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Background How executive functioning affects delayed verbal recall in AN has never been tested. We investigated the influence of speed of information processing (SIP) and inhibition on delayed verbal recall in females with AN. Methods Measures of SIP and inhibition from 35 females with AN were analyzed using hierarchical multiple regression after controlling for age, depressive symptomatology and body mass index. Each predictor was evaluated using structure coefficients, common variance and dominance weights. Results The combination of measures of SIP and inhibition accounted for almost 80% of the variance on the delayed recall of the story recall task. When the rest of the variables were partialled out, SIP and inhibition accounted for more than 50% of the variance. Conclusions As it occurs with visuospatial abilities in AN, basic cognitive abilities such as speed of information processing and cognitive inhibition may affect other cognitive functions such as delayed verbal memory regardless of immediate recall. These findings may help interpret performance on cognitive tests in future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the introduction of the new physical therapies in the years prior to the Second Spanish Republic. It concludes that the physical treatments in force in the international literature were introduced early in Spain and were put into practice by the most important psychiatrists, although in few cases. Given the generalized criticism on the efficacy of psychiatry as a specialty, there was a general bias towards a positive evaluation of the efficacy of the physical therapies by the new generation of Spanish psychiatrists that did not occur in other countries of our setting. The psychiatrists who disagreed professionally with the above-psychiatrists opposed this tendency, there not being sufficient empirical support for the opinion of any group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the psychometric properties of the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS; Hewitt & Flett, 1991) after adapting it to Spanish language. The MPS has 45 items that assess three dimensions of perfectionist behaviour: self-oriented perfectionism, socially prescribed perfectionism and other-oriented perfectionism. The MPS and the EDI perfectionism subscale (Garner, 1998) were administered to a sample of 356 Spanish university students (18 to 42 years old), and a subgroup (n= 276) completed retest with a 5-week gap. Results replicated the original three factor structure for perfectionism, with acceptable internal consistency, similar to the original study. Convergent validity and temporal stability coefficients were satisfactory. Two perfectionism dimensions were associated with distress, suggesting that other-oriented perfectionism has an adaptive component to it. The Spanish version of the MPS can be regarded as a reliable scale for the assessment of perfectionism among university students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We conducted the present study to evaluate the impact of stressful events on the onset of depressive disorders in a Spanish clinical sample, compared to a control group matched for age, sex, civil status and social class. We compared our results with those of other studies carried out with samples that were both clinically and culturally similar to ours. Method: Fifty depressed patients that were diagnosed with a depressive episode in the 6 months prior to the interview and 50 healthy controls were included in the study. Both groups were compared on the “Life Events and Difficulties Schedule” (LEDS). Results: Of the depressive patients, 68 % compared to only 18 % of the control individuals experienced at least one provoking agent in the 12 months prior to the onset of the symptoms. The risk of developing a depressive disorder was 9.7 % greater in subjects exposed to such provoking agents. Chronic difficulties are equally important to the genesis of depressive disorders as severe life events. No significant differences were seen between the two diagnostic subgroups of depressed patients in the accumulation of severe events, major difficulties or provoking agents. Conclusion: The results support the view that stress is a major factor in the aetiology of depressive disorders. The amount of stress suffered by the patients, however, was less than that found in our healthy sample. Important issues about the model of interaction between stress and depression are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the style of rearing in a sample of depressive patients and compare it with a control group of normal subjects of similar age, sex, and civil status. The hypothesis to verify was that among the depressives the style of rearing is characterised by a deficit in Emotional Warmth and an excess of Rejection and Protection. We analysed whether the severity of the depression - Major Depressive Disorders versus Depressive Disorders Not Otherwise Specified - was associated with differences in the perceived rearing conditions.Design: It was an observational study of the case/control type. There were 50 patients, whose first depressive episode (DSM-III-R criteria) began in the 6 months prior to the interview. They were entered sequentially into the study sample. The control group comprised 50 subjects with no depressive pathology, matched by age, sex, and social class.Method: The EMBU questionnaire was applied to all the subjects.Results: Only 35% of all depressive patients, as against 64% of the controls, had experienced an optimum upbringing. It is shown that a deficit in Emotional Warmth and a high level of Rejection constitute parental attitudes that are significantly more frequent among depressives than among subjects with no psychiatric pathology. Type of depression or degree of intimacy did not influence the scores obtained in the subscales of the EMBU. Depressives pertaining to lower social classes tended to score higher in Overprotection and Rejection scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Perfectionism is considered a risk factor and is very close related to Eating Disorders (EDs). It estimates heritability of 29-42%. However, it has also been related to psychosocial factors such as the insecure attachment style. Objectives To study the relationship of perfectionism with personality dimensions, its likelihood of improvement and its treatment. Aims To analyze if Perfectionism is associated with dimensions of Temperament or dimensions of Character and therefore more psychosocial. Methods Participants were 151 female outpatients who consecutively started treatment at the Eating Disorders Unit (Ciudad Real University General Hospital). Personality was assessed by using the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Perfectionism was assessed by using the Edinburg Investigatory Test (EDI-2) subscale (t0). One year later, patients were re-assessed with the EDI-2 (t1). Results The scores on Perfectionism significantly improved from t0 to t1, (repeated measures ANOVA, F = 6.6, P < 0.01). At baseline, Perfectionism was related to any of the Temperament dimensions, but the Character variable Purposefulness (SD2) (β = .25 95% CI .17, 98), 2.7% of variance). Responsibility (SD1) and Self-Aceptance (SD4) were inversely associated with Perfectionism. At t1, Responsibility still was a protective factor for Perfectionism, regardless the effect of Perfectionism at t0. Conclusions Perfectionism is also related to psychosocial and developmental factors. People with an internal locus of control tend to take responsibility for their own actions and are resourceful in solving problems. Thus, Self-directedness, mainly Responsibility for their own actions, is a protective factor for Perfectionism in EDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Perfectionism is considered a multidimensional key risk factor for Eating Disorders (EDs). There are discrepancies regarding if it is mainly associated to Anorexia nervosa (AN) but not to other EDs. Objectives To study if Perfectionism is not only related with AN, but it is present in all EDs and associated with more transdiagnostic attitudes and behaviors. Aims To see if there were significant differences among EDs subgroups concerning Perfectionism and to study which abnormal eating attitudes were more associated with this trait. Methods Participants were 151 outpatients with EDs. DSM-IVTR diagnoses were: 44 (29.1%) Anorexia Nervosa (AN), 55 (36.4%) Bulimia Nervosa (BN) and 52 (34.4%) Eating Disorders not Otherwise Specified (EDNOS). Perfectionism was assessed with the Edinburg Investigatory Test (EDI-2) subscale; general psychopathology with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), State and Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Questionnaire (RSE). Eating psychopathology was measured with the Bulimic Investigatory Test (BITE), Eating Attitude Test (EAT-40), EDI-2 and the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ). Results No significant differences were found regarding Perfectionism among the three groups. Body dissatisfaction was the variable most associated with Perfectionism ( β = 0.330, F = 14.2, P < 0.001, 10.9% of the variance) adjusting for general and eating psychopathology. Ascetism and Interoceptive awareness were the EDI-2 subscales most associated with Perfectionism. Conclusions The findings confirm that Perfectionism is present in all EDs and there is a relationship between body dissatisfaction and Perfectionism. Interplay has been suggested between these two factors for the development of EDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Body dissatisfaction is one of the core psychopathological components in Eating Disorders (EDs) and it tends to persist over time regardless treatment interventions. Perfectionism is considered as a mediator and moderator between body dissatisfaction and disordered eating. Objectives To study the influence of Perfectionism in EDs outcome. Aims To analyze changes in body dissatisfaction at one year follow-up in patients with eating disorders and the effect of perfectionism over these changes. Methods Participants were 151 patients with eating disorders. DSM-IVTR diagnoses were as follows: 44 (29.1%) Anorexia Nervosa (AN), 55 (36.4%) Bulimia Nervosa (BN) and 52 (34.4%) Eating Disorders no Otherwise Specified (EDNOS). Perfectionism was assessed with the Edinburg Investigatory Test (EDI-2). The Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) was also distributed. One year after the beginning of their treatment, patients were reassessed. Results Patients with BN showed significantly higher scores on BSQ than those with AN. There was a significant improvement in BSQ after one year of treatment regardless the diagnostic (repeated measures ANOVA: F 8.4, P <.01). Perfectionism was a co-variable that influenced in those changes. Conclusions The results confirm the interaction between perfectionism and body dissatisfaction in the treatment outcome of EDs. It has been described an interplay between Perfectionism, body dissatisfaction and disordered eating attitudes and behaviours, being Perfectionism a moderator factor. The results highlight the need of dealing not only with the core symptoms of EDs, but also with the moderator factors such as Perfectionism to enhance the outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]