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Objective: The sensory perception of cosmetic emulsions is complex as it is governed by an important number of parameters like the choice of raw materials, their interactions, the structural organisation of the system, etc. The aim of the present work was to go further in the interpretation of the emollient‐surfactant interactions, towards the emulsions applicative properties. For this purpose, two systems containing liquid crystals of the lamellar type were formulated, differing only in the selected emollient. Methods: First, the liquid crystals types were checked using different tools like the optical microscopy under the bright and polarized light, the wide‐angle X rays diffraction and, finally, thermogravimetric analysis. Next, two sensory attributes, namely compression force and difficulty of spreading, were evaluated by a sensory panel. In addition to that, complementary instrumental characterizations (flow tests, textural analysis and contact angle measurements) were performed in order to understand how the panel could discriminate the products. Results: The results showed that isohexadecane emollient induces the α‐gel structures, while caprylic capric triglycerides favour the formation of the lamellar liquid crystals near to α‐gel. For the compression force, the results point out that there is no direct interaction between the oil phase and the skin. For this attribute, depending on its chemical structure, emollient impacts the human perception only by changing the lamellar phase type. Concerning the difficulty of spreading, both the emulsion structure and the emollient properties should be considered. Immediate perception is impacted by the emulsions destruction, making the droplet roll one on each other. Then, once the droplets monolayer is disrupted, the emollient comes into direct contact with the skin. In this case, the perception is governed by the direct affinity of the emollient with the skin, nonpolar emollients being easier to spread if compared to polar ones. Conclusion: The sensory perception is guided not only by the choice of the raw materials but also by their interactions. It was shown that the chemical structure of the emollients affected the molecular organization of liquid crystals present in the emulsion and, consequently, directly or indirectly its sensory perception. The chemical structure of the emollients can change the molecular organisation build by the mixed emulsifier. As consequence, the choice of the emollient affects the microstructure, the macrostructure, as well as the sensory perception of the emulsion containing them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The gelation mechanism of carrageenan depends on the amount and nature of the polysaccharide, and is cation sensitive. From a rheological approach, this specificity leads to different textural properties. In composite gels with carrageenans, starch and sucrose, the presence of κ/κ2-carrageenan, even at low levels, has an impact on textural and structural properties. In this study, rheological and diffusion NMR measurements were performed on composite gels to probe gel structure at the macro- and micro-scale. Variations were made in the gel composition by varying the carrageenan content and the nature of the polysaccharide and cations. We showed that all the factors that increased the rigidity of the composite gels – polysaccharide content and specific cations – decreased significantly the diffusion of small molecules such as sucrose and ethyl butyrate. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The objective of this study was to determine the influence of the level of feed intake and a 2-d feed restriction period on the postweaning adaptation of pancreatic exocrine secretions. At 33 d of age, 18 piglets fitted with 2 permanents catheters (for pancreatic juice collection and reintroduction) were weaned and allocated to 1 of the following 2 dietary treatments for 5 d: restricted feed allocation (restricted) or gradually increasing feed allocation (control). Pancreatic juice was collected daily during both basal and prandial periods. The basal period was defined as the period from 1400 to 1700 h (i.e., 5 to 8 h after the morning meal), whereas the prandial period was defined as the period from 30 mm before to 60 mm after the morning meal (given at 0900). Digestive enzyme activities and anti-bacterial activity were determined. Pancreatic protein secretion was 44% less (P < 0.05) in restricted piglets than in control piglets during the basal period. Trypsin secretion was affected by feed-restriction of piglets. The meal did not affect protein and trypsin secretions in restricted piglets, whereas at d 3 postweaning, protein and trypsin secretions and trypsin specific activity in control piglets were 9-, 105-, and 25-fold greater (P < 0.00 1) during the first 30 mm after the meal than before the meal. Lipase and amylase secretions were not affected by variations in feed intake. The secretion of antibacterial activity in restricted piglets was greater (P < 0.05) than that of control piglets only at d 5. The extended feed restriction period increased the basal secretion of antibacterial activity (P = 0.09) and postprandial secretion of amylase (P = 0.05). In conclusion, a low level of feed intake during the early postweaning period decreased pancreatic protein and trypsin secretions, whereas a 2-d feed restriction period enhanced secretions of amylase and antibacterial activity. In addition, our results indicate that during periods of dietary adaptation, such as at weaning, measurements of enzyme activities in the tissue do not accurately reflect the enzyme secretion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: At weaning, low feed intake level is a major factor responsible for gut disorders. However, less is known on adaptation of the antibacterial activity of pancreatic juice in response to variations in feed intake level. Moreover bovine colostrum has been demonstrated to decrease coliform counts in duodenal digesta and to improve health status of weaned piglets. Aims of the present study were to evaluate effects of feed intake level and of a bovine colostrum-supplemented diet on the pancreatic secretion of antibacterial activity in piglets at weaning. At 33 days of age, twenty-eight piglets fitted with two permanent catheters (for pancreatic juice collection and reintroduction) were weaned and allocated to one of the following three dietary treatments for 5 days: low feed allocation with a starter diet (L), gradually increased feed allocation with a starter diet (Ctrl), or gradually increased feed allocation with a starter diet supplemented with bovine colostrum (Col). In Ctrl piglets, the post-weaning secretion of antibacterial activity did not significantly differed from pre-weaning values. The pancreatic secretion of antibacterial activity in L piglets was higher than that in Ctrl piglets at day 5 (+300%; P <0.05). Moreover in Col piglets the secretion of the antibacterial activity tended to increase by 55% (P =0.08) compared to Ctrl piglets. Variations in the pancreatic secretion of antibacterial activity could constitute an adaptive phenomenon to maintain bacterial homeostasis in the upper small intestine during the early post-weaning period. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Cadmium is an environmental pollutant well known for its nephrotoxic effects. Nevertheless, mechanisms underlying nephrotoxicity continue to be elucidated. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged in recent years as modulators of xenobiotic-induced toxicity. In this context, our study aimed at elucidating whether miRNAs are involved in renal proximal tubular toxicity induced by cadmium exposure. We showed that cadmium exposure, in 2 distinct renal proximal tubular cell models (renal proximal tubular epithelial cell [RPTEC]/human telomerase reverse transcriptase [hTERT] and human kidney-2), resulted in cytotoxicity associated with morphological changes, overexpression of renal injury markers, and induction of apoptosis and inflammation processes. Cadmium exposure also resulted in miRNA modulation, including the significant upregulation of 38 miRNAs in RPTEC/hTERT cells. Most of these miRNAs are known to target genes whose coding proteins are involved in oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, leading to tissue remodeling. In conclusion, this study provides a list of dysregulated miRNAs which may play a role in the pathophysiology of cadmium-induced kidney damages and highlights promising cadmium molecular biomarkers that warrants to be further evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the characterization of hyperadrenergic syndrome in severe tetanus. Increase in systemic anterior resistance; Fluctuation in blood pressure; Measurement of plasma catecholamine concentrations.

Introduction L’obésité, (IMC ≥ 30 kg/m 2 ), est un enjeu majeur de santé publique qui concerne 15 % des adultes en France en 2012. Si un lien est établi entre l’IMC et la mortalité générale notamment d’origine cardiovasculaire (JAMA 1999;28:1523–9), l’effet de l’obésité sur le pronostic des patients après un arrêt cardiaque (AC) récupéré demeure inconnu. Notre objectif était d’évaluer l’impact de l’IMC sur le pronostic des patients admis en réanimation après un AC récupéré. Matériel et méthodes Étude rétrospective bicentrique 2005–2012 de données pré-hospitalières et hospitalières collectées prospectivement de manière standardisée (critères d’Utstein) des patients admis pour AC récupéré. Analyse statistique uni- et multivariée des facteurs associés à la mortalité hospitalière incluant l’IMC des patients. Accord des comités d’éthique dans les 2 centres. Résultats 1449 patients ont été admis pendant la période d’étude, 503 exclus pour données manquantes (taille/poids) et 946 patients ont été inclus dans l’étude. Les patients se répartissaient dans les classes d’IMC de la façon suivante : < 18 n = 30 (3,2 %), 18–25 n = 446 (47 %), 25–30 n = 300 (31,7 %), 30–40 n = 145 (15,3 %), > 40 n = 25 (2,6 %). La mortalité en réanimation était significativement influencée par l’IMC et apparaît sous une forme de courbe en « J » ( Figure 1 ). Les caractéristiques des patients différaient en analyse univariée sur l’âge médian : 59,2 ; 62,1 ; 65,1 et également sur le sexe masculin : 66,6 % ; 76,7 % ; 62,4 % et la survenue d’un choc post-AC : 57,1 % ; 59,1 % ; 68,3 % pour les classes d’IMC respectivement < 25, 25–30, > 30. L’analyse multivariée montrait qu’un IMC > 30 était un facteur indépendamment associé à la mortalité : OR 2,17 (1,31–3,6), p < 0,001. Les autres variables associées à la mortalité en réanimation étaient l’âge < 62 ans (OR 0,69 [0,5–0,96]), un AC dans un lieu public (OR 0,52, [0,37–0,74]), le début de la RCP par un témoin (OR 0,53 [0,38–0,75]), un rythme initial choquable (OR 0,33 [0,24–0,47]) et la survenue d’un choc post-AC (OR 2,34 [1,68–3,25]). Discussion Notre étude suggère que l’obésité est un facteur indépendant de la mortalité en réanimation des patients après AC récupéré. Le recueil de la survie à un an est en cours et apportera des éléments importants sur l’effet à long terme de l’obésité dans cette pathologie. Nos résultats sont en accord avec l’impact de l’IMC sur le pronostic des AC intra-hospitaliers aux USA (Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2010;3:490–7) et sur le pronostic des AC amenés aux urgences par des paramédicaux en Autriche (Resuscitation 2011;82:869–73). Cet effet sur le pronostic pourrait être lié à la moindre efficacité des chocs électriques et/ou à la difficulté d’abord des voies aériennes chez les patients obèses comme en témoigne la tendance à une durée de RCP spécialisée plus longue mais également à la difficulté de la prise en charge post-ressuscitation avec une fréquence accrue d’un état de choc post-AC. L’impact de l’IMC sur la réalisation de la revascularisation coronaire et de l’hypothermie thé [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The increasing interest for the Pickering emulsions is based on the possibility to replace classical emulsifiers by the solid particles. This approach is extremely attractive for the cosmetic field. But, the main difficulty is to obtain stable emulsions with appreciable skin feel. However, there is no information about the texture of such systems. The aim of this study is to formulate and describe the textural properties of cosmetic Pickering emulsions compared with conventional systems. Methods: Three metal oxides were selected: titanium dioxide, zinc oxide and silicon dioxide, able to form stable and totally emulsified systems. A conventional emulsifier was used to formulate the emulsion of reference. Finally, the mixture of two emulsifying systems, combining both, surfactant and particles, was also studied. Then, a sensory panel was asked to quantify the intensities of the perception of the seven discriminating attributes. Results: Each particle brought its properties to the textural perception of the emulsion. TiO2 particles ensured the whitening effect of the emulsions, SiO2 provided the screech residue, whereas ZnO gave intermediate results. The conventional surfactant was perceived as glossy, greasy and more difficult to spread. The particle/surfactant mixtures gave mostly in‐between results. Conclusions: The study shows that the sensory profile of Pickering emulsions is indirectly and directly governed by the particle properties used for the emulsion stabilization: indirectly, through affecting the emulsion orientation (oil in water or water in oil), the droplet organization and viscosity, and directly, through the particle perception on the skin surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Complex landscapes including semi-natural habitats are expected to favour natural enemies thereby enhancing natural pest biocontrol in crops. However, when considering a large number of situations, the response of natural biocontrol to landscape properties is globally inconsistent, a possible explanation being that local agricultural practices counteract landscape effects. In this study, along a crossed gradient of pesticide use intensity and landscape simplification, we analysed the interactive effects of landscape characteristics and local pesticide use intensity on natural biocontrol. During 3 years, using a set of sentinel prey (weed seeds, aphids and Lepidoptera eggs), biocontrol was estimated in 80 commercial fields located in four contrasted regions in France. For all types of prey excepted weed seeds, the predation rate was influenced by interactions between landscape characteristics and local pesticide use intensity. Proportion of meadow and length of interface between woods and crops had a positive effect on biocontrol of aphids where local pesticide use intensity was low but had a negative effect elsewhere. Moreover, the landscape proportion of suitable habitats for crop pests decreased the predation of sentinel prey, irrespectively of the local pesticide use intensity for weed seeds, but only in fields with low pesticide use for Lepidoptera eggs. These results show that high local pesticide use can counteract the positive expected effects of semi-natural habitats, but also that the necessary pesticide use reduction should be associated with semi-natural habitat enhancement to guarantee an effective natural biocontrol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The availability of diverse floral resources is crucial for the maintenance of pollinating insects and the pollination service they provide in agricultural landscapes. Ensuring plant diversity is thus essential for the maintenance and even restoration of pollinator communities. Many studies have highlighted the beneficial effects for pollinating insects of the floral resources provided either by uncultivated plants in agroecological infrastructures such as hedgerows and in crop fields, or by the addition of cultivated flowers through intercropping. However, the role of these different co-occurring vegetation types in providing floral resources to wild flower-visiting insects remains unexplored simultaneously, especially regarding their potential interacting effects. Using a paired design sampling approach, we investigated the contribution of floral resources provided by hedgerows, weeds in crop fields, and legumes intercropped with winter cereals, and their interacting effects, to the abundance of different groups of wild flower-visiting insects, plant-insect interactions and insect preferences. Our results show that the abundance of most groups of floral visitors were enhanced by the cover or species richness of floral resources provided by hedgerows or by weeds in crop fields. Interactions between uncultivated plants and insects were driven by the presence of some particular 'preferred' plant species offering either abundant, accessible or high-quality floral resources. By contrast, abundance of floral visitors was not enhanced by the addition of legume flowers through intercropping. The positive effects of flowering wild plants in hedgerows and crop fields remained mostly unchanged in the presence of intercrops, because of the limited contribution of legumes in providing attractive floral resources to floral visitors. Our results highlight the critical role of floral resources provided by weeds in crop fields for diverse flower-visiting insects, in addition to the floral resources provided by hedgerows. We recommend that agri-environment schemes should promote a wide diversity of floral resources at field margins through the retention of existing semi-natural elements or the sowing of wildflower mixtures. More importantly, our study encourages the seeking of alternative forms of weed management, which support a trade-off between the maintenance of pollinating insects and pollination service provision on the one hand, and crop yields and incomes for farmers on the other. • Uncultivated floral resources in hedgerows and crop fields enhance wild flower-visiting insects. • Cover of legume floral resources is less beneficial for floral visitors. • Beneficial effects of uncultivated resources do not vary according the presence of intercrops. • Diversification strategies should rely on uncultivated plants in field and field margins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Measurement of the transport phenomena of volatile compounds is a central preoccupation in food flavour and is the subject of the present paper. After a theoretical reminder concerning transport phenomena, the methods used for the measurement of diffusion and mass transfer of volatile compounds are described with their principles, main advantages and drawbacks. These methods are illustrated by some results obtained for flavoured model food products. Several methods characterized by the type of diffusion coefficient measured, the method basis, the scale at which diffusion is measured and the means used to detect the diffusing molecule, are available to determine diffusion coefficients. To study the impact of the different factors influencing aroma release, kinetic parameters extracted from release curves obtained by sampling and analysis of the gas phase can be measured and compared. The coherence between experimental conditions and mathematical models used to estimate the parameters is of major importance. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]