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Elites are central to institutions and organisations, given that they are shaped and controlled by individuals and social groups or coalitions whose most influential players are elites. Based on a unique and representative survey of hyper-elites in Madagascar, this article explores the specificity of political elite trajectories and investigates their interconnections with other elite segments. First, on the methodological front, the challenges raised by elite surveys and the methods and approaches used to meet them are presented. How can the elites be identified? How can they be investigated? How can we measure their power? Second, on the analytical front, the article shows that political elites constitute a relatively closed and highly integrated world. They occupy a central position in the global network of elites, which enables them to play a necessary bridging role between elites occupying other positions of power and control much of what circulates within elite spheres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While in developing countries around 50% of total employment are informal sector jobs, and much more among the poorest, its statistical measurement is a major issue. Having long remained a black hole of national statistical systems, sound methodologies have been developed to measure the informal sector in its different dimensions (employment, production, and more broadly articulation with the rest of the economy) in a reliable manner. Taking stock on nearly four decades of experiences accumulated around the world, this article presents a system of original surveys, specially designed for this objective: the Informal Sector Mixed (households-businesses) Surveys (ISMSs). After exposing their theoretical principles, the paper addresses the main challenges of implementation in the field, detailing their advantages and limitations. In particular, we question the compatibility of ISMSs with the recommendations of the new Resolution concerning statistics on the informal economy, adopted in 2023 during the 21st International Conference of Labor Statisticians. We also identify avenues to address a certain number of challenges that still arise with this type of survey, both in the methodological field and on the institutional level. We illustrate our discussion with a set of selected empirical results drawn from surveys conducted in various contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brazil counts among the countries the hardest hit by the Covid-19 pandemic. A great deal has been said about the negative role played by President Bolsonaro's denialism, but relatively few studies have attempted to measure precisely what impact it actually had on the pandemic. Our paper conducts econometric estimates based on observational data at municipal level to quantitatively assess the 'Bolsonaro effect' over time from March 2020 to December 2022. To our knowledge, this paper presents the most comprehensive investigation of Bolsonaro's influence in the spread of the pandemic from two angles: considering Covid-19 mortality and two key transmission mitigation channels (social distancing and vaccination); and exploring the full pandemic cycle (2020–2022) and its dynamics over time. Controlling for a rich set of relevant variables, our results find a strong and persistent 'Bolsonaro effect' on the death rate: municipalities that were more pro-Bolsonaro recorded significantly more fatalities. Furthermore, evidence suggests that the president's attitude and decisions negatively influenced the population's behaviour. Firstly, pro-Bolsonaro municipalities presented a lower level of compliance with social distancing measures. Secondly, vaccination was relatively less widespread in places more in favour of the former president. Finally, our analysis points to longer-lasting and damaging repercussions. Regression results are consistent with the hypothesis that the 'Bolsonaro effect' impacted not only on Covid-19 vaccination, but has affected vaccination campaigns in general thereby jeopardizing the historical success of the National Immunization Program in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since its appearance in 2020, Brazil and Mexico have been among the most affected countries in the world by covid-19. Their respective presidents, Jair Bolsonaro and Andrés Manuel López Obrador (known as AMLO), have played a leading role in specific policies during the pandemic. Their choices were both singular and counter- intuitive. On the health front, AMLO initially underplayed the seriousness of the situation, and the Brazilian president, Bolsonaro, defended a frankly negationist attitude, with a dramatic balance sheet, without his popularity being seriously affected. On the economic front, they have chosen policies that contradict not only each other but also their own supposed ideological stances. Bolsonaro, who is ranked on the far right, has implemented an emergency transfer program on a scale comparable to those of developed countries and the most massive the country has ever seen. Conversely, AMLO, considered a progressist, provided just a minimum policy package, maintaining his previous electoral program. By adopting a comparative approach and mobilizing a unique and diversified set of data, the objective of this paper is to explore these apparent contradictions. After having established the precise diagnosis of the policies implemented to deal with the crisis and the economic and health situation in the two countries during the 2020-2022 period, we propose an original interpretation grid of the central role played by the two presidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this article, we show the magnitude of the impact of the Covid-19 crisis on the Brazilian labour market, especially on informal workers who were the main victims. This result calls into question the validity of the standard model, referred to in our work as a ‘canonical crisis’, which states that the informal economy plays a counter-cyclical role as a shock absorber. A thorough analysis reveals that this mechanism was no longer at work either for the pandemic crisis or for the two previous macroeconomic crises: informal employment recedes in times of crisis. In addition, we shed light on a striking phenomenon: the pandemic triggered an upsurge in the number of discouraged workers. How these individuals excluded from the labour market coped day to day remains under-investigated. Among the shock mitigation strategies, only the emergency transfer programme played a significant compensatory role. The crisis may mark a turning point by showing that informal workers – a hitherto politically ‘invisible’ group – became a focal point of public policy and were able to influence decisions. The government can no longer hide behind the laissez-faire strategy of relying on the informal sector as a safety valve to limit the socioeconomic impacts of crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper aims at identifying the Covid-19 infection and mortality risk factors in Brazil during the pandemic's first wave. Three groups of variables are considered: socioeconomic and health vulnerabilities, factors related to the virus transmission channels (mobility and density) and the effects of the policy responses. The analysis at the level of all 5,570 municipalities, drawing on a matching of different statistical and administrative databases, returns three main results. First, structurally vulnerable populations are hardest hit—non-white, poor, in poor health, favela residents and informal workers—showing the impact of socioeconomic inequalities. Second, we highlight some policy repercussions. The Auxilio Emergencial (emergency cash transfer) has had a mitigating effect in communities with relatively more informal workers. Finally, Covid-19 has hit hardest in municipalities that are more pro-Bolsonaro. The president's rhetoric and attitudes may have prompted his supporters to adopt more risky behaviour, suffer the consequences and infect others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work is to extend Gurson's model for plastic porous materials by considering the effects of void shape and heterogeneous hardening, which are both important for cyclic ductile failure at low stress triaxiality. The derivation is based on a sequential limit-analysis of an ellipsoidal cell made of a rigid-hardenable material and containing an ellipsoidal confocal cavity. The heterogeneous distribution of hardening is accounted for by considering a finite number of ellipsoidal layers in which the parameters related to isotropic and kinematic hardening are considered as homogeneous. Several approximations of the macroscopic plastic dissipation lead to an approximate yield criterion based on Madou and Leblond (2012a) solution. Evolution equations of the internal parameters (hardening and geometric parameters) are then derived to complement the yield criterion. Finally, the yield locus is assessed using numerical limit-analysis in a typical case of an ellipsoidal cavity with several distributions of pre-hardening. • A Gurson-type model including mixed hardening and void shape effects is derived. • This model extends Madou and Leblond (2012) to mixed isotropic/kinematic hardening. • The model reproduces numerical yield loci of ellipsoidal cavities with pre-hardening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a unique dataset, this paper analyses the causes and impacts of bribery in the informal sector in West Africa. It investigates the determinants of the incidence of bribery and the magnitude of the bribes actually paid. Our results show that the mechanisms at play are no different than those found for the formal sector by other authors. With respect to the impacts of corruption on a firm's performance, our findings show that experience of corruption increases business performance, but that this effect is driven by just one category of informal firm: constrained gazelles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This study examines the limits of global corruption indicators based on experts’ perceptions. It draws on a wave of original surveys conducted in eight African countries that combined two types of approaches. The first approach covers a sample of over 35,000people and uses experience-based questions to measure petty bureaucratic corruption. The second (Mirror Survey) reports 350experts’ opinions. A comparison of these two sources paints a clear picture of the experts’ errors of assessment. We also find evidence for ideological biases, with experts tending to rank countries based on their own political preferences, and the existence of an erroneous implicit cultural model of “how Africa works”. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Despite the increasing awareness concerning the importance of distinguishing chronic and transient poverty for policy making, cross-country comparative studies of poverty dynamics in developing countries are virtually non-existent. The small, though increasing, number of existing studies makes it difficult to draw general conclusions because of the methodological differences among them. Crucial questions are still unanswered. Are the factors associated with chronic poverty and vulnerability the same from one country to the other? What are the features that characterize exits from poverty? Based on a large three-wave panel sample of Peruvian and Madagascan urban households (1997–99), the importance of poverty transitions is examined, as well as the characteristics of the temporarily and the chronically poor, with respect to those of non-poor households. Then, we highlight through a multinomial logit model, the specific contributions of household characteristics (demographics, human and physical capital), but also of shocks experienced by these households (related to demographics and the job market) in explaining chronic poverty as well as poverty entries and exits. In this analysis, the impact of location variables linked to neighbourhoods (provision of public goods, income levels, human capital and employment structure, among others) on poverty transitions is also considered. One of the main findings is that the factors associated with permanent poverty amply cover the characteristics generally identified in analyses on static poverty correlates. Nevertheless, these results do not confirm the idea that only shocks are relevant to temporary forms of poverty. The type and quality of entry in the job market, as well as the features of the neighbourhood, turn out to be equally relevant in the analysis of poverty dynamics. These results suggest that the spatial inequality dimension should be added to analyses of income and poverty transition dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A survey of the hyper-elites to capture their pathways and their social networks and to study power monopolization strategy. • This survey is representative of the top 0.05% of the most powerful people in the country: the "hyper-elite". • The global network the elites build among themselves are among the means to access and hold the highest position of power. • Position of power is associated to four key network dimensions: size, quality, diversity of contacts and strength of ties. • Casts and inherited economic and social capital are also decisive factors in explaining control of power over years. In order to gain an understanding of how elites affect the development process, one of the first challenges is to investigate who are the elites and how do they access positions of power. The characteristics of the hyper-elites network and how it impacts on the distribution of power may constitute a key determining factor of the political equilibrium and the economic trajectory of a country. This article shows first the relevance of data from a first-hand statistical survey designed to be representative of the hyper-elites in Madagascar. This survey managed to capture in a comprehensive manner the pathways and the social networks of 'elites'. The latter are defined as those who hold or have held top positions and/or have a level of responsibility in nine different spheres of power (political [governmental, elective and partisan], economic, religious, military, civil society, international organisation and public institution). Our empirical approach focused on social capital, instead of income or wealth, provides an innovative way to apprehend and to study in its entirety and nationwide how "the powerful upper tail" functions. Drawing on this unique dataset of 1000 hyper-elites, we show to what extent position of power is associated to four key elite network dimensions: size, quality, diversity of contacts and strength of ties. More specifically, the quality and diversity of ties are among the most relevant determinants of access to positions of power. Our analysis sheds light on the hyper-elite strategy of network building to "keep themselves to themselves" and on the importance attached to casts and other inherited positions. It explains the limited social mobility and the huge gap between the elites and the majority of the population, which are among the causes of Madagascar's recession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Randomized control trials (RCTs) have a narrow scope, restricted to basic intervention schemes. Experimental designs also display specific biases and political uses when implemented in the real world. Despite these limitations, the method has been advertised as the gold standard to evaluate development policies. This article adopts a political economy approach to explore this paradox. It argues that the success of RCTs is driven mainly by a new scientific business model based on a mix of simplicity and mathematical rigour, media and donor appeal, and academic and financial returns. This in turn meets current interests and preferences in the academic world and the donor community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the production and meaning of price indicators in Madagascar, a post-colonial context characterized by a weak state, the prominence of international aid, and repeated food crises. We observe a profusion of indicators, data, and analyses related to prices. Such profusion illustrates not only different meanings of the cost of living but also fragmented economies and a fragmented mode of government in which nongovernmental organizations and international organizations play a leading role. Whatever their efforts, these initiatives struggle to capture the specific features of the cost of living in a context where the subsistence economy remains hardly convertible into numbers. Our analysis confirms the close links between statistical production and modes of government. The Malagasy Consumer Price Index coexists with many disparate initiatives aimed to cope with inequalities and emergencies, reflecting a country in the throes of repeated political, economic, and social crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Created in 2015 by the United Nations Statistical Commission, the Praia Group on Governance Statistics aims "to contribute to establishing international standards and methods for the compilation of statistics on the major dimensions of governance". The Praia Group has recently created two "Task Teams" led by national statistical offices from around the world – one on Non-Discrimination and Equality, and one on Participation in Political and Public Affairs – whose aim is to advance the development of international statistical guidance, standards and instruments to measure these two dimensions. This article reviews the work accomplished so far by each Task Team to develop internationally harmonized model survey questionnaires on these two dimensions, in order to enable the production of comprehensive survey-based statistics on Discrimination and Participation that are comparable across different cultures, languages and development contexts, and over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International organisations recently brought good governance and peace in the forefront of the development agenda. The measurement of related indicators, which differ by their nature, their sources and the institutions in charge of their collection, with National Statistics Institutes in the frontline, as well as their analyses keep growing. This paper introduces the special issue of nine articles on the measurement and analyses of Governance, Peace and Security statistics in four continents. It presents initiatives for some led by the only UN city group on statistical methodologies based in Africa, the Praia Group. Members of the latter group describe the advances and challenges such data collection implies particularly in time of pandemics. Following articles focus on the state of the art of statistics about transparency in Brazil, criminal violence in France and conflict more broadly. A set of articles in four African countries interrogate the relationship between perceptions and experiences and analyse their determinants. The issue ends with the works of international leaders in governance data collection, Mali and Peru. This special issue shows how statistical data on governance make a twofold contribution to achieving the principles of SDG 16 by providing reliable indicators and voicing public opinion to governments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents Peru's unique experience in measuring governance through household surveys. Launched at the initiative of the authors in the early 2000s, and coordinated since then by one of them, this survey module is, to the best of our knowledge, the most ambitious (in terms of the length of series, statistical properties, ownership) ever carried out on a global scale by a national institute of statistics (INEI). The Peruvian experience has contributed to both demonstrating the validity of the approach chosen to measure governance, prior to the adoption of SDG 16 in 2015, and supporting the regular production of indicators on governance, primarily those of SDG 16. The first part provides a brief overview of the Peruvian context and demonstrates the importance of monitoring governance issues in general, and in this country in particular. In the second part, we describe the main methodological options and innovations adopted by INEI since the launch of the module. The third part illustrates the analytical potential of the approach based on a few empirical examples, while the fourth part presents various ways through which the data has been used so far and some institutional challenges faced in promoting the use of governance statistics. Finally, we conclude by drawing key lessons from this initiative and outlining prospects for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Little is known about the informal sector’s income structure vis-à-vis the formal sector, despite its predominant economic weight in developing countries. While most of the papers on this topic are drawn from (emerging) Latin American, Asian or some African countries, Madagascar represents an interesting case. So far, very few studies in general, even less so in Sub-Saharan Africa, used panel data to provide evidence of the informal sector heterogeneity. Taking advantage of the 1-2-3 Surveys in Madagascar, a four-wave panel dataset (2000–04), we assess the magnitude of various formal/informal sector earnings gaps. Is there an informal sector job earnings penalty? Do some informal sector jobs provide pecuniary premiums and which ones? Do possible gaps vary along the earnings distribution? Ignoring distributional issues is indeed a strong limitation, given the compound question of how informality affects earnings inequality. We address heterogeneity issues at three different levels: the worker, the employment status (wage employment vs . self-employment) and the earnings distribution. Standard earnings equations are estimated at the mean and at various conditional quantiles of the earnings distribution. The results suggest that the sign and magnitude of the formal–informal sector earnings gaps highly depend on the workers’ employment status and on their relative position in the earnings distribution. In the case of a poor and fragile country like Madagascar, these findings provide new and robust empirical backups for the existence of a mix between the traditional exclusion vs . exit hypotheses of the informal sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary This paper evaluates the impact of Household Businesses’ decision to leave the informal sector on their performance and mode of operation. It capitalizes on a unique panel dataset, result of a five-year project. Using dynamic specifications, we find a significant impact of formalization on annual value added of 20% on average. More importantly, we show that this improvement is not valid for the smallest units, and that it is made possible for the others by changing their operating conditions. Released from the constraints of informality, they can access better equipment, increase their scale of operation, and operate in a more competitive environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existence of multiple perspectives and representations of different stakeholders poses critical challenges to conservation initiatives worldwide. Thus, to foster more just and sustainable agendas in protected areas (PAs), this diversity of perspectives must be better understood, acknowledged, and tackled. In this article, we aimed to initiate this understanding for the Makay region in Madagascar, a poorly-known region where a 'New Protected Area' has been gazetted. In combining mental models and social representation theory, we explored different stakeholders' perspectives about the Makay social-ecological system, and how differences in stakeholders' viewpoints could challenge the success of an inclusive, just, and sustainable conservation program. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 32 respondents having different expertise on the Makay. During interviews, respondents were guided towards the elicitation of their individual cognitive map (ICM) of the Makay social-ecological system. ICMs were then analyzed in combining quantitative and qualitative. Respondents described the Makay through a total of 162 components, including 51 components that constituted the central zone of the Makay's representation. In particular, respondents pointed to insecurity issues caused by zebu thieves, as well as to environmental challenges relative to anthropogenic fires and hunting. On the contrary, they considered mining activities and timber harvesting as more peripheral problems. Through a multivariate clustering analysis, we discriminated two clusters of respondents with contrasting visions about the Makay, ecocentric vs. social-ecological, which was largely influenced by respondents' background. In comparing the two clusters' representations, we found that they had dissimilar diagnoses about key socio-environmental challenges in the Makay and how to address them. This ambiguity in respondents' viewpoints stresses the need to increase research efforts in the Makay region to fill current knowledge gaps about this poorly known social-ecological system, and to foster social learning between stakeholders concerned by the Makay new PA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In spite of its predominant economic weight in developing countries, little is known about the informal sector earnings structure compared to that of the formal sector. Taking advantage of the rich VHLSS dataset in Vietnam, in particular its three wave panel data (2002, 2004, 2006), we assess the magnitude of various formal–informal earnings gaps while addressing heterogeneity at three different levels: the worker, the job (wage employment vs. self-employment) and the earnings distribution. We estimate fixed effects and quantile regressions to control for unobserved individual characteristics. Our results suggest that the informal sector earnings gap highly depends on the workers’ job status and on their relative position in the earnings distribution. Penalties may in some cases turn into premiums. By comparing our results with studies in other developing countries, we draw conclusions highlighting Vietnam’s labour market specificity. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article sets out to investigate the reasons why some household businesses decide to register and become formal (while others do not) in order to shed light on the origins of informality. We use qualitative as well as quantitative data on household businesses (HB) derived from first-hand representative surveys implemented in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. The study reveals that although most of the informal businesses operate ‘illegally’, this is more due to unclear registration legislation than the mark of a deliberate intention to evade the economic regulations. Among the different factors that influence the registration decisions, the reason for setting up the business appears to be a determining one: the more it is a real choice (businesses set up to be independent or to follow a family tradition) and the less a constraint (set up for lack of a job alternative), the more the HB is inclined to be registered. Furthermore, the analysis highlights that incentives do prove decisive insofar as the probability of having a formal business is greater among HB heads who consider that registration provides at least partial protection from corruption. Besides, access to information, the market and large business orders also drive the informal entrepreneurs to register. These results stress the need for clarification of the legal framework as well as incentive policies in order to address the issue of informality. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports within the issue on topics including informal economy, employment, and market segmentation in Asia.

Public statistics face quite a challenge when it comes to measuring new dimensions of development (institutions, governance, and social and political participation). To take up this challenge, modules on Governance, Democracy and Multiple Dimensions of Poverty have been appended to household surveys by National Statistics Institutes in twelve African and Latin American developing countries. This paper presents the issues addressed and the methodological lessons learnt along with a selection of findings to illustrate this innovative approach and demonstrate its analytic potential. We investigate, for instance, the population's support for democratic principles, the respect for civil and political rights and the trust in the political class; the ‘need for the State’, particularly of the poorest; the extent of petty corruption; the reliability of expert surveys on governance; the perception of decentralization policies at local level; the level and vitality of social and political participation, etc. The conclusive appraisal made opens up prospects for the national statistical information systems in the developing countries. The measurement and tracking of this new set of objective and subjective public policy monitoring indicators would benefit from being made systematic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The success of export processing zones or the Zone Franche in Madagascar since 1990 is, with the exception of Mauritius, an isolated and unknown case in Africa. This paper, based on first-hand data, explains that the Zone Franche has had a highly significant macroeconomic impact in terms of exports and jobs. We show that average wages in the Zone Franche are equivalent to the other formal activity sectors, other things being equal, and that labor standards there are higher than average. The Zone Franche quickly recovered from the 2002 crisis and has benefited a great deal from AGOA. The final phase-out of the Multi-Fibre Arrangement in 2005 is expected to have a negative impact on the Zone Franche. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a 'replication in context' of a flagship randomised control trial (RCT) conducted in Morocco on microcredit. 'Replication in context' consists in combining the quantitative replication of an RCT with a contextualised analysis of its implementation and its political economy, in the sense of the interplay between different stakeholders with divergent and potentially conflicting interests, constraints and powers. 'Replication in context' draws on quantitative and qualitative data and uses the tools of statistics, political economy and sociology of science. This method allows us to describe the entire RCT production chain, from sampling, data collection, data entry and recoding, estimates and interpretations to publication and dissemination of the results. We find that this particular RCT does not respect the key principles of randomisation (imbalanced sampling and contamination) nor those of statistics (coding and measurement problems, poor-quality data and arbitrary trimming procedures). The qualitative analysis highlights the difficulties of implementing a randomised protocol in the real world. Beyond this particular case study, our analyses call into question the supposed superiority of randomised methods, echoing the growing unease in an academic field increasingly struggling to enforce the basic rules of ethics and scientific deontology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protected areas (PAs) are pivotal for biodiversity conservation, particularly in developing countries. However, success in achieving their objectives is variable. The reasons for the inconsistent effectiveness of PAs are well documented and include inadequate resources and conflicting objectives. Despite the proliferation of tools and guidelines for monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of PAs over recent decades, a gap persists between the availability of these resources and their practical application. This review of more than 114 publications on the subject summarizes and critically examines the approaches and tools used for M&E of PAs, in particular in developing countries. It highlights the existing shortcomings and explores the causes behind the ongoing disconnect between theoretical guidance and operational reality. Based on this review, we suggest recommendations to improve the efficacy and sustainability of M&E practices in the PAs of developing countries, with an emphasis on integrating the needs of local communities and adopting a strategy of adaptive management. • Protected areas (PAs) success in developing countries in achieving their objectives is variable. • A gap persists between the availability of tools for monitoring and evaluation of PAs and their practical application. • We review 114 publications, summarizes and critically examines these approaches and tools. • We explore the causes behind the ongoing disconnection between theoretical guidance and operational reality. • We suggest recommendations to improve the efficacy and sustainability of monitoring and evaluation practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the dynamics of the informal sector in Madagascar during the 1995-2004 period, which was characterized by sustained growth that ended due to a major political crisis. As conventionally assumed by simple dualistic models, the informal sector indeed fulfils a labor-absorbing function in times of crisis. However, informal business creation was also a major trend both during macroeconomic growth and during crisis and recovery. Growth in the informal sector was mostly extensive, with little job creation or capital accumulation. Although such a situation would be consistent with the existence of poverty traps, estimated marginal returns to capital are decreasing, which tends to reject this hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The World Bank's World Development Report 2006 addresses equity and development, defining equity as respect for equal opportunities combined with the avoidance of absolute deprivation. Equity has up to now remained a marginal issue in development economics. This detailed analysis endeavours to place the subject within the context of the evolution of World Bank thinking and policies. The wealth of the concept is illustrated, the downside being the difficulty in defining it accurately. We also emphasise the gap between the prospects opened up by such an enlargement of development goals and the report's policy recommendations, which are generally merely an extension of the World Bank's traditional analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]