topics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

David Hume alluded to the politics of slaveholding throughout his career and was among the first to observe that the republican tradition has an awkward relationship with slavery. This article places Hume's critique of Roman slavery in conversation with recent debates over "neo-Roman" liberty, paying special attention to Hume's complaint that some republican advocates for political liberty have also apologized for personal slavery. Most of Hume's direct comments on slaveholding appear in the 1752 essay, "Of the Populousness of Ancient Nations," where Hume criticized Roman slavery for its negative effects on population growth. But more was at stake than ancient demography. Even abolitionists who abhorred Hume's racism still drew upon his argument against ancient slavery—which they read as a commentary on the modern colonies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides a model for other southern colleges and universities founded during the Civil War era to clarify how they, too, benefited from the slave economy. It describes how Trinity University's founders were able to accomplish their institution's unlikely survival and enrich their own positions by creating a valuable new educational commodity. It also explores the historiography of nineteenth-century higher education.

The article explores the philosophy of the Texas Revolution. Topics discussed include the adoption of the Texas Declaration of Independence in 1836, the Texas revolutionaries' language of freedom and rights, and the Texas Revolution as a prelude to the Confederate States of America's effort to forge an independent nation centered on slavery.

This article scrutinises the role railways played in the existence of the German concentration camp system during the Third Reich era. Through the lens of Jewish slave labourers' experiences, I argue that the numerous daily transports of prisoners from site to site were the backbone of the SS camp system. Grounded in survivor testimonies and Nazi administrative records, this paper traces the pathways of Dutch Jewish deportees on a single deportation transport to the concentration camps and addresses the impact of the frequent displacements upon the inmates. In general, the Germans decided which detainee was sent where, yet sometimes the victims could interfere in the selection process or evade relocation to another site. The maps in this article visualise the trajectories of several Dutch Jews; they demonstrate that prisoner relocation was a common phenomenon and reveal the vast distance that inmates covered by train. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally, Henrietta Howard has been seen through the lens of her role as George II's mistress and a ‘woman of reason’ who was connected to the leading men of her day. More recently, Henrietta Howard has been reinterpreted as a minor feminist icon: a survivor, who overcame childhood tragedy, an abusive marriage, and the patriarchal system to become a leading cultural patron, living in comfort at the home she built, Marble Hill. This article seeks to situate Henrietta as a beneficiary of, and participant in, imperial activity and exchange. Today these two interpretations - Henrietta as ‘survivor’ and Henrietta as ‘imperialist’;- feel at odds with one another. Present-day attitudes mean that a feel-good, ‘girlboss’; feminist narrative about Henrietta’s life, does not sit easily with the fact that she benefitted from transatlantic slavery. However, I argue the two readings can be reconciled, creating a new interpretation, when we consider that it was through imperial activity that Georgian women such as Henrietta Howard were able to materially benefit, survive and even thrive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Convict labourers in Bermuda formed part of a uniquely mixed workforce that challenged racial and class-based divisions of labour in the British Empire. Following the War of 1812, investment poured into Bermuda's royal naval dockyard to secure its strategic position; convicts arrived in 1824, working alongside enslaved people, free black workers, and colonial soldiers. This article reveals the nature of interactions between different types of free and unfree labourers in Bermuda between 1824 – when convicts arrived – and 1838, when a change in governance took place. It examines racial diversity in the dockyards and the arrival of convict labourers, before considering perceived threats of racial intermixing and opposition to convict labour deployment in Caribbean colonies. The final section examines perceptions of convicts – moments where they equated their experiences to slavery, and administrative unease over interactions with white military workers. What the article shows is that although there were concerns over racial intermixing, officials objected most strongly to interactions between white workers of different classes, fearing their alliances would alter the island's power balance. In detailing the coexistence and interactions between contrasting labour types, this article provides a greater sense of the nuances of labour deployment and administrative anxiety in colonial locales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article details a trade in Indigenous slaves that was controlled by the Miskitu, a group indigenous to the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua and Honduras. During the eighteenth century, the Miskitu targeted other Indigenous communities from the Yucatan to Panama, capturing thousands of individuals whom they sold as slaves in the British Caribbean. This frustrated the Spanish government, who tried to stop these raids by advocating for increasingly harsh policies, including the extermination of the Miskitu. The British, on the other hand, ignored this slave trade until they were forced to confront it because of legal reasons (which happened three times from 1741 to the 1820s). The Miskitu’s slave trade uprooted, relocated, and forced enslavement upon an enormous number of Indigenous people across Central America. This article details the immense scope of Miskitu attacks, lends insight into the many Indigenous groups impacted by these raids, and explores how European powers were forced to react. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the Sino-Portuguese efforts against the slave trade in China from 1557 to 1639, highlighting the complexities and challenges faced in enforcing anti-slavery measures. Despite shared intentions to suppress the trade, divergent strategies and the pursuit of trade profits by local Chinese officials, merchants, and the business community in Macao hindered effective enforcement. By leveraging Chinese, Portuguese sources, including official memorials, Jesuit manuscripts, and royal decrees, the article offers new insights into the geopolitical and economic contexts shaping the slave trade. It underscores the need to understand the varied strategies and considerations employed by different entities in addressing slavery, contributing to a more nuanced narrative of global history and early globalization processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article comprises a biography of George Freeman, an African boy ‘liberated’ from enslavement in West Africa and relocated to the countryside of Berkshire, UK. The article contributes to scholarship on the long-term presence and lived experiences of Black people in Britain, using digital humanities techniques and parochial records from the county of Berkshire to map the presence of Black people (and other minority ethnicities) in rural English counties. It also uses Freeman’s biography to engage in wider discussions concerning the precarious experiences of ‘Liberated Africans’. These two research areas are combined to construct Freeman’s biography as a global microhistory, adding to the growing scholarship that aims to overcome these areas of archival silence within histories of slavery and abolition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the historical significance of two important works on slavery and post-emancipation labor studies. It argues for a reevaluation of indentured labor studies, urging researchers to examine the global migrant labor system in a broader context. The article emphasizes the need to consider factors such as gender relations, immigrant women, and the diverse experiences of indentured laborers beyond agricultural work. It also discusses the role of different populations in the development of plantation sectors and the marginalization of certain groups in indentured labor historiography. The text suggests incorporating disciplines like archaeology and anthropology to gain a deeper understanding of indentured laborers' experiences and highlights the importance of understanding the legacy of indentured labor in modern systems of slavery. [Extracted from the article]

This paper argues that Nietzsche is deliberately imprecise in his characterization of what he calls the slave revolt in morality. In particular, none of the people or groups he nominates as instigators of the slave revolt, namely, Jewish priests, the Jewish people, the prophets, Jesus, and Paul, were literally slaves. Analysis of Nietzsche's texts, including his usage of the term “slaves,” and his sources concerning those he nominates as the instigators of the slave revolt, make clear that Nietzsche knew none of these were literally slaves. He calls it a slave revolt because he means that the propagators of that revolt preached what he takes to be the slavish values, including, humility, compassion, obedience, and lack of egoism. He uses the high loaded term “slave” both to disparage those values and, most importantly, to bring home to his readers the message that they, as inheritors of Judeo‐Christian values, actual adhere to and practice the debased slavish values preached, but not necessarily practiced, by the original instigators of the slave revolt. For Nietzsche, his readers are strangers to themselves, thus he notes “slavery is everywhere visible, although it does not call itself as such.” [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay examines the relationship between war and European Qur'anic studies from the mediaeval period to the nineteenth century. It surveys manuscript sources that bear traces of wartime looting and the work of Muslim captives and converts. It argues that war played a recurring role in European oriental studies, helping to shape its practices, aims, and geography. In their early stages, war contributed to a broader shift in academic oriental studies toward the study of the Qur'an in its multilingual Islamic intellectual contexts. Later, as colonial expansion facilitated access to new sources, illicitly acquired manuscripts, especially early Qur'an fragments, were instrumental for historical scholarship on the Qur'an. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The master speaks infrequently and rarely does he speak directly from his immediate, personal experience as conqueror, slave holder, colonialist, or father/husband. Literary works, beginning with slave narratives and including several twenty and twenty-first century novels, furnish helpful insights into the master's daily routine of subjugating others. For a theoretical framework, I begin with G. W. F. Hegel's examination of the master-slave dialectic in his 1807 work, The Phenomenology of Spirit, and rely on subsequent critical theories such as psychoanalysis, colonialism, and feminism to illuminate more fully how radical ideas about cultural representation can be used to decipher literature. From Joseph Conrad's novella Heart of Darkness and George Orwell's 'Shooting an Elephant' to Pauline Réage's novel, Story of O, and Barbara Chase-Riboud's Hottentot Venus, the master is portrayed as a brutal man with the capacity to act bestially toward another human being. Tragically, for the master, he can never transcend the dehumanised condition that allows him to exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to provide theoretical and practical application for working with Black women in therapy, especially those who embody the Strong Black Woman schema. The authors will detail the oppressive systemic conditions which create and reinforce this schema, starting in infancy. A historical perspective is adopted to contextualize how the remnants of strength from chattel slavery complicate present day expressions of Black womanhood. The authors discuss the complexity of the Strong Black Woman schema as a way of being that developed out of Black women navigating systemic, generational, and situational violence. Elements of Womanist care and a Black Feminist ethic of care are applied to support Black women's mental health. The authors discuss how to resist the Strong Black Woman schema as well as affirmingly dismantle the deeply internalized messaging within therapy sessions to incorporate trauma healing and recovery beyond the confines of colonized and misogynistic frameworks. The article concludes with a case example and therapist reflexivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents case studies of slaves' escapes in the Spanish Sahara, between the 1930s and the early 1950s. It shows that while Spanish authorities were often ready to help slaves attain their freedom, this depended on slaves taking the initiative themselves. Therefore, when the Spanish practiced emancipation, they did so reactively rather than proactively. This reality was confounded by the fact that while the Spanish combated trafficking and helped escapees, they also tolerated the existence of the institution of slavery and masked that existence using creative terminology that turned slaves into 'relatives'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stuart Hall's concept of "new ethnicities" theorizes (post)migrant belonging by centering not on the power of othering, but rather on the agentive force of diasporic groups to contend with their essentialization and marginalization. While rooted in Black transatlantic experiences of colonialism and slavery, "new ethnicities" provides a conceptual platform from which those more broadly marginalized in the diasporic context of Europe may speak and act. In this paper, Becker argues that Hall's theory of "new ethnicities" provides a productive lens through which to rethink the knot of religious-racialized-ethnic othering that has served to set both Muslims and Jews apart from the European mainstream. She does so by tracing the historical differentiation of Muslims and Jews, both together and apart, as well as the contemporary politics of difference enacted by Muslim and Jewish Berliners who contest essentialized understandings of their identities and marginalized sociocultural locations in Europe, today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Re-membering Blackness Digital Archive at the University of Scranton shares the university's racial story as part of a campus-wide initiative devoted to reconciliation and collective memory. By bringing together archival records on Black history in a thematic digital collection, the project presents a corrective lens through which the university community transformed its understanding of the historical Black experience on campus and considered how this history reverberates in the present. The initiative contributes to a growing collection of institutional research projects on African American history and the legacies of slavery and racism in higher education. This article considers the metaphor of archives as memory within critical archival literature, and it examines the relationship between archives and collective memory in the context of the University of Scranton's initiative to recover Black memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper brings together Alexis de Tocqueville's writings on enslavement and emancipation in the United States and the French Empire to trace how his project to abolish slavery in the French Caribbean relied on the use of coercive state power to temporarily truncate the property rights of Black workers and steal part of their wages. Highlighting how Tocqueville proposed forcing ex-slaves into conditions of landlessness and partial wagelessness, I conceptualize these processes respectively as preemptive dispossession and preemptive proletarianization. Attention to Tocqueville's emancipation prescriptions underscores the transnational scope and entanglements of political economy and processes of racialization in his political theory of empire and slavery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article summarizes the book "Against the State: A History of Ancient Near Eastern Civilizations" by James C. Scott, in which the idea that states emerged to protect their members is questioned. The author highlights that many societies avoided the formation of states or resorted to other forms of organization. The origins of the state in the ancient Near East are analyzed, and it is pointed out that the majority of the world's population has been ignored due to the lack of written or material records. The importance of tax collection and legitimate violence for states is also examined. The book is organized into seven chapters that explore different aspects related to the emergence of the state and non-state forms of organization. The importance of cereals in the development of early states is emphasized, as well as slavery and war as means of population control. It is argued that the concepts of "barbarian" and "tribe" were administrative fictions used by states. In summary, the text offers a critical perspective on the origin and nature of early states. [Extracted from the article]

Climate change, environmental degradation, and descent-based slavery are prevailing issues in Mauritania. The relationship between the three phenomena has rarely elicited investigation, in part due to the perception that chattel slavery is an institution of the past. Despite being the last country in the world to decree its abolition in 1981, Mauritania is alleged to have one of the highest incidences of slavery in the world today. This study explores the nexus between climate change and slavery in Mauritania. The paper seeks to elucidate how the environmental interactions of the Sahel have transformed slavery’s manifestation in this multiethnic northwest African republic for more than a millennium. The author contributes to the rich literature on slavery in Mauritania by arguing that in the twenty-first century, the nexus converges on the issue of development, and that the prevalence of slavery degrades the country’s precarious environment and contributes to its underdevelopment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reads the contemporary monument conflicts connected to the Black Lives Matter movement in France alongside the erection and destruction of fictional monuments in a bestselling utopian novel from three centuries ago: Louis-Sébastien Mercier's L'An deux mille quatre cent quarante: Rêve s'il en fût jamais (1771). The article throws light on how contemporary BLM interventions in the cityscape respond to still unresolved issues regarding the meaning of liberté, egalité, and fraternité in relation to colonialism, nationalism, and race; examines the discursive mechanisms behind the history of slavery becoming notoriously unremembered in France; and, in conclusion, considers the unrealized utopian potentiality of Mercier's novel in relation to the most recent projects to memorialize slavery in Paris. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the discovery of the second half of an antislavery essay written by Arthur Lee in 1767. The first half of the essay had been well-known to historians, but the second half was presumed lost. However, it was recently found in a digital archive, shedding new light on Lee's proposal to rid Virginia of slavery. The article also explores the historical and historiographical contexts of Lee's essay, including its relation to Virginia legislative efforts and the broader discourse on slavery in the 1760s. The discovery of the second half of the essay provides a more complete understanding of Lee's work and its significance in early American print culture. [Extracted from the article]

In this article I explore the different positions taken by Christians in America and Britain, through the 17th to 19th Centuries, regarding slavery and the slave trade. In a second article I will reflect on the theological themes that framed how they thought, spoke and acted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is no consensus on the outcomes needed for the recovery and reintegration of survivors of modern slavery and human trafficking. We developed the Modern Slavery Core Outcome Set (MSCOS) to address this gap. We conducted three English-language reviews on the intervention outcomes sought or experienced by adult survivors: a qualitative systematic review (4 databases, 18 eligible papers, thematic analysis), a rapid review of quantitative intervention studies (four databases, eight eligible papers, content analysis) and a gray literature review (2 databases, 21 websites, a call for evidence, 13 eligible papers, content analysis). We further extracted outcomes from 36 pre-existing interview transcripts with survivors, and seven interviews with survivors from underrepresented groups. We narrowed down outcomes via a consensus process involving: a three-stage E-Delphi survey (191 respondents); and a final consensus workshop (46 participants). We generated 398 outcomes from our 3 reviews, and 843 outcomes from interviews. By removing conceptual and literal duplicates, we reduced this to a longlist of 72 outcomes spanning 10 different domains. The E-Delphi produced a 14-outcome shortlist for the consensus workshop, where 7 final outcomes were chosen. Final outcomes were: "long-term consistent support," "secure and suitable housing," "safety from any trafficker or other abuser," "access to medical treatment," "finding purpose in life and self-actualisation," "access to education," and "compassionate, trauma-informed services." The MSCOS provides outcomes that are accepted by a wide range of stakeholders and that should be measured in intervention evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]