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Rapport building is a widely recommended investigative technique that sometimes improves eyewitness recall. However, a clear understanding of how rapport impacts witness recall is lacking. We explored benevolence as a mediator between rapport and eyewitness recall while fixing the pre‐interview interaction to 3 min. Further, we explored whether rapport would lead to benevolence transferring to a subsequent unrelated task. A total of 109 participants viewed a mock crime and were interviewed about the crime either with or without rapport. Afterward, participants were asked to volunteer for a future research opportunity. Results indicated that rapport participants reported higher benevolence than control participants. Additionally, rapport participants volunteered to help the investigator more often than control participants. Exploratory factor analysis extracted two "benevolence" factors: (1) Effortful informativeness and (2) positive and rewarding. Our findings have implications for real‐world investigators who may appeal to witnesses' desire to be helpful and their resultant sense of satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we characterized the k -cost effective dominating sets in the corona and lexicographic product of graphs. Further, we give some formulas for the corona of graphs and upper bound for the lexicographic product of graphs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we provide an upper bound for the intersection number in the join and corona of graphs. Moreover, we give formulas for the intersection number of Kn ◦ G, Pn ◦ G, Cn ◦ G and Crn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let G be a connected graph and k ≥ 1 be an integer. The open k-neighborhood NGk(v) of v ∈ V (G) is the set NGk(v) = {u ∈ V (G) \ {v} : dG(u, v) ≤ k}. A set S of vertices of G is called distance k-cost effective of G if for every vertex u in S, |NGk(u) ∩ (V (G) \ S)| − |NGk(u) ∩ S| ≥ 0. The maximum cardinality of a distance k-cost effective set of G is called the upper distance k-cost effective number of G. In this paper, we characterized the distance k-cost effective sets in the corona and lexicographic product of two graphs. Consequently, the bounds or the exact values of the upper distance k-cost effective numbers of these graphs are obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measure of dependence is a particular way of looking at the association between random variables, and one way to capture stochastic dependence is through the use of copula. In this study, a Rushendorf Method was applied to a bivariate function to obtain a copula through the use of a special case of Rodriguez-Lallena and Ubeda-Flores (RLUF) copula. Properties of the RLUF copula such as the density, measures of dependence, and lower and upper tail dependence were studied. In particular, measures of dependence such as Spearman's rho, Kendall's tau and Blomqvist's beta of RLUF copula are given. Moreover, the Root-Mean-Square Error (RMSE), Sum-Square Error (SSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Square Error (MSE), Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) were used in deriving the best joint distribution between monthly precipitation and temperature in the Philippines from 1974 to 2013. The results showed that considering the monthly precipitation and temperature datas, RLUF copula outperformed the other existing bivariate copulas such as Ali-Mikhail-Haq (AHM), Farlie-Gumbel-Morgenstern (FGM), and Clayton copulas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we characterized the k-cost effective domination in the join of graphs. Further, we investigate the k-cost effective domination, cost effective domination index, maximal cost effective domination in the join of graphs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior studies suggest that building rapport with eyewitnesses can produce measurable recall improvements, but the underlying mechanisms of rapport's possible effects on recall remain underexplored. The present study investigated two possible mechanisms for rapport's impact: (1) improved working memory capacity and (2) increased benevolence. Participants (N = 105) viewed a mock theft video, followed by one of two possible pre‐interview interactions: rapport‐building or a control interaction. Next, participants completed measures of working memory, altruism, and benevolence (pre‐interview and post‐interview), before recalling details of the theft. Analyses revealed that, when controlling for the effects of the interaction duration and participants' pre‐ and post‐interview benevolence, rapport did not affect eyewitness recall directly. However, rapport building did increase benevolence measured after and associated with the substantive eyewitness interview, which in turn predicted more accurate and new details reported, and fewer subjective/other details reported. These findings support benevolence toward the interviewer as a mechanism behind rapport's effect on eyewitness recall. Implications for investigative interviews in relation to benevolence and motivating reciprocation are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper defines a new generalization of closed sets in a tri-generalized topological space called (μ1; μ2; μ3)-weakly generalized closed set (or briey (μ1; μ2; μ3)-wg closed set) which is defined as follows: A subset A of X is (μ1; μ2; μ3)-weakly generalized closed set if clμ1 (intμ2 (A)) ⊆ U whenever A ⊆ U and U is μ3-open in X. At least fifteen defined closed sets found in literature are considered special cases of (μ1; μ2; μ3)-weakly generalized closed set under some conditions. Furthermore, some properties of (μ1; μ2; μ3)-weakly generalized closed sets are obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let κ be a positive integer and G be a connected graph. The open κ-neighborhood set NκG (v) of v Є V (G) is the set NκG (v) = {u Є V (G) \ {v} : dG(u; v) ≤ κ}. A set S of vertices of G is a distance κ- cost effective if for every vertex u in S, [NκG (u) \ Sc] [NκG (u) \ S]≥ 0. The maximum cardinality of a distance κ- cost effective set of G is called the upper distance κ- cost effective number of G. In this paper, we characterized a distance κ- cost effective set in the join of two graphs. As direct consequences, the bounds or the exact values of the upper distance κ- cost effective numbers are determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Although it is well‐known that biased lineup instructions (i.e., those that do not inform witnesses the perpetrator may not be in the lineup) inflate false identifications, their effects on witness confidence are less well understood due to methodological limitations of past studies. We report two studies that use novel methodologies to obviate these limitations. Study 1 (N = 177) demonstrated that biased lineup instructions increased witnesses' average estimates of the likelihood that a lineup member is guilty. Study 2 (N = 137) introduces a novel debiasing paradigm that allows a parsing of choosers into those who made an identification only because of the biased instructions (induced choosers), and those who would have chosen despite the instructions (inherent choosers). Biased lineup instructions inflated confidence only among induced choosers, but not among inherent choosers. Contrary to legal reasoning, witness confidence is an insufficient metric to determine the suggestiveness of biased instructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated the effect of encoding duration on implicit and explicit eyewitness memory. Participants (N = 227) viewed a mock crime (brief, 15-s vs. long, 30-s vs. irrelevant/control) and were then tested with both implicit and explicit memory prompts or with explicit memory prompts only. Brief-encoding participants revealed more critical details implicitly than long-encoding or control participants. Further, the number and percentage of accurate details recalled explicitly were higher for long-encoding than for brief-encoding participants. Implicit testing prior to explicit recall—as compared to completing a filler task—was detrimental to free recall performance. Interestingly, brief-encoding participants were significantly more likely to remember critical details implicitly but not explicitly than long-encoding participants. This is the first study to investigate implicit eyewitness memory for a multimodal mock crime. Findings are theoretically consistent with prior research on cognition while expanding upon the extant eyewitness memory and investigative interviewing literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many real-world eyewitnesses are under the influence of alcohol either at the time of the crime, the interview, or both. Only recently has empirical research begun to examine the effects of alcohol on witness memory, yielding mixed results. The present study tested the importance of state-dependent memory in the context of alcohol's effects on encoding versus retrieval of a witnessed event, while simultaneously informing real-world investigative practices: Should witnesses sober up before an interview? Participants (N = 249) were randomized to a control, placebo, or alcohol condition at encoding and to either an immediate retrieval condition (in the same state) or a 1-week delay control, placebo, or alcohol retrieval condition. They recalled a witnessed mock crime using open ended and cued recall formats. After a delay, witnesses intoxicated at both encoding and retrieval provided less accurate information than witnesses in sober or placebo groups at both times. There was no advantage of state-dependent memory but intoxicated witnesses were best when recalling immediately compared to 1 week later (sober, placebo, or reintoxicated). Findings have direct implications for the timing of intoxicated witnesses' interviews such that moderately intoxicated witnesses may not benefit from a sobering delay but rather, should be interviewed immediately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose For decades, researchers have investigated the effects of various interviewing techniques used in child witness interviews. One particular technique yet to be explored fully is Other People, that is, mentioning other witnesses' alleged statements when interviewing a child. This study thus examined how the source of others' information affects children's memory and source monitoring as a function of age (7-18). Method Children and adolescents ( N = 110) watched a 10-min video and were then questioned about the witnessed event 1 week later using a series of yes/no questions. Throughout this series of questions, the source of outside information (peer vs. adult vs. no source) and its veracity (correct vs. incorrect) were manipulated. Results Findings indicated that an adult source was more detrimental to witness accuracy than a peer source or no source, but this detrimental effect diminished as witness age increased. Source monitoring data mirrored this pattern: As age increased, so did accurate source attributions for information attributed to an adult. Conclusion Overall findings suggest that information source in conjunction with witness age should be considered when assessing the effect of outside information on child and adolescent memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the ability of three adverse childhood experience (ACE) types (household dysfunction, emotional/physical abuse, and sexual abuse) to predict current depression among adults. We also determined the contribution of ACEs to current depression after controlling for covariates and chronic illnesses. Respondents to the 2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (n = 20,345) were divided into depressed and not depressed groups based on Patient Health Questionnaire-8 (PHQ-8) scores. Binary logistic regression determined the ability of ACE exposure to predict depression while controlling for effects of covariates and number of chronic illnesses. Hierarchical multiple linear regression determined the association of ACEs on depression scores after accounting for the covariate set and chronic illnesses. Sexual Abuse had the single strongest association with current depression of any ACE exposure. Exposure to three ACE types has the greatest association with current depression. ACEs accounted for about 7% of the variance in depression scores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many aspects of the pathogenesis of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection in liver transplantation remain unclear. This study examined the transfer of HCMV from the transient residence of a seropositive organ in seronegative recipients. All subjects receiving >1 orthotopic liver transplant (LT) were identified from an LT database. The patients of interest were HCMV-seronegative LT recipients who received their first organ from a seropositive donor, and subsequently a second LT from a seronegative donor within 30 days. Of 98 patients identified, 6 met these criteria and 4 developed viremia; in 2 cases, after the seropositive organ was in situ for 28 and 109 h. We can therefore conclude that 28 h is sufficient to allow HCMV to transmit, but the minimum time has not yet been defined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of the power dynamic between co-witnesses on memory conformity for images was investigated. Participant-confederate pairs were first presented with 50 images on a computer and then were randomly assigned to one of three social power role combinations analogous to those present in the workplace: manager and subordinate, subordinate and manager, or collaborators with equal power and status. After role assignment (but without ever engaging in the role-related tasks), pairs were tested on whether each of 100 images (50 old and 50 new) had or had not been shown previously. Confederates always responded before participants. Subordinates were significantly less likely to conform than managers. Findings are discussed in light of the work-related facet of social power and memory distortion. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Monitoring clinical interventions is an increasing requirement in current clinical practice. The standard CUSUM (cumulative sum) charts are used for this purpose. However, they are difficult to use in terms of identifying the point at which outcomes begin to be outside recommended limits. Objective: To assess the Bernoulli CUSUM chart that permits not only a 100% inspection rate, but also the setting of average expected outcomes, maximum deviations from these, and false positive rates for the alarm signal to trigger. Methods: As a working example this study used 674 consecutive first liver transplant recipients. The expected one year mortality set at 24% from the European Liver Transplant Registry average. A standard CUSUM was compared with Bernoulli CUSUM: the control value mortality was therefore 24%, maximum accepted mortality 30%, and average number of observations to signal was 500-that is, likelihood of false positive alarm was 1:500. Results: The standard CUSUM showed an initial descending curve (nadir at patient 215) then progressively ascended indicating better performance. The Bernoulli CUSUM gave three alarm signals initially, with easily recognised breaks in the curve. There were no alarms signals after patient 143 indicating satisfactory performance within the criteria set. Conclusions: The Bernoulli CUSUM is more easily interpretable graphically and is more suitable for monitoring outcomes than the standard CUSUM chart. It only requires three parameters to be set to monitor any clinical intervention: the average expected outcome, the maximum deviation from this, and the rate of false positive alarm triggers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Intoxicated witnesses are common, making it important to understand alcohol's impact on witness accuracy and suggestibility. Participants assigned to an immediate retrieval condition encoded and recalled in one of the three intoxication conditions: sober control, placebo, or intoxicated. Participants in the delayed retrieval condition were assigned to encode in one of the three intoxication conditions, returned a week later, and were assigned to retrieve in one of the three intoxication conditions. Intoxication condition at encoding was fully crossed with intoxication condition at retrieval in the delayed condition. Participants encoded a mock crime video and retrieved via a forced‐choice test, with answers already circled (purportedly by a prior participant); half of the precircled responses were incorrect. When recalling after a delay only, intoxication at encoding increased agreement with incorrect suggested answers and decreased accuracy. Results suggest intoxicated witnesses may benefit from being interviewed immediately rather than after a sobering delay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is minimal research on metacognition in alcohol-intoxicated participants. Study 1 examined metacognition across sober, intoxicated, and placebo groups, with the intoxicated group's breath alcohol concentration reaching 0.074 g/210 L on average immediately prior to the metacognition task. Participants answered cued recall general knowledge questions and provided confidence ratings and feeling-of-knowing judgments. They then completed a recognition (i.e., multiple choice) version of the same task, indicating an answer and a confidence rating for each question. Findings suggest that metacognitive accuracy generally did not vary across intoxication levels, although the control group's retrospective confidence judgments better discriminated between accurate and inaccurate responses than the alcohol groups in the recognition task. Study 2 surveyed academic psychologists about their expectations regarding the relation between alcohol and metacognition. Study 1's results were counter to their expectations, as respondents generally predicted a relation would be present. We discuss the implications for alcohol and memory.Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Natural immunity against cytomegalovirus ( CMV) can control virus replication after solid organ transplantation; however, it is not known which components of the adaptive immune system mediate this protection. We investigated whether this protection requires human leukocyte antigen ( HLA) matching between donor and recipient by exploiting the fact that, unlike transplantation of other solid organs, liver transplantation does not require HLA matching, but some donor and recipient pairs may nevertheless be matched by chance. Methods To further investigate this immune control, we determined whether chance HLA matching between donor (D) and recipient (R) in liver transplants affected a range of viral replication parameters. Results In total, 274 liver transplant recipients were stratified according to matches at the HLA A, HLA B, and HLA DR loci. The incidence of CMV viremia, kinetics of replication, and peak viral load were similar between the HLA matched and mismatched patients in the D+/R+ and D−/R+ transplant groups. D+/R− transplants with 1 or 2 mismatches at the HLA DR locus had a higher incidence of CMV viremia >3000 genomes/mL blood compared to patients matched at this locus (78% vs. 17%; P = 0.01). Evidence was seen that matching at the HLA A locus had a small effect on peak viral loads in D+/R− patients, with median peak loads of 3540 and 14,706 genomes/mL in the 0 and combined (1 and 2) mismatch groups, respectively ( P = 0.03). Conclusion Overall, our data indicate that, in the setting of liver transplantation, prevention of CMV infection and control of CMV replication by adaptive immunity is minimally influenced by HLA matching of the donor and recipient. Our data raise questions about immune control of CMV in the liver and also about the cells in which the virus is amplified to give rise to CMV viremia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), a cytokine derived from macrophages, is considered to be an important endogenous mediator of endotoxic shock. Patients with fulminant hepatic failure are particularly susceptible to infection and the development of multi-organ failure and similarities to endotoxic shock suggest a possible pathogenetic role for TNF in fulminant hepalic failure. In vitro TNF production was therefore investigated serially in 21 consecutive patients with fulminant hepatic failure and in 21 healthy controls. Spontaneous and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated TNF production were elevated in viral-induced fulminant hepatic failure, compared with healthy controls (P<0.05 and P< 0.01. respectively). By contrast, patients with paracetamol-induced fulminant hepatic failure had normal spontaneous and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated TNF production, while those who died had significantly reduced spontaneous TNF production compared with survivors (P<0.02); this difference was present throughout admission. In this group elevations in TNF production above baseline were associated with Gram-positive bacterial or fungal infection but not Gram-negative bacterial infection. There was nocorrelation between any of the clinical complications of fulminant hepatic failure and TNF production. These studies indicate that TNF is produced in response to microbial stimuli in fulminant hepatic failure, but do not support a direct role for TNF in the evolution of the clinical complications of fulminant hepatic failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The postoperative pseudoaneurysms of the ascending aorta present varied clinical symptoms, and range from asymptomatic forms to severe toxic infectious cases or a rupture. They also show diversity with regard to location, time of occurrence after the first surgery and surgical findings. Three cases of patients who underwent surgery at the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital over a four-year period are reported. The first case is that of a patient who underwent atrial septal defect surgery and days after the surgical closure presented with a fever. The second case was a patient who was diagnosed with pseudoaneurysm three months after an aortic valve replacement surgery, with the only antecedent of repeated febrile episodes; and the third is a patient who had undergone aortic coarctation surgery and the following year underwent aortic valve replacement, then, 17 years later, presented with chest pain, fatigue and loss of consciousness. The postoperative aortic pseudoaneurysms are a challenge for all cardiology and cardiovascular surgery departments as they show a great variety in their forms of clinicalsurgical presentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifies risk factors contributing towards renal dysfunction (RD) post-orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Total number of patients involved in the study; Factors that contribute to early RD following OLT; Significance of preoperative RD and early postoperative RD.