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A full scale load test on the apron is a very effective method for validating the design of a new operative quay wall. The availability of the monitoring data from the load test on a sheet pile wall of a major Italian port and the well-known geotechnical context of the site made it possible to explore the potential of three-dimensional (3D) numerical modeling to understand the response of the work to the applied load. In order to achieve a good match between real observations and numerical results, the limited impact of the working load on a robust geotechnical structure, the use of advanced constitutive models for soils and careful modeling of the construction phases and details of the work were taken into consideration. For this reason, the procedure adopted to calibrate the numerical model based on geotechnical test results is presented after the description of the load test monitoring data. Thanks to these efforts, the 3D numerical model, validated on the monitored data, allowed us to gain further insights on the structural behavior of the quay wall during construction and loading phases, underlining the relevant role played by some apparently marginal and often ignored details. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lung cancer (LC) is one of the most prevalent cancers in both men and women and today is still characterized by high mortality and lethality. Several biomarkers have been identified for evaluating the prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients and selecting the most effective therapeutic strategy for these patients. The introduction of innovative targeted therapies and immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) for the treatment of NSCLC both in advanced stages and, more recently, also in early stages, has revolutionized and significantly improved the therapeutic scenario for these patients. Promising evidence has also been shown by analyzing both micro-RNAs (miRNAs) and the lung/gut microbiota. MiRNAs belong to the large family of non-coding RNAs and play a role in the modulation of several key mechanisms in cells such as proliferation, differentiation, inflammation, and apoptosis. On the other hand, the microbiota (a group of several microorganisms found in human orgasms such as the gut and lungs and mainly composed by bacteria) plays a key role in the modulation of inflammation and, in particular, in the immune response. Some data have shown that the microbiota and the related microbiome can modulate miRNAs expression and vice versa by regulating several intracellular signaling pathways that are known to play a role in the pathogenesis of lung cancer. This evidence suggests that this axis is key to predicting the prognosis and effectiveness of ICIs in NSCLC treatment and could represent a new target in the treatment of NSCLC. In this review, we highlight the most recent evidence and data regarding the role of both miRNAs and the lung/gut microbiome in the prediction of prognosis and response to ICI treatment, focusing on the link between miRNAs and the microbiome. A new potential interaction based on the underlying modulated intracellular signaling pathways is also shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inhibitory control (IC), the ability to suppress inappropriate actions, can be improved by regularly facing complex and dynamic situations requiring flexible behaviors, such as in the context of intensive sport practice. However, researchers have not clearly determined whether and how this improvement in IC transfers to ecological and nonecological computer-based tasks. We explored the spatiotemporal dynamics of changes in the brain activity of three groups of athletes performing sport-nonspecific and sport-specific Go/NoGo tasks with video footages of table tennis situations to address this question. We compared table tennis players (n = 20), basketball players (n = 20) and endurance athletes (n = 17) to identify how years of practicing a sport in an unpredictable versus predictable environment shape the IC brain networks and increase the transfer effects to untrained tasks. Overall, the table tennis group responded faster than the two other groups in both Go/NoGo tasks. The electrical neuroimaging analyses performed in the sport-specific Go/NoGo task revealed that this faster response time was supported by an early engagement of brain structures related to decision-making processes in a time window where inhibition processes typically occur. Our collective findings have relevant applied perspectives, as they highlight the importance of designing more ecological domain-related tasks to effectively capture the complex decision-making processes acquired in real-life situations. Finally, the limited effects from sport practice to laboratory-based tasks found in this study question the utility of cognitive training intervention, whose effects would remain specific to the practice environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of a challenging project aimed at the upgrading of some old quays in the port of Ravenna (Italy) an extensive survey was conducted to determine the level of degradation of the most significative structural elements. The quays were essentially constituted by anchored sheet pile retaining walls in which the main structural elements were steel profiles. Therefore, the main point of concern was the degradation of the steel piles after a long-lasting exposure to the sea water. The corrosion of steel structures in marine environment is a well-recognized problem for maritime engineering, therefore nowadays a relevant part of the designing effort is oriented towards improving the durability and to minimize the cost of maintenance of infrastructures. However, data from real experience are not frequent. This paper presents some results of the inspection carried out on quays in the Ravenna port after an operative life between 21 to 29 years, focusing on the condition of the steel piles. Data include ultrasonic measurements of the thickness and laboratory analyses of steel samples. Although the environmental conditions were not particularly favourable, the results indicate that the degradation of the profiles in the permanently immersed zone was very limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interindividual variations in the ability to perform visuospatial mental transformations have been investigated extensively, in particular through mental rotation tasks. However, the impact of early visual processes on performance has been largely ignored. To clarify this issue, we explored the time‐course of early visual processing (from 0 to 450 ms poststimulus) using event‐related potentials topographic analyses. The main findings demonstrated a significant link between early attentional processes and accuracy scores occurring more than five seconds later, as well as a strong association between spatial covariance and microstate topographies exhibiting substantial gender differences. More specifically, the results indicated that, in a classical mental rotation task, the male brain expends more time processing visual‐spatial information resulting in a longer bilateral positive potential at posterior‐occipital sites. In comparison, the female brain initiates earlier processing of non‐spatial information resulting in a faster transition from a bilateral positive potential of posterior‐occipital sites to a negative potential at central‐frontal sites. These findings illustrate how a more complete utilization of the spatiotemporal information contained in EEG recordings can provide important insights about the impact of early visual processes on interindividual differences, particularly across gender, and thus shed new light on alternate cognitive strategies. Our research complements previous studies exploring interindividual variability in visuospatial transformations by examining the early stages of perceptual and attentional processes between men and women during mental rotation. Using event‐related potentials topographic analyses, we provide important insights about the electrical dynamics underpinning interindividual differences in demonstrating a significant link between early attentional processes and performance scores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Late-Onset Pompe Disease (LOPD) is characterized by progressive limb-girdle muscle weakness and respiratory dysfunction. Diaphragm is the most impaired muscle in LOPD and its dysfunction cause major respiratory symptoms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between diaphragm thickness and mobility assessed by ultrasonography and respiratory function and muscle strength tests in patients with LOPD. Methods: 17 patients with LOPD (9 female, 47 ± 15 years) and 17 age and gender-matched healthy controls underwent spirometry, muscle strength testing, and ultrasound evaluation of diaphragm excursion and thickness. Results: The following parameters were significantly reduced in LOPD patients versus controls (all p < 0.001): forced vital capacity (FVC) in seated and supine position, maximum inspiratory and expiratory pressure (MIP and MEP), diaphragm excursion, thickness at functional residual capacity (FRC) and total lung capacity (TLC), and thickness fraction (TF). Ultrasound studies of diaphragm thickness at FRC correlated with MIP (r = 0.74; p < 0.0001) and seated FVC(r = 0.73; p < 0.05). Diaphragm thickness at TLC correlated with MIP (r = 0.85; p < 0.0001) and FVC in both seated (r = 0.77; p < 0.0001) and supine position (r = 0.68; p < 0.05). TF correlated significantly with MIP (r = 0.80; p < 0.001), FVC in both seated (r = 0.66; p < 0,005) and supine position (r = 0.61; p < 0.05). Interestingly diaphragm thickness at FRC correlated with disease duration (years) in LOPD patients (r = −0.53; p < 0,05). Ultrasound diaphragm mobility correlated with diaphragm thickness at TLC(r = 0.87; p < 0.0001), FRC (r = 0.84; p < 0.005) and TF (r = 0.73; p < 0.05). Moreover diaphragm mobility correlated with FVC in seated(r = 0.79; p < 0.005) and supine position(r = 0.74; p < 0.05) and MIP (r = 0.81; p < 0.005). Conclusion: Diaphragm ultrasonography is a simple and reproducible technique for manage respiratory dysfunction in LOPD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relying on existing literature to identify suitable techniques for characterizing individual differences presents practical and methodological challenges. These challenges include the frequent absence of detailed descriptions of raw data, which hinders the assessment of analysis appropriateness, as well as the exclusion of data points deemed outliers, or the reliance on comparing only extreme groups by categorizing continuous variables into upper and lower quartiles. Despite the availability of algorithmic modeling in standard statistical software, investigations into individual differences predominantly focus on factor analysis and parametric tests. To address these limitations, this application-oriented study proposes a comprehensive approach that leverages behavioral responses through the use of signal detection theory and clustering techniques. Unlike conventional methods, signal detection theory considers both sensitivity and bias, offering insights into the intricate interplay between perceptual ability and decision-making processes. On the other hand, clustering techniques enable the identification and classification of distinct patterns within the dataset, allowing for the detection of singular behaviors that form the foundation of individual differences. In a broader framework, these combined approaches prove particularly advantageous when analyzing large and heterogeneous datasets provided by data archive platforms. By applying these techniques more widely, our understanding of the cognitive and behavioral processes underlying learning can be expedited and enhanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variation in dispersal capacity may influence population genetic variation and relatedness of freshwater animals thus demonstrating how life‐history traits influence patterns and processes that in turn influence biodiversity. The majority of studies have focused on the consequences of dispersal variation in taxa inhabiting riverine systems whose dendritic nature and upstream/downstream gradients facilitate characterizing populations along networks. We undertook extensive, large‐scale investigations of the impacts of hydrological connectivity on population genetic variation in two freshwater bryozoan species whose dispersive propagules (statoblasts) are either attached to surfaces (Fredericella sultana) or are released as buoyant stages (Cristatella mucedo) and that live primarily in either lotic (F. sultana) or lentic environments (C. mucedo). Describing population genetic structure in multiple sites characterized by varying degrees of hydrological connectivity within each of three (or four) UK regions enabled us to test the following hypotheses: (1) genetic diversity and gene flow will be more influenced by hydrological connectivity in populations of C. mucedo (because F. sultana dispersal stages are retained); (2) populations of F. sultana will be characterized by greater genetic divergence than those of C. mucedo (reflecting their relative dispersal capacities); and (3) genetic variation will be greatest in F. sultana (reflecting a propensity for genetic divergence as a result of its low dispersal potential). We found that hydrological connectivity enhanced genetic diversity and gene flow among C. mucedo populations but not in F. sultana while higher overall measures of clonal diversity and greater genetic divergence characterized populations of F. sultana. We suggest that genetic divergence over time within F. sultana populations reflects a general constraint of releasing propagules that might eventually be swept to sea when taxa inhabit running waters. In contrast, taxa that primarily inhabit lakes and ponds may colonize across hydrologically connected regions, establishing genetically related populations. Our study contributes more nuanced views about drivers of population genetic structures in passively dispersing freshwater invertebrates as outlined by the Monopolization Hypothesis (Acta Oecologica, 23, 2002, 121) by highlighting how a range of demographic and evolutionary processes reflect life‐history attributes of benthic colonial invertebrates (bryozoans) and cyclically parthenogenetic zooplankton. In addition, growing evidence that genetic divergence may commonly characterize populations of diverse groups of riverine taxa suggests that organisms inhabiting lotic systems may be particularly challenged by environmental change. Such change may predispose riverine populations to extinction as a result of genetic divergence combined with limited dispersal and gene flow. Open Research Badges: This article has earned an Open Data Badge for making publicly available the digitally‐shareable data necessary to reproduce the reported results. The data is available at https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.1tm8705. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Existing port structures often need to be upgraded to meet more demanding operational requirements caused by increasing ship size, deepening of the seabed and increasing crane dimensions and storage loads. When ports expand, upgrading is often preferable to the rebuilding of infrastructures in term of costs; however, the design of such works must take into account that the reliability of the existing structures is often inadequate according to the current codes, due to the low mechanical properties of the original materials and to their aging in the highly aggressive marine environment. The geotechnical engineering literature rarely addresses the problem of upgrading existing quay walls, even though such geotechnical structures are extremely challenging. This paper discusses the main issues involved in the geotechnical design for upgrading existing quay walls, through the presentation of some case histories drawn from past experiences in Italy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are only few human translational studies performed in the area of stem cell research in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and/or pulmonary emphysema. Before progress to clinical trials with stem cells we strongly believe that more human translational studies are essential, otherwise, the clinical rationale would be solely based on limited in vitro and animal studies. In the future, stem cell therapy could be a treatment for this incurable disease. As of now, stem cell therapy is still to be considered as an area of active research, lacking any strong rationale for performing clinical trials in COPD. Although stem cells would be likely to represent a heterogeneous population of cells, the different cell subsets and their importance in the pathogenesis of the different clinical phenotypes need to be fully characterised before progressing to clinical trials. Moreover, the potential side effects of stem cell therapy are underestimated. We should not ignore that some of the most deadly neoplasms are arising from stem cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COPD is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Long-term cigarette smoking is the cause of > 90% of COPD cases in Westernized countries. However, only a fraction of chronic heavy smokers develop symptomatic COPD by age 80. COPD is characterized by an abnormal immune response in the lower airways, and its progression is associated with infiltration of the lung by innate and adaptive inflammatory immune cells that form lymphoid follicles. There is growing evidence that both cellular- and antibody-mediated autoimmunity has a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of stable COPD. In particular, carbonyl-modified proteins may help to drive autoimmunity in COPD and cause the characteristic small airways abnormalities and even contribute to the pathogenesis of pulmonary emphysema. Although direct, indirect, and circumstantial evidence of a role for autoimmunity in stable patients with COPD has been identified, no cause-and-effect relationship between autoimmunity and the mechanisms of COPD has been firmly established in man. As such, the potential contribution of an autoimmune response to the pathogenesis of COPD exacerbation is still being investigated and represents an area of active research. Many drugs targeting autoimmune responses are already available, and the results of controlled clinical trials are awaited with great interest. The potential for measuring specific serum autoantibodies as biomarkers to predict clinical phenotypes or progression of stable COPD is promising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The transparent goby ( Aphia minuta) is a small progenetic goby that displays a short life cycle with early reproductive maturity and represents a valuable fishery resource harvested by artisanal fleets in most part of its distributional range. This study aimed to define the genetic variability in A. minuta at five sampling sites within the Mediterranean Sea and one in the Atlantic Ocean through the analysis of 11 nuclear microsatellite loci. The results revealed that several genetic diversity estimators (expected and observed heterozygosities, mean number of alleles and allelic richness) were lower in the Atlantic Ocean than in the Mediterranean Sea, suggesting the role of past or current demographic events in shaping this pattern. The genetic structure was investigated using both classical genetic differentiation descriptors and Bayesian approaches, and by defining the current and past migration rates. The results obtained revealed a pronounced genetic structure within the Mediterranean Sea and suggest a very low current migration rate. The pattern of historical migration suggests the possible role of hydrographic boundaries in shaping the genetic structure detected in this species. In addition, the identification of loci under selection suggests the possible implication of selective pressures that are acting on genes connected with the peculiar life cycle of this gobiid fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sustained exploitation of marine populations requires an understanding of a species' adaptive seascape so that populations can track environmental changes from short- and long-term climate cycles and from human development. The analysis of the distributions of genetic markers among populations, together with correlates of life-history and environmental variability, can provide insights into the extent of adaptive variation. Here, we examined genetic variability among populations of mature European anchovies (n = 531) in the Adriatic (13 samples) and Tyrrhenian seas (2 samples) with neutral and putative non-neutral microsatellite loci. These genetic markers failed to confirm the occurrence of two anchovy species in the Adriatic Sea, as previously postulated. However, we found fine-scale population structure in the Adriatic, especially in northern areas, that was associated with four of the 13 environmental variables tested. Geographic gradients in sea temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen appear to drive adaptive differences in spawning time and early larval development among populations. Resolving adaptive seascapes in Adriatic anchovies provides a means to understand mechanisms underpinning local adaptation and a basis for optimizing exploitation strategies for sustainable harvests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well known that temporal fluctuations in small populations deeply influence evolutionary potential. Less well known is whether fluctuations can influence the evolutionary potentials of species with large census sizes. Here, we estimated genetic population parameters from as survey of polymorphic microsatellite DNA loci in archived otoliths from Adriatic European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus), a fish with large census sizes that supports numerous local fisheries. Stocks have fluctuated greatly over the past few decades, and the Adriatic fishery collapsed in 1987. Our results show a significant reduction of mean genetic parameters as a consequence of the population collapse. In addition, estimates of effective population size (Ne) are much smaller than those expected in a fishes with large population census sizes (Nc). Estimates of Ne indicate low effective population sizes, even before the population collapse. The ratio Ne/Ne ranged between 10−6 and 10−8, indicating a large discrepancy between the anchovy gene pool and population census size. Therefore, anchovy populations may be more vulnerable to fishery effort and environmental change than previously thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We critically examine the performance of sequential geostatistical resampling (SGR) as a model proposal mechanism for Bayesian Markov-chain-Monte-Carlo (MCMC) solutions to near-surface geophysical inverse problems. Focusing on a series of simple yet realistic synthetic crosshole georadar tomographic examples characterized by different numbers of data, levels of data error and degrees of model parameter spatial correlation, we investigate the efficiency of three different resampling strategies with regard to their ability to generate statistically independent realizations from theBayesian posterior distribution. Quite importantly, our results show that, no matter what resampling strategy is employed, many of the examined test cases require an unreasonably high number of forward model runs to produce independent posterior samples, meaning that the SGRapproach as currently implemented will not be computationally feasible for a wide range of problems. Although use of a novel gradual-deformation-based proposal method can help to alleviate these issues, it does not offer a full solution. Further, we find that the nature of the SGR is found to strongly influence MCMC performance; however no clear rule exists as to what set of inversion parameters and/or overall proposal acceptance rate will allow for the most efficient implementation. We conclude that although the SGR methodology is highly attractive as it allows for the consideration of complex geostatistical priors as well as conditioning to hard and soft data, further developments are necessary in the context of novel or hybrid MCMC approaches for it to be considered generally suitable for near-surface geophysical inversions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiorespiratory fitness is thought to be positively related to sustained attention. However, the underlying mechanisms of this relationship have yet to be fully elucidated. The objective of this study was to i) explore the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and sustained attention in 72 young adults (18–37 years old) and ii) provide insight on the electrocortical dynamics supporting sustained attention performance in individuals differing in cardiorespiratory fitness by means of EEG topographic analyses and source localization. Behaviorally, cardiorespiratory fitness was related to faster response times and higher accuracy in the psychomotor vigilance task even when adjusting the model with confounding variables such as age, body mass index and chronic physical activity. However, there was no relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and the classic vigilance decrement observed in the sustained attention task. At the electrocortical level, higher cardiorespiratory fitness was related to increased global field power (310–333 ms poststimulus) localized in the posterior cingulate cortex (BA 30) followed by changes in scalp topographies around the P3b ERP component (413–501 ms poststimulus), which corresponded to earlier activation of the supplementary motor areas (BA 6). This is the first study using high-density EEG, which harnesses the whole spatiotemporal dynamics of the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and sustained attention in young adults. • In young adults, sustained attention is related to cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). • Vigilance decrement is not related to CRF. • ERPs and CRF covaried in a period corresponding to the P3b component (300-500ms). • Higher CRF corresponds to an increased activation of the posterior cingulate cortex. • Earlier activation of the supplementary motor areas corresponds to higher CRF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Hydrological and geophysical data were collected at the St-Lambert site, Canada. [•] A two-steps Bayesian Sequential Simulation approach is applied to this database. [•] We generated stochastic realizations of hydraulic conductivities. [•] The results are compared to borehole observations. [•] The results are also compared to independent predictions based on a Relevant Vector Machine approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overharvesting, habitat alteration and pollution have contributed to the decline of many wild populations of brown trout in Europe. Since the mid-19th century, stocking with domestic strains has added a further threat to their genetic integrity. In this study, we adopted a landscape genetic approach to evaluate the role of environmental factors in promoting or hindering invasion by an alien genome., Two classes of molecular markers ( LDH-C1* locus and mt DNA) were used to evaluate the level of introgression between native and domestic strains of brown trout in Central Italy. A multivariate method (redundancy analysis, RDA) was employed to find relationships between genetic diversity and 19 environmental variables that describe lithology, geomorphology, fish community and human activities., The RDA indicated that streams with more stable ecological conditions sustain almost pure native populations, whereas streams characterised by unpredictable hydrological conditions harbour populations with high levels of introgression or pure for foreign genotypes., Our study revealed that the outcome of supplementary stocking with hatchery-reared brown trout is strongly linked to the environmental features of different drainage basins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the collapse of an important port structure and analyzes the causes of failure. In particular, a length of newly constructed anchored sheet pile wall exhibited very large displacements at the crest, which clearly indicated that a failure condition had been reached within the retained ground. On removal of the failing soil and inspection of the structure, all the barrel/wedge anchors were found to be devoid of the strands they should have been holding. Observations and testing on such components led to the conclusion that sliding of the wedge system within the barrel had actually been inhibited by two main causes: on one hand, corrosion of the metal surfaces, which is in part predictable in a marine environment and, on the other, the presence of cement mortar which blocked the wedge components in place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significant progress has been made with regard to the quantitative integration of geophysical and hydrological data at the local scale for the purpose of improving predictions of groundwater flow and solute transport. However, extending corresponding approaches to the regional scale still represents one of the major challenges in the domain of hydrogeophysics. To address this problem, we have developed a regional-scale data integration methodology based on a two-step Bayesian sequential simulation approach. Our objective is to generate high-resolution stochastic realizations of the regional-scale hydraulic conductivity field in the common case where there exist spatially exhaustive but poorly resolved measurements of a related geophysical parameter, as well as highly resolved but spatially sparse collocated measurements of this geophysical parameter and the hydraulic conductivity. To integrate this multi-scale, multi-parameter database, we first link the low- and high-resolution geophysical data via a stochastic downscaling procedure. This is followed by relating the downscaled geophysical data to the high-resolution hydraulic conductivity distribution. After outlining the general methodology of the approach, we demonstrate its application to a realistic synthetic example where we consider as data high-resolution measurements of the hydraulic and electrical conductivities at a small number of borehole locations, as well as spatially exhaustive, low-resolution estimates of the electrical conductivity obtained from surface-based electrical resistivity tomography. The different stochastic realizations of the hydraulic conductivity field obtained using our procedure are validated by comparing their solute transport behaviour with that of the underlying “true” hydraulic conductivity field. We find that, even in the presence of strong subsurface heterogeneity, our proposed procedure allows for the generation of faithful representations of the regional-scale hydraulic conductivity structure and reliable predictions of solute transport over long, regional-scale distances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a case of fatal pneumomediastinum in a patient with acute respiratory failure caused by acute exacerbated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( AECOPD) and interstitial lung disease ( ILD) precipitated by noninvasive mechanical ventilation ( NIMV). To our knowledge, this is the first case reported in the literature. NIMV is very useful to treat acute respiratory failure due to AECOPD improving survival and avoiding endotracheal intubation. Use of NIMV in end stage ILD is not standardized and efficacy is to be proven. No data are reported to manage patient with concomitant COPD and ILD. Pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this fatal complication are explained and suggestions to treat this subgroup of patients discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cough is one of the most common reasons leading to pediatric consultations, negatively impacting the quality of life of patients and caregivers. It is defined as a sudden and forceful expulsion of air from the lungs through the mouth, typically triggered by irritation or the stimulation of sensory nerves in the respiratory tract. This reflex is controlled by a neural pathway that includes sensory receptors, afferent nerves, the brainstem's cough center, efferent nerves, and the muscles involved in coughing. Based on its duration, cough in children may be classified as acute, lasting less than four weeks, and chronic, persisting for more than four weeks. Neuromodulators have shown promise in reducing the frequency and severity of cough by modulating the neural pathways involved in the cough reflex, although they require careful monitoring and patient selection to optimize the outcomes. This review aims to examine the rationale for using neuromodulators in the management of cough in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Respiratory diseases (RDs) constitute a common public health problem both in industrialized and developing countries. The comprehension of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these conditions and the development of new therapeutic strategies are critical for improving the quality of life of affected patients. β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) are both involved in physiological responses in the airways. β2AR is implicated in bronchodilation, mucociliary clearance, and anti-inflammatory effects, while TRPV1 is involved in the mediation of pain and cough reflexes. In RDs, such as respiratory infections, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and cystic fibrosis, the concentration and expression of these receptors can be altered, leading to significant consequences. In this review, we provided an update on the literature about the role of β2AR and TRPV1 in these conditions. We reported how the diminished or defective expression of β2AR during viral infections or prolonged therapy with β2-agonists can increase the severity of these pathologies and impact the prognosis. Conversely, the role of TRPV1 was pivotal in neuroinflammation, and its modulation could lead to innovative treatment strategies in specific patients. We indicate future perspectives and potential personalized treatments in RDs through a comprehensive analysis of the roles of these receptors in the physiological and pathological mechanisms of these pathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temperature is one of the most important range-limiting factors for many seaweeds. Driven by the recent climatic changes, rapid northward shifts of species' distribution ranges can potentially modify the phylogeographic signature of Last Glacial Maximum. We explored this question in detail in the cold-tolerant kelp species Saccharina latissima, using microsatellites and double digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD-seq) derived single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to analyze the genetic diversity and structure in 11 sites spanning the entire European Atlantic latitudinal range of this species. In addition, we checked for statistical correlation between genetic marker allele frequencies and three environmental proxies (sea surface temperature, salinity, and water turbidity). Our findings revealed that genetic diversity was significantly higher for the northernmost locality (Spitsbergen) compared to the southern ones (Northern Iberia), which we discuss in light of the current state of knowledge on phylogeography of S. latissima and the potential influence of the recent climatic changes on the population structure of this species. Seven SNPs and 12 microsatellite alleles were found to be significantly associated with at least one of the three environmental variables. We speculate on the putative adaptive functions of the genes associated with the outlier markers and the importance of these markers for successful conservation and aquaculture strategies for S. latissima in this age of rapid global change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conflict monitoring model predicting higher anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) neuronal activity on incongruent trials has been recently challenged by a model predicting longer neuronal activity in incongruent trials characterized by longer RTs. To clarify this issue, brain dynamics were explored through event-related-potential (ERP) recordings during a Stroop task. We assessed differences between experimental conditions by combining complementary methods sensitive to the temporality of events including microstate, TANOVA and source localization analysis. The analysis demonstrated the same electrical dynamics only differed in duration towards the end of information processing in the incongruent condition. Specifically, the activation strength of the ACC region did not differ significantly between congruent and incongruent conditions but lasted longer in the incongruent condition. Taken together, our results support the model predicting longer neuronal activity in incongruent trials characterized by longer RTs. They highlight that brain dynamics can dramatically change through periods of interest and that caution is required when interpreting fMRI results. To conclude, these results indicate how time-sensitive measures can contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying information processing, and thus offer new venues to explore conflict monitoring [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we used a Genotyping-by-Sequencing (GBS) approach to find and genotype more than 4000 genome-wide SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) from striped killifish exposed to a variety of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and other aromatic pollutants in New Bedford Harbor (NBH, Massachusetts, USA). The aims of this study were to identify the genetic consequences of exposure to aquatic pollutants and detect genes that may be under selection. Low genetic diversity (HE and π) was found in the site exposed to the highest pollution level, but the pattern of genetic diversity did not match the pollution levels. Extensive connectivity was detected among sampling sites, which suggests that balanced gene flow may explain the lack of genetic variation in response to pollution levels. Tests for selection identified 539 candidate outliers, but many of the candidate outliers were not shared among tests. Differences among test results likely reflect different test assumptions and the complex pollutant mixture. Potentially, selectively important loci are associated with 151 SNPs, and enrichment analysis suggests a likely involvement of these genes with pollutants that occur in NBH. This result suggests that selective processes at genes targeted by pollutants may be occurring, even at a small geographical scale, and may allow the local striped killifish to resist the high pollution levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The brown trout Salmo trutta is characterised by both anadromous (sea trout) and resident populations, naturally occurring in Atlantic and Ponto‐Caspian rivers. Sea trout are currently considered absent from rivers of the Mediterranean area, probably because of the non‐optimal chemical–physical characteristics of the Mediterranean Sea. However, the occasional bycatch of smoltified S. trutta in the Adriatic Sea is well known among fishermen and the biological explanation of this phenomenon is still controversial. The aim of this study was to compare the genetic diversity of freshwater and marine brown trout to try to understand the factors underlying the presence of putative anadromous brown trout in the Adriatic Sea.In this study, we analysed the genetic diversity of: (1) wild brown trout collected from the Esino River (central Italy); (2) a domestic strain of brown trout used for stocking the study area; and (3) a sample of Adriatic sea trout collected near the outlet of the Esino River. Together with genetic analysis, we carried out scale analysis in order to track the freshwater/marine stages of the life cycle in the sea trout samples. The genetic characterisation was carried out by polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the mtDNA fragment ND‐5/6 and the nuclear locus LDH‐C1* and by genotyping 15 microsatellite loci. The genetic polymorphism obtained was used to investigate intra‐ and inter‐population genetic diversity, rates of genetic introgression between wild and domestic samples and the origin of sea trout specimens by using assignment tests.Our genetic analyses demonstrated that the sea trout analysed in this study are from the domestic strain of Atlantic origin used in central Italy for stocking activities. The level of genetic introgression between native and domestic samples is high in the Esino River. The populations more resilient to introgressive hybridisation appeared to be those living in the portion of the river network dominated by carbonate rocks. Assignment tests (GeneClass) suggest the existence of a link between stocking efforts and the freshwater origin of the sea trout. In addition, data obtained from the analysis of scales, size measurement, and sex determination showed a pattern of smolt age, size, and sex ratio very similar to those observed in other anadromous populations.In conclusion, the present study highlighted that sea trout from the central Adriatic Sea originated from brown trout of Atlantic origin inhabiting the Esino River. Their seaward migratory behaviour could represent a consequence of an active migration instead of a passive displacement by water flow. Our results also showed that traditional stocking practices represent a negative activity for the conservation of the last Mediterranean native S. trutta populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We recorded the eye movements of adults reading aloud short (four digit) and long (eight to 11 digit) Arabic numerals compared to matched-in-length words and pseudowords. We presented each item in isolation, at the center of the screen. Participants read each item aloud at their pace, and then pressed the spacebar to display the next item. Reading accuracy was 99 %. Results showed that adults make 2.5 times more fixations when reading short numerals compared to short words, and up to 7 times more fixations when reading long numerals with respect to long words. Similarly, adults make 3 times more saccades when reading short numerals compared to short words, and up to 9 times more saccades when reading long numerals with respect to long words. Fixation duration and saccade amplitude stay almost the same when reading short numerals with respect to short words. However, fixation duration increases by ∼50 ms when reading long numerals (∼300 ms) with respect to long words (∼250 ms), and saccade amplitude decreases up to 0.83 characters when reading long numerals with respect to long words. The pattern of findings for long numerals—more and shorter saccades as well as more and longer fixations—shows the extent to which reading long Arabic numerals is a cognitively costly task. Within the phonographic writing system, this pattern of eye movements stands for the use of the sublexical print-to-sound correspondence rules. The data highlight that reading large numerals is an unautomatized activity and that Arabic numerals must be converted into their oral form by a step-by-step process even by expert readers. [Display omitted] • We make up to 7 times more fixations when reading numerals with respect to words. • We make up to 9 times more saccades when reading numerals with respect to words. • Fixation duration increases from 250 to 300 ms reading long numerals versus words. • Saccade amplitude decreases up to 0.83 characters reading long numerals versus words. • Arabic numerals are converted into their oral form by an unautomatized process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although Eurocode 7 is not meant to be applied to the design of tunnels, the lack of standard codes explicitly focusing on tunneling leads to the situation that it is increasingly used in practice, at least for shallow tunnels in soil. However, there is no general agreement on which of the approaches defined in EC7 is the most suitable for the design of shallow tunnels, in particular when it comes to applying them in combination with numerical analyses. In this paper, the results of numerical calculations aimed at assessing ultimate limit state conditions of a shallow tunnel in soil are presented. The focus of the present work is firstly on the verification of the applicability of the Eurocodes in combination with numerical analyses and the comparison of different design approaches. Secondly, the consequences of the choice of a nonlinear material model for the shotcrete primary lining are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to its geological evolution the Mediterranean area is largely characterized by complex and weak formations. These formations make vulnerable and landslide prone many regions of the Mediterranean countries, with the consequence to expose vital infrastructures, as transportation system and lifelines, to unavoidable hazards. Recent developments in the geological field have given a comprehensive description of the processes that have originated these formations as well as the main features of this wide class of materials such as mélanges, hard soils and structurally complex formations. Differently, the translation into engineering terms of many geological aspects is still very limited and the designer is often left alone when he has to conceive a geotechnical design model (GDM) capable of capturing the design situation and the geotechnical properties of complex formations as relevant for design. Considering the operative framework outlined by the draft version of the new European code for geotechnical design (EC7), this paper presents a conceptual approach that can be followed when designing an embedded retaining structures in Stiff Jointed Clay (SJC), a specific sub-group of the complex formations, frequently affected by landslides, where, likewise in rocks, the scale effect strongly influences the selection of the representative ground properties. In particular, based on a prototype numerical model of a SJC formation implemented for one system of discontinuities, the paper will show the close relationship between the geometrical arrangement of the discontinuities, the geometry of the potential collapse mechanisms and the operational strengths to be used in the calculation models. The data from monitoring of a real case study are promising in the appropriateness of the proposed approach, despite the simplicity of the conceptual and calculation models adopted. • The complexity of the design of geotechnical structures in Stiff Jointed Clay (SJC) formations is discussed • Advancements in geological analysis of SJC formations are not easily implemented by geotechnical practitioners • Geotechnical complexity is a new item for reliability of design in the draft of next Eurocode 7 • Pattern and shear strength of the joints are the key aspects for geotechnical design in SJC formations. • The design of a retaining wall is proposed as an example on how account of discontinuities with simple numerical models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Late onset Pompe disease (LOPD) is a rare muscle disorder often characterized, along the disease course, by severe respiratory failure. We describe herein respiratory muscles and lung abnormalities in LOPD patients using MR imaging and CT examinations correlated to pulmonary function tests. Ten LOPD patients were studied: 6 with a limb-girdle muscle weakness, 1 with myalgias, 2 with exertional dyspnoea and 1 with isolated hyperckemia. Respiratory function was measured using forced vital capacity (FVC) in both upright and supine positions, maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) and peak cough flow (PCF) tests. The involvement (atrophy) of diaphragms, abdominal respiratory muscles and intercostal muscles was ranked by CT and MRI examinations using appropriate scales. Height of lungs and band-like atelectasis presence were also recorded. Seven out of 10 patients showed a functional diaphragmatic weakness (FVC drop percentage >25%). In 8 out of 10 patients, involvement of both diaphragms and of other respiratory muscles was seen. The mean height of lungs in patients was significantly reduced when compared to a control group. Marked elevation of the diaphragms (lung height<15 cm) was also seen in 6 patients. Multiple unilateral or bilateral band-like atelectasis were found in 4 patients. Statistically significant correlations were found between diaphragm atrophy grading, evaluated by MRI and CT, and FVC in supine position, FVC drop percentage passing from upright to supine position, PCF and MIP. Our data showed that diaphragm atrophy, often associated to reduced lung height and band-like atelectasis, can be considered the CT-MRI hallmark of respiratory insufficiency in LOPD patients. Early recognition of respiratory muscles involvement, using imaging data, could allow an early start of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) in LOPD. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Spontaneous pneumomediastinum (SPM) is defined as the presence of air in the mediastinum, developing in the absence of traumatic, iatrogenic, or preceding pulmonary pathologies (emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and lung cancer). The aim of this study was to review our experiences with SPM, underlining its symptomatology, diagnosis, treatment, and followup, and defining a reasonable course of assessment and management. A retrospective case series was conducted to identify adult patients with SPM who were diagnosed and treated in our institution between 1998 and 2005. Eighteen patients (10 males) were identified (average age = 25 ± 4.8 years). Acute onset of chest pain was the predominant symptom at presentation. All patients developed clinically evident subcutaneous emphysema and underwent chest computerized tomography. Fiber bronchoscopy and echocardiogram were used selectively (8 patients). The average hospital stay was 6 (±1.4) days. Sixteen patients were conservatively treated, and only two patients were treated with thoracic drainage due to a related pneumothorax. The disease followed a benign evolution in all patients and, as of today, no relapse has been reported. SPM is an uncommon pathology with a usually benign course. The authors discuss SPM. A diagnostic algorithmic approach is necessary to rule out severe secondary entities and consequences that need urgent treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immune checkpoints inhibitors (ICIs) have markedly improved the therapeutic management of advanced NSCLC and, more recently, they have demonstrated efficacy also in the early-stage disease. Despite better survival outcomes with ICIs compared to standard chemotherapy, a large proportion of patients can derive limited clinical benefit from these agents. So far, few predictive biomarkers, including the programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), have been introduced in clinical practice. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify novel biomarkers to select patients for immunotherapy, to improve efficacy and avoid unnecessary toxicity. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms involved in antitumor immunity and advances in the field of liquid biopsy have led to the identification of a wide range of circulating biomarkers that could potentially predict response to immunotherapy. Herein, we provide an updated overview of these circulating biomarkers, focusing on emerging data from clinical studies and describing modern technologies used for their detection. [Display omitted] • Immunotherapy has recently revolutionized survival outcomes in NSCLC patients. • Disease progression or resistance after variable periods of time are still experienced. • Liquid biopsy has led to the identification of several circulating biomarkers. • Circulating biomarkers emerge as promising tool to predict immunotherapy benefit. • There are still several issues that limit on the diffusion of these biomarkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a multisystemic disease compromising both the neuromuscular system and the cognitive status. Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) has been shown to improve survival and quality of life in ALS patients with respiratory failure, but scanty literature investigated which are the predictors of NIV tolerance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of functional, cognitive, neurobehavioral, and respiratory status on NIV compliance and tolerance in patients with ALS. We retrospectively evaluated clinical data of ALS patients who consecutively underwent a NIV trial during hospitalization. Cognitive and neurobehavioral assessments have been performed using the Edinburgh Cognitive and Behavioral ALS Screen (ECAS), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB), the Raven's 47 Colored Progressive Matrices (PM47), and the Neurobehavioral Rating Scale Revised (NRSR). Seventy-two patients (mean age ± SD; 63.9 ± 10.6 years) were included. Patients adapted were 63/72 (87.5%). The average time of adaptation was 7.82 ± 5.27 days. The time required to reach a satisfying NIV adaptation was significantly related to the presence of sialorrhea (p = 0.02), respiratory status (Borg Dyspnoea Scale, p = 0.006, and ALS-FRS-R respiratory subscore, p = 0.03) and behavioral and cognitive impairment (NRSR-F1, p = 0.04, NRSR- F5, p = 0.04). Presence of sialorrhea and neurobehavioral impairment, and absence of respiratory symptoms are negative predictors of NIV adaptation. This study highlights the need of a multidisciplinary patient-tailored approach including cognitive-behavioral assessment and a psychological support program to optimize patient's training and compliance to NIV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polypodium hydriforme is a parasitic cnidarian that develops within the eggs of acipenseriform fish in the Old and New Worlds. Currently regarded as monotypic, P. hydriforme has been studied largely in the context of caviar production in Russian sturgeon species. We report the first robust epidemiological study of P. hydriforme in North American acipenseriform fish. We sampled infection prevalences (in 2017 and 2018) and intensities (in 2017) during annual surveys of American Paddlefish, Polyodon spathula, caught during spawning migration in north‐eastern Oklahoma. Egg masses were characterized for the presence and intensity of P. hydriforme infection. Prevalences were similar in 2017 and 2018 (49% and 45%, respectively). Generally, a small number of eggs were infected per egg mass, but a few were heavily infected. Longer, heavier and older fish are more likely to be infected and to harbour more severe infections. In addition, infection is linked to decreases in roe fat weight independently of fish length, weight, age or roe weight. Infection thus diminishes Paddlefish energy reserves (roe fat) which could in turn impact host fitness. Our results raise questions about the impacts of infection on caviar production and Paddlefish conservation and suggest insights on infection dynamics and parasite strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many neurological diseases may cause acute respiratory failure (ARF) due to involvement of bulbar respiratory center, spinal cord, motoneurons, peripheral nerves, neuromuscular junction, or skeletal muscles. In this context, respiratory emergencies are often a challenge at home, in a neurology ward, or even in an intensive care unit, influencing morbidity and mortality. More commonly, patients develop primarily ventilatory impairment causing hypercapnia. Moreover, inadequate bulbar and expiratory muscle function may cause retained secretions, frequently complicated by pneumonia, atelectasis, and, ultimately, hypoxemic ARF. On the basis of the clinical onset, two main categories of ARF can be identified: (i) acute exacerbation of chronic respiratory failure, which is common in slowly progressive neurological diseases, such as movement disorders and most neuromuscular diseases, and (ii) sudden-onset respiratory failure which may develop in rapidly progressive neurological disorders including stroke, convulsive status epilepticus, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, phrenic neuropathy, myasthenia gravis, and Guillain–Barré syndrome. A tailored assistance may include manual and mechanical cough assistance, noninvasive ventilation, endotracheal intubation, invasive mechanical ventilation, or tracheotomy. This review provides practical recommendations for prevention, recognition, management, and treatment of respiratory emergencies in neurological diseases, mostly in teenagers and adults, according to type and severity of baseline disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Transcription factors have a key role in the pathogenesis of asthma and COPD. • Transcription factors inhibitors have a potential therapeutic role in asthma and COPD. • Low dose theophylline could have an anti-inflammatory and clinical efficacy in stable COPD. Inflammation is a central feature of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Despite recent advances in the knowledge of the pathogenesis of asthma and COPD, much more research on the molecular mechanisms of asthma and COPD are needed to aid the logical development of new therapies for these common and important diseases, particularly in COPD where no new effective treatments currently exist. In the future the role of the activation/repression of different transcription factors and the genetic regulation of their expression in asthma and COPD may be an increasingly important aspect of research, as this may be one of the critical mechanisms regulating the expression of different clinical phenotypes and their responsiveness to therapy, particularly to anti-inflammatory drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The expression and localization of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) pathway proteins in different compartments of the lower airways of patients with stable COPD is unclear. We aimed to determine TGF-β pathway protein expression in patients with stable COPD.Methods: The expression and localization of TGF-β pathway components was measured in the bronchial mucosa and peripheral lungs of patients with stable COPD (n = 44), control smokers with normal lung function (n = 24), and control nonsmoking subjects (n = 11) using immunohistochemical analysis.Results: TGF-β1, TGF-β3, and connective tissue growth factor expression were significantly decreased in the bronchiolar epithelium, with TGF-β1 also decreased in alveolar macrophages, in patients with stable COPD compared with control smokers with normal lung function. TGF-β3 expression was increased in the bronchial lamina propria of both control smokers with normal lung function and smokers with mild/moderate stable COPD compared with control nonsmokers and correlated significantly with pack-years of smoking. However, TGF-β3+ cells decreased in patients with severe/very severe COPD compared with control smokers. Latent TGF-β binding protein 1 expression was increased in the bronchial lamina propria in subjects with stable COPD of all severities compared with control smokers with normal lung function. Bone morphogenetic protein and activin membrane-bound inhibitor expression (BAMBI) in the bronchial mucosa was significantly increased in patients with stable COPD of all severities compared with control subjects. No other significant differences were observed between groups for all the other molecules studied in the bronchial mucosa and peripheral lung.Conclusions: Expression of TGF-βs and their regulatory proteins is distinct within different lower airway compartments in stable COPD. Selective reduction in TGF-β1 and enhanced BAMBI expression may be associated with the increase in autoimmunity in COPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Squamate reptiles show a striking diversity in modes of sex determination, including both genetic (XY or ZW) and temperature-dependent sex determination systems. The genomes of only a handful of species have been sequenced, analyzed and assembled including the genome of Anolis carolinensis. Despite a high genome coverage, only macrochromosomes of A. carolinensis were assembled whereas the content of most microchromosomes remained unclear. Most of the Anolis species have homomorphic XY sex chromosome system. However, some species have large heteromorphic XY chromosomes (e.g., A. sagrei) and even multiple sex chromosomes systems (e.g. A. pogus), that were shown to be derived from fusions of the ancestral XY with microautosomes. We applied next generation sequencing of flow sorting-derived chromosome-specific DNA pools to characterize the content and composition of microchromosomes in A. carolinensis and A. sagrei. Comparative analysis of sequenced chromosome-specific DNA pools revealed that the A. sagrei XY sex chromosomes contain regions homologous to several microautosomes of A. carolinensis. We suggest that the sex chromosomes of A. sagrei are derived by fusions of the ancestral sex chromosome with three microautosomes and subsequent loss of some genetic content on the Y chromosome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this pilot study for the first time, ancient DNA has been extracted from bone remains of Salmo trutta. These samples were from a stratigraphic succession located in a coastal cave of Calabria (southern Italy) inhabited by humans from upper Palaeolithic to historical times. Seven pairs of primers were used to PCR-amplify and sequence from 128 to 410 bp of the mtDNA control region of eleven samples. Three haplotypes were observed: two (ADcs-1 and MEcs-1) already described in rivers from the Italian peninsula; one (ATcs-33) belonging to the southern Atlantic clade of the AT Salmo trutta mtDNA lineage (sensu Bernatchez). The prehistoric occurrence of this latter haplotype in the water courses of the Italian peninsula has been detected for the first time in this study. Finally, we observed a correspondence between frequency of trout remains and variation in haplotype diversity that we related with ecological and demographic changes resulting from a period of rapid cooling known as the Younger Dryas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Respiratory insufficiency commonly develops in patients with Late Onset Pompe Disease (LOPD). It is conceivable that a timely starting of enzyme replacement therapy could avoid this life-threatening complication. Respiratory function in LOPD is commonly evaluated with standard pulmonary tests which do not extensively provide an accurate definition of the muscular pathophysiology. In eleven patients with LOPD and five healthy subjects, we compared pulmonary function results with MRI data, based on scans of the right lung acquired on maximum expiration and inspiration. We observed that variations in the cranio-caudal lung height and of lung areas in inspiration and expiration (lung delta) as well as the area of diaphragmatic movement strongly correlated with pulmonary function results. Moreover, MRI data confirmed that development of respiratory insufficiency in LOPD is mainly due to the diaphragmatic weakness with sparing of the antero-posterior chest expansion related to the activity of the intercostal muscles. These results suggest that respiratory muscle MRI is a quick, useful and reproducible tool for patient management as well as a reliable outcome measure for future LOPD therapeutic trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction work of the DG22 mega lot, an 11-km segment of the new Jonica national road (southern Italy), mainly involves the Pliocene deposits belonging to the Trubi stiff jointed formation. This paper focuses on the geotechnical studies carried out to explain the kinematics of the instability processes which were observed during excavation work. Two different cases are presented. The first one refers to the movements caused by a 20-m-high slope excavated for a cut and cover tunnel. The second one describes the kinematics of the failure of a shallow tunnel which caused the subsidence of a widely extended area. In both cases, the response of the soil mass to the excavation was governed by the system of discontinuities that characterizes the Trubi clay formation. The influence of the structural features, beyond the knowledge of the mechanical behavior of the soil at the scale of the laboratory sample, was an essential ingredient to find a convincing explanation for both phenomena observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil treatment using jet grouting or deep mixing techniques can enhance the performance of existing embedded retaining structures by improving both ground strength and stiffness. Although the estimation of the equivalent geotechnical parameters of the composite ground is crucial for evaluating the effect of the improvement on the structures, current design methods are still highly empirical. Focusing on a wall-type treatment, two-dimensional numerical analyses using the finite-element method have been developed in order to evaluate the equivalent (untreated-treated soil) composite parameters. The results have been used to draw up a design chart which correlates the density of the treatment and the stiffness of the composite. Taking into account an existing quay wall these results demonstrate the beneficial effect of improvement treatment in the passive zone in terms of both geotechnical safety and mitigation of internal stresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Satellite DNAs represent a preponderant portion of eukaryotic genomes, and despite the ample literature on satDNAs of eukaryotes little is known about these repetitive elements in reptiles. Studies on reptiles satellite DNAs have been mainly focused on lacertid lizards and only one aimed at characterising these repetitive elements in skinks. Here, the isolation and characterisation of a satellite DNA in two populations of the ocellated skink, Chalcides ocellatus (Forskål, 1775), is presented. The repetitive element isolated is located at centromeres of all chromosomes of the complement, shows a tendency towards AT enrichment (53.5%), and contains short motifs that are common in centromeric satellites of eukaryotes (TG/CA, GAAA). The satellite shows an extremely low evolutionary rate (0.13% per million year) that make it unsuitable as a phylogenetic probe to assess the genetic differentiation of the populations investigated, that show a deep genetic divergence at mitochondrial level. The influence of satellite location on chromosomes and chromosomal morphology are invoked to explain this unusually slow mutation rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic diversity of four populations of Chalcides mertensi (Klausewitz, 1954) from Tunisia was analyzed by means of the Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of two fragments of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encompassing NADH dehydrogenase subunits 1 and 2 (ND-1/2) and NADH dehydrogenase subunits 3, 4 and 4L (ND-3/4). Phylogenetic relationships between haplotypes were inferred by analysing the sequence of 396 base pairs at the 5' end of the mitochondrial gene encoding cytochrome b and a segment of 12S rRNA gene (386 bp). The results of this study highlighted a pronounced genetic divergence between the populations from northern (Ain Soltane and Tabarka) and southern (Kasserine and Sidi Bouzid) Tunisia, that the phylogenetic analysis recovered as two distinct taxonomic entities. These two groups of populations can therefore be ascribed to two distinct taxa, with southern populations probably representing the typical C. mertensi, whereas northern individuals are likely to represent a new species of grass swimming Chalcides. The divergence between these two taxonomic entities can be referred to palaeogeographic and palaeoclimatic events that have affected northwestern Africa during the last 10 Million years. The analysed populations show a low genetic variability that can be related to the past climatic and geologic events and the colonization processes that took place with environmental amelioration, and to the peripheral position of these populations in the distributional range of the species. However, a more exhaustive study, including Algerian and Moroccan skink populations will be necessary in order to clarify these issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients are at increased risk of cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation, and although CMV pneumonia may be a fatal disease in IBD patients, little information is available on this issue. The objectives of this study were to identify risk factors for the development of CMV pneumonia in IBD patients and to find useful information to better manage this potentially fatal complication. Methods: A computerized search without language restrictions was conducted using PubMed and SCOPUS. An article was considered eligible for inclusion in the systematic review if it reported detailed data on patients with IBD presenting with pneumonia due to CMV. Results: Overall, 12 articles describing the history of 13 patients, published between the years 1996 and 2011, were finally considered. All patients were adults with a mean age of 33 years, and 11/13 were females. Fever and dyspnea were the most frequent symptoms. The most frequent radiological signs were bilateral pulmonary infiltrates. Six cases were complicated by hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Eight of the 13 were transferred to intensive care units and four of them died. Conclusions: CMV pneumonia should always be suspected in IBD patients who present with fever and tachypnea, especially if the latter is worsening and/or is associated with dyspnea. Treatment must be early and specific. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]