Search

Summary: We assessed the preference for two behavioural weight loss programs, Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) and Healthy Weight for Living (HWL) in adults with obesity. A cross‐sectional survey was fielded on the Amazon Mechanical Turk. Eligibility criteria included reporting BMI ≥30 and at least two chronic health conditions. Participants read about the programs, selected their preferred program, and answered follow‐up questions. The estimated probability of choosing either program was not significantly different from.5 (N = 1005, 50.8% DPP and 49.2% HWL, p =.61). Participants' expectations about adherence, weight loss magnitude, and dropout likelihood were associated with their choice (p <.0001). Non‐White participants (p =.040) and those with monthly income greater than $4999 (p =.002) were less likely to choose DPP. Participants who had postgraduate education (p =.007), did not report high serum cholesterol (p =.028), and reported not having tried losing weight before (p =.025) were more likely to choose DPP. Those who chose HWL were marginally more likely to report that being offered two different programs rather than one would likely affect their decision to enrol in one of the two (p =.052). The enrolment into DPP and HWL was balanced, but race, educational attainment, income, previous attempt to lose weight, and serum cholesterol levels had significant associations with the choice of weight loss program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging research indicates that eating timing may influence dietary intake and metabolic health. However, studies to date have not examined the association of multiple measures of eating timing with both dietary intake and metabolic health in adults with overweight and obesity. To examine the association of multiple measures of eating timing with dietary intake (ie, dietary composition, diet quality, and eating frequency) and metabolic health (ie, body composition and cardiometabolic risk). This is a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from a weight loss and maintenance intervention collected from May 2015 to January 2018. Participants were women with overweight or obesity who were dependents of active duty and retired military personnel (N = 229; mean ± standard error, BMI = 34.7 ± 0.4 kg/m2, age = 40.9 ± 0.7 years). The study was conducted at military installations in Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Colorado, and Kentucky. Eating timing variables examined included daily eating interval (time between first and last eating occasion), time-restricted eating (≤11 hours daily eating interval), early energy eaters (eating ≥60% of energy during the first half of time awake), and bedtime eaters (eating within 2 hours of bedtime). The main analysis was limited to those reporting plausible energy intake (64% of total sample [n = 146]). Linear, quantile, or logistic regression models were used to determine the association of eating timing with measures of dietary intake and metabolic health. In individuals reporting plausible energy intake, each additional 1 hour in daily eating interval was associated with 53 kcal higher energy intake, higher glycemic load, eating frequency, and waist circumference (P < 0.05 for all). Significant associations were observed for: time-restricted eating and a lower energy intake, glycemic load, and eating frequency; early energy eating and higher carbohydrate intake; bedtime eating and a higher energy intake, glycemic load, and eating frequency. These findings lend support for the mechanistic targeting of eating timing in behavioral interventions aimed at improving dietary intake and body composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Children regularly consume foods from quick-service restaurants (QSR), but little is known about the foods that children order, the calories and nutrients consumed, the accuracy of stated calorie information, or the ability to assess food orders and consumption in QSRs. This study evaluated the feasibility of plate waste collection in QSRs and examined children's orders and consumption of meals from the standard and children's menus. Additional aims were to examine if the meals ordered met healthier standards for children's menu items and determine the accuracy of the QSR-stated energy content of foods.Methods: Fifteen QSRs, two malls, and 116 eligible parents were approached to participate in the study in 2015. Among the families recruited, children's meal orders and consumption were analyzed using plate waste methodology, and a subsample of foods was analyzed using bomb calorimetry in 2015.Results: Two individual QSRs and one mall food court with two QSRs agreed to participate, and n = 50 participants (parents with children between the ages of 5-10 years) were recruited. Children consumed on average 519 calories, 5.7 g saturated fat, 957 mg sodium, 3.7 g fiber, and 22.7 g sugar. Children ordered and consumed significantly fewer calories and less sodium and sugar with meals ordered exclusively from the children's menu compared with the standard menu. Overall there were no significant differences between the measured and stated energy contents of the QSR foods.Conclusions: Conducting plate waste research in QSRs is feasible and there is concordance with stated calorie information. Consuming foods exclusively from the children's menu may help limit overconsumption in QSRs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While short-term studies demonstrate consistent effects of dietary protein, fiber, glycemic index and energy density on energy intake, long-term effectiveness trials typically indicate small or non-significant effects of these dietary factors on long-term weight change. In consequence, most lifestyle interventions for weight control typically focus on a single dietary factor, such as low energy density, to achieve reductions in energy intake. This paper proposes a multiple-dietary-factor model for the effects of dietary factors on energy intake and the regulation of energy balance that assumes additive effects of different dietary factors. The model is consistent with emerging evidence from recent studies examining pairs of dietary factors. Randomized clinical trials are now needed to determine whether multiple-dietary-factor prescriptions combined with standard behavior modification techniques lead to improved sustainability of weight loss in lifestyle interventions compared to conventional single-dietary-factor prescriptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The doubly labeled water (DLW) method is considered the reference method for the measurement of energy expenditure under free-living conditions. However, the reproducibility of the DLW method in longitudinal studies is not well documented. This study was designed to evaluate the longitudinal reproducibility of the DLW method using 2 protocols developed and implemented in a multicenter clinical trial--the Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy (CALERIE). To document the longitudinal reproducibility of the DLW method, 2 protocols, 1 based on repeated analysis of dose dilutions over the course of the clinical trial (dose-dilution protocol) and 1 based on repeated but blinded analysis of randomly selected DLW studies (test-retest protocol), were carried out. The dose-dilution protocol showed that the theoretical fractional turnover rates for ²H and 18O and the difference between the 2 fractional turnover rates were reproducible to within 1% and 5%, respectively, over 4.5 y. The Bland-Altman pair-wise comparisons of the results generated from 50 test-retest DLW studies showed that the fractional turnover rates and isotope dilution spaces for ²H and 18O, and total energy expenditure, were highly reproducible over 2.4 y. Our results show that the DLW method is reproducible in longitudinal studies and confirm the validity of this method to measure energy expenditure, define energy intake prescriptions, and monitor adherence and body composition changes over the period of 2.5-4.4 y. The 2 protocols can be adopted by other laboratories to document the longitudinal reproducibility of their measurements to ensure the long-term outcomes of interest are meaningful biologically. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00427193. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adult civilian dependents of active duty military personnel (ADMP) may play a central role in influencing the home food environment and the risk of overweight and obesity in American Warfighters and military families. However, there is no information on whether this group would be receptive to weight control programs. We conducted a survey to determine the level of interest of adult civilian dependents of ADMP in participating in a group weight control program. Subjects were a convenience sample of 191 adult civilian dependents of ADMP (94% women, 6% men) based in Massachusetts and aged 33.8 ± 8.4 years, body mass index 25.5 ± 5.5 kg/m(2). Overall, there was a significant effect of body mass index on interest in program participation (p = 0.004). Eighty five percent of overweight participants and 100% of obese participants reported being Moderately Likely or Very Likely to participate in a provided weight control program. In overweight and obese survey respondents there was no significant effect of ADMP rank on interest in program participation (p = 0.34). These findings suggest that overweight and obese adult civilian dependents of ADMP may be very receptive targets for programs to control overweight and obesity in military families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Energy-restricted low glycemic load diets are being used increasingly for weight loss. However, the long-term effects of such regimens on mood and cognitive performance are not known. We assessed the effects of low glycemic load (LG) and high glycemic load (HG) energy-restricted diets on mood and cognitive performance during 6 months of a randomized controlled trial when all food was provided. Subjects were 42 healthy overweight adults (age 35±5 years; BMI 27.8±1.6 kg/m2) with a mean weight loss of 8.7±5.0% that did not differ significantly by diet randomization. Mood was assessed by using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire. Cognitive performance was assessed by using computerized tests of simple reaction time, vigilance, learning, short-term memory and attention, and language-based logical reasoning. Worsening mood outcome over time was observed in the HG diet group compared to the LG for the depression subscale of POMS (p =0.009 after including hunger as a covariate). There was no significant change over time in any cognitive performance values. These findings suggest a negative effect of an HG weight loss diet on sub-clinical depression but, in contrast to a previous suggestion, provide no support for differential effects of LG versus HD diets on cognitive performance. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Exercise has well-recognized health benefits, including reduction in risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. However, the extent to which exercise influences energy regulation and facilitates a reduction in body fat is less clear. This review summarizes published studies on the effects of different amounts of exercise on body fatness, energy intake, and food preferences in humans. The results show consistent effects of exercise on body fatness in the absence of prescribed dietary change, with a progressive loss of body fat associated with higher exercise energy expenditures in both men and women. In part, these effects appear to be mediated by a spontaneous reduction in hunger associated with participation in exercise. Insufficient data are available on whether there are changes in food preferences and taste perception that influence energy balance through macronutrient selection, so further studies in this area are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is considerable uncertainty over whether any one dietary pattern broadly facilitates weight loss or maintenance of weight loss, and current dietary guidelines recommend a spectrum of dietary composition for the general population. However, emerging evidence suggests that specific dietary compositions may work better for identifiable groups of overweight/obese individuals based on their individual metabolic status. In particular, characteristics of insulin dynamics, such as insulin sensitivity or insulin secretion status, may interact with diets that vary in macronutrient composition to influence the weight loss achieved with a hypocaloric diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Energy intake is reduced in older individuals, with several lines of evidence suggesting that both physiological impairment of food intake regulation and non-physiological mechanisms are important. Non-physiological causes of the anorexia of aging include social (e.g. poverty, isolation), psychological (e.g. depression, dementia), medical (e.g. edentulism, dysphagia), and pharmacological factors. Physiological factors include changes in taste and smell, diminished sensory-specific satiety, delayed gastric emptying, altered digestion-related hormone secretion and hormonal responsiveness, as well as food intake-related regulatory impairments for which specific mechanisms remain largely unknown. Studies in healthy elderly individuals have shown that men who consume diets over several weeks providing either too few or too many calories relative to dietary energy needs subsequently do not compensate for the resulting energy deficit or surplus when provided an ad libitum diet. Healthy elders have also been shown to be less hungry at meal initiation and to become more rapidly satiated during a standard meal compared to younger adults. Studies in animal models are required to investigate potential mechanisms underlying these observations, while human studies should focus on examining the potential consequences of this phenomenon and practical therapeutic strategies for the maintenance of appropriate energy intake with increasing age. In light of this need, we have recently demonstrated that low reported hunger assessed using a simple questionnaire predicts unintentional weight loss in a sample of healthy older women, and thus may provide a clinically useful tool for identifying older individuals at risk for undesirable weight change and therefore at high priority for intervention. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article investigates the changes in energy regulation that occurs during normal aging and contribute to the common phenomenon of weight and fat losses later in life. The study synthesizes data on aging-related changes in energy intake and energy expenditure. There are also changes in the patterns of dietary intake among older adults and a reduction in the variety of foods consumed.

ObjectiveTo summarise the literature on energy requirements and aging.DesignAn analysis and review of published data on components of energy expenditure and total energy expenditure (TEE).SettingData on basal metabolic rate (BMR) and TEE were obtained from the US Institute of Medicine of the National Academies database (all available data from studies published before 2001, collected from 20 researchers willing to provide individual subject results).SubjectsThose individuals from the database who were 20–100 years of age.ResultsTEE and physical activity level (PAL, defined as the ratio of total to resting energy expenditure) declined progressively throughout adult life in both normal weight and overweight men and women. In normal weight individuals (defined as body mass index (BMI) 18.5–25.0 kg m-2) TEE fell by ≈150 kcal per decade, and PAL fell from an average of 1.75 in the second decade of life to 1.28 in the ninth decade. Thermic effect of feeding data from other published studies indicated no consistent change associated with aging.ConclusionsAging is associated with progressive declines in resting and TEE, which have implications for defining dietary energy requirements at different stages of adult life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Low body mass index (BMI) and micronutrient deficiencies are associated with increased morbidity and mortality rates in old age. Whether adverse patterns of dietary variety predict both low BMI and low micronutrient intakes in older adults was investigated. Methods. A cross-sectional analysis of national survey data was conducted in 1174 healthy adult men and women (ages 21 to 90 years) who provided physiologically plausible dietary data in the 1994-1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals. Measurements included reported energy intake, protein intake (percentage meeting Recommended Dietary Allowance), micronutrient intakes (percentage meeting Estimated Average Requirements for 14 micronutrients), and BMI. Results. Adults who were 61 years or older consumed a greater total variety of foods, chose foods from a wider range of food groups, had a greater variety of micronutrient-dense foods and energy-weak foods, and had a lower variety of micronutrient-weak foods compared with adults ages 21 to 60 years (p < .05 to .001). However, older adults with low BMIs (<22 kg/m²) consumed a lower variety of energy-dense foods compared with older adults with higher BMIs (p < .05). The variety of energy-dense foods predicted both energy intake and BMI at all ages in multiple regression models controlling for confounding variables (R² = .124 for energy, R² = .574 for BMI, p < .001). A higher percentage of older persons had inadequate micronutrient intakes compared with younger persons (p < .05), especially vitamin E, calcium, and magnesium, but consumption of a particularly wide variety of micronutrient-rich foods helped counterbalance these trends (p < .05). Older adults who had a low BMI and consumed a low variety of micronutrient-dense foods were particularly at nutritional risk, with only 65.4% consuming the Recommended Dietary Allowance for protein and none meeting the Estimated Average Requirements for all 14 micronutrients. Conclusions. In contrast to previous suggestions that older persons consume a monotonous diet, this study showed that adults who were 61 years or older consumed a greater total food variety, and a greater variety of micronutrient-dense and energy-weak foods, compared with adults who were 60 years or younger. Although consumption of a low variety of energy-dense foods may contribute to reduced energy intake and body weight at any age, the variety of micronutrient-dense foods consumed needs to increase in old age to prevent micronutrient deficiencies. These findings suggest that all adults need advice on the changing needs for dietary variety with aging to maintain health, and that older persons with low BMI are particularly vulnerable to dietary shortfalls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

FBody composition methods were examined in 20 women [body mass index (BMI) 48.7 ± 8.8 kg/m²] before and after weight loss [-44.8 ± 14.6 (SD) kg] after gastric bypass (GBP) surgery. The reference method, a three-compartment (3C) model using body density by air displacement plethysmography and total body water (TBW) by H[sub 2][sup 18]0 dilution (3C-H[sub 2][sup 18]O), showed a decrease in percent body fat (%BF) from 51.4 to 34.6%. Fat-free mass hydration was significantly higher than the reference value (0.738) in extreme obesity (0.756; P < 0.001) but not after weight reduction (0.747; P = 0.16). %BF by H[sub 2][sup 18]O dilution and air displacement plethysmography differed significantly from %BF by 3C-H[sub 2][sup 18]O in extreme obesity (P < 0.05) and 3C models using ²H[sub 2]O or bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) to determine TBW improved mean %BF estimates over most other methods at both time points. BIA results varied with the equation used, but BIA better predicted %BF than did BMI at both time points. All methods except BIA using the Segal equation were comparable to the reference method for determining changes over time. A simple 3C model utilizing air displacement plethysmography and BIA is useful for clinical evaluation in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence suggests several benefits to consuming carbohydrates with a low glycemic index (GI), including weight reduction and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. A low-GI diet might alter beta cell function, lipid profile, and hypercoagulability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine whether the consumption of low-glycemic index (GI) carbohydrates may facilitate a reduction in energy intake in obese people attempting to lose weight. Although data from long-term studies are lacking, short-term investigations indicate that consumption of low-GI carbohydrates may delay the return of hunger and reduce subsequent energy intake relative to consumption of higher-GI carbohydrates. While long-term research on GI and weight regulation is needed, current evidence suggests a potential role for low-GI carbohydrates in weight-reducing regimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existence of pathogenic mutations in β-APP and the presenilin genes provides strong support for the hypothesis that Aβ production and deposition contribute to the etiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The heterogeneous carboxyl termini of Aβ molecules deposited in the hippocampus, cortex and cerebrovasculature of AD patients are generated by γ-secretase. The γ-secretase that generates the termini in vivo is a complex of proteins containing presenilin as an integral component. Drugs that modulate the production of Aβ by inhibiting γ-secretase could provide an effective therapy for AD, but like most disease targets, the γ-secretase appears to have more than a single function. The use of potent inhibitors has aided the discovery and characterization of γ-secretase functions and reinforced the concept that a successful drug must demonstrate selectivity for lowering Aβ without disrupting the function of γ-secretase targets. The discovery of drugs that can selectively inhibit β-APP cleavage is an important objective. This review focuses on studies that enhance our understanding of the effects of inhibiting γ-secretase and provide direction for developing effective and selective γ-secretase inhibitors as drugs to treat AD. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Recommendations for increased consumption of protein are among the most common approaches of popular or fad diets. This review summarizes the effects of dietary protein on satiety, energy intake, thermogenesis, and weight loss, as well as its effect on a variety of health outcomes in adults. In short-term studies, dietary protein modulates energy intake via the sensation of satiety and increases total energy expenditure by increasing the thermic effect of feeding. Whereas these effects did not contribute to weight and fat loss in those studies in which energy intake was fixed, one ad libitum study does suggest that a high-protein diet results in a greater decrease in energy intake, and therefore greater weight and fat loss. In terms of safety, there is little long-term information on the health effects of high-protein diets. From the available data, however, it is evident that the consumption of protein greater than two to three times the U.S. Recommended Daily Allowance contributes to urinary calcium loss and may, in the long term, predispose to bone loss. Caution with these diets is recommended in those individuals who may be predisposed to nephrolithiasis or kidney disease, and particularly in those with diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assesses the body composition of healthy, well-nourished, urban Chinese adults by isotope dilution and anthropometry. Relationship between body fat and body mass index; Subject characteristics; Role of skinfold thickness in assessing body composition.

Objectives. To examine the dimensionality, structure, and reliability of the HADS among female cardiac patients. Design. Data were collected by self-administered questionnaires at two times-admission to hospital and at 2-month follow-up. Method. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the dimensionality and structure of the HADS. Internal consistency was assessed by computing Cronbach alpha. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients were calculated to assess test--retest reliability. Results. A two-factor model, in which the subscales were permitted to correlate, was found to provide a good fit to the scale's 14 items compared to single factor and orthogonal two-factor models. These two factors explained 41.4% of the total variance. The anxiety and depression subscales were moderately correlated (r = .60), with good internal consistency and test--retest reliability found for the subscales and total HADS scores. Conclusions. These results provide support for the HADS as a reliable measure for the assessment of anxiety and depression symptomatology among female cardiac patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summarizes the effects of dietary energy density (ED) on energy regulation, in particular when ED is changed by manipulating different dietary constituents such as fat, fat plus fiber, water, or type of sweetener. Definition of dietary ED; Roles of ED in energy regulation; Historic and epidemiologic data on dietary ED; Effects of ED on hunger and satiety; Effects of ED on energy intake and body weight.

Reports on the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's publication of the new childhood growth percentiles, designed to replace the 1977 National Center for Health Statistics percentiles. Uses of the percentile charts; International definitions for overweight and obesity in childhood.

Caloric restriction (CR) reduces the rate of aging and increases life span in all small animal species studied to date, but the effects of CR in humans remain uncertain. This review summarizes current knowledge of the effects of CR in nonhuman primates and humans. The results suggest that CR has a range of beneficial effects in nonhuman primates studied under laboratory conditions, and short-term markers of CR seen in animal models appear to occur in humans subject to CR also. However, the overall benefit of CR in human populations remains to be established, and studies in human populations are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We tested the hypothesis that nutritionally stunted children have impaired regulation of energy intake (EI), a factor that could help explain the increased risk of obesity associated with stunting in developing countries. A 3-d residency study was conducted in 56 prepubertal boys and girls aged 8-11 y from the shantytowns of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Twenty-seven of the subjects were stunted and 29 were not stunted; weight-for-height Z-scores were not significantly different between the groups. Parents of the two groups had equivalent heights and body mass indices. Measurements were made of voluntary EI from a self-selection menu, resting energy expenditure (REE) and body composition. In addition, a 753-kJ yogurt supplement was administered at breakfast on one study day (with an equal number of children receiving the supplement on each of the 3 study days) and its effect on daily EI assessed. There was no change in EI over time in either group (P: = 0.957), and no significant difference in EI between stunted and nonstunted children, even though the stunted children weighed 10% less. Energy intake per kilogram body weight was significantly higher in the stunted children (278 +/- 89 (SD), vs. 333 +/- 67 kJ/kg, P: < 0.05) and EI/REE was also significantly higher (1.91 +/- 0.34 vs. 1.68 +/- 0.38, P: < 0.05). However, the relationship between EI and body weight was not significantly influenced by stunting (P: = 0.12). There was no significant effect of the breakfast supplement on daily EI in either group although the absolute difference in EI between supplement and control days was greater in stunted than in nonstunted children (DeltaEI: +460 +/- 1574 vs. -103 +/- 1916 kJ/d, P: = 0.25). These data provide preliminary evidence consistent with the suggestion that stunted children tend to overeat opportunistically, but further studies are required to confirm these results in a larger study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines whether consumption of high-glycemic index (GI) carbohydrates may be a contributing factor to obesity. Definition of GI; High-GI carbohydrates' effect of increasing hunger; Individual susceptibility; Theories of energy regulation; Diet to prevent overeating.

Emphasizes the need for regular monitoring of body weight to detect unintentional weight loss in older individuals. Testable ways to minimize the impact of the anorexia of aging on body weight through improved dietary management; Impaired regulation of food intake in old age.

Examines the reliability of antemortem diagnoses of schizophrenia using DSM-IV criteria. Linkage between the use of human brain tissue in postmortem studies of schizophrenia and standardized diagnostic assessment procedures; Development of latest criteria providing sufficient clinical data; Need for establishing central tissue banks.

Investigates the effects of aging on mechanisms of body energy regulation in older men in the United States. Determination of unexplained weight loss; Premature death and disability; Importance of nutrition and dietary habits; Impact of changes in body composition on health; Measurements of energy expenditure; Statistical analyses using SYSTAT.

Evaluates the effects of dietary fat and fat substitutes on obesity and energy regulation in the United States, referencing data from studies conducted on the issue. Relationship between dietary fat and obesity; Concept associated with dietary fat and energy regulations; Comparison between dietary fat and energy density.

Individual susceptibility to obesity is recognized to be influenced significantly by genetic inheritance. Recently, candidate obesity genes have been identified that may contribute to the inheritance of body fat mass and the partitioning of fat between central and peripheral fat depots. In studies of animal models of obesity, the genetic basis for obesity in the obese (Ob/Ob) mouse, the Fat mouse, and the Yellow (Vvy) mouse has been identified. Further research is needed to determine whether abnormalities in these genes contribute to human obesity as well. In studies of humans, sequence variation in at least six genes has been linked to increased body fatness and/ or susceptibility to obesity. In addition, five other encoding genes have been linked to a disproportionate storage of fat in the abdominal region. These genes identified in studies of humans are currently thought to be modifying or background genes, each separately conferring a modest increase in susceptibility to fatness. Further research is needed to identify additional candidate genes that confer susceptibility to obesity and to determine the relative importance of each one in a range of human populations with distinct environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reviews the function of energy expenditure in energy regulation. Description of the same.

Focuses on a study that involves underfeeding on changes in energy expenditure, substrate oxidation and energy deposition between young and older men. Methods used; Results; Discussion.

Focuses on several studies on the possible causes of negative energy balance in older individuals. Study methodologies; Results of these studies; Findings that the combination of unexpected high energy needs, and an inability to accurately control energy intake, increases the risk for negative energy balance and associated body fat and protein losses in older individuals; What was concluded.

Part I. Studies the amplification usage, communication practices and speech intelligibility of graduates of Australian integrated oral/auditory preschool. Children's perceptions of their functioning; Consistent use of hearing aids; Description of the characteristics of children.

Part II. Studies the academic achievement, utilization of support services and friendship patterns of graduates of Australian integrated oral/auditory preschool. Varying preschool experiences; Development of children's speech and language; Perceptions of their own functioning.

A letter to the editor in response to the article "Accuracy of Stated Energy Contents of Restaurant Foods," by Lorien E. Urban et al. and the authors' reply are presented.

Food cravings are a desire for specific foods which, if uncontrolled may lead to excess energy intake and weight gain. However, information on the relation between food cravings, dietary intake, and indices of metabolic health is limited. This study used baseline data from females (n = 229; aged 40.9 ± 0.7 years; BMI 34.7 ± 6.4 kg/m2) who were dependents of active duty and retired military personnel, and enrolled in the Healthy Families Healthy Forces weight loss and maintenance study. Measures obtained included food cravings using the Food Craving Questionnaire-Trait (which provides a habitual and stable measure of food cravings), dietary composition and eating patterns from three 24-h dietary recalls and the Stanford 7-day Physical Activity Recall, body composition from anthropometric measures, cardiometabolic risk factors from blood measures, and demographic information from questionnaires. Linear, quantile, or logistic regression models were used to examine the association of total food craving scores on dietary intake, and indices of metabolic health. In individuals reporting plausible energy intake (n = 146; 2210 ± kcals/day) higher food craving scores were associated with a lower diet quality (P < 0.05), higher eating frequency (P = 0.02), longer daily eating interval (P < 0.05), and a lower likelihood of following a time restricted eating pattern (P = 0.02). Food cravings were also positively associated with BMI (P = 0.03) and waist circumference (P = 0.01), but not with measures of cardiometabolic risk (LDL, HDL, total cholesterol:HDL, triglycerides, glucose, glycated hemoglobin, insulin and C-reactive protein concentrations, blood pressure, metabolic syndrome). Our findings of significant associations of food cravings with lower diet quality, poor eating patterns, and unfavorable body composition strongly support efforts of targeting cravings in behavioral programs for weight management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supports routine recommendation of multivitamin/mineral supplements for young children as a way to prevent the adverse effects of early-life nutrition deficiencies suggested in multiple studies. Documentation of low micronutrient intakes by young children through multiple dietary surveys; Consequences of low calcium intakes.

Rapid significant weight fluctuations can indicate severe health conditions such as edema due to congestive heart failure or severe dehydration that could require prompt intervention. Daily body weighing does not accurately represent the patient's body weight fluctuations occurring within a day. The patient's lack of compliance with tracking their weight measurements is also a predominant issue. Using shoe insole sensors embedded into footwear could achieve accurate real-time monitoring systems for estimating continuous body weight changes. Here, the machine learning models' predictive capabilities for continuous real-time weight estimation using the insole data are presented. The lack of availability of public datasets to feed these models is also addressed by introducing two novel datasets. The proposed framework is designed to adapt to the patient, considering several unique factors such as shoe type, posture, foot shape, and gait pattern. The proposed framework estimates the mean absolute percentage error of 0.61% and 0.74% and the MAE of 1.009 lbs. and 1.154 lbs. for the less controlled and more controlled experimental settings, respectively. This will help researchers utilize machine learning techniques for more accurate real-time continuous weight estimation using sensor data and enable more reliable aging-in-place monitoring and telehealth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the study which talks about the importance of caloric restriction (CR) in delaying biological aging, presented at the symposium entitled "Caloric Restriction and Delayed Biological Aging in Humans," at the 2006 Experimental Biology meeting on April 3, 2006 in San Francisco, California. The study stresses that CR is the only tested intervention that could delay biological aging in animal models which is applicable for application to humans. It stresses some beneficial effects of human CR including modulation of dietary composition, longevity and insulin sensitivity.

Discusses the possibility that breast milk versus formula could affect blood pressure in later life. Suggestion that babies who have been fed formula have an increased chance of developing high blood pressure; Study of teenagers who were born prematurely which indicated that those fed with donated breast milk had lower pressures than those who were fed formula; Opinion that more studies are needed to calculate the severity of risks from formula.

Examines the magnitude of weight gain during the holiday season among adults in the United States. Contribution of holiday weight gain to annual obesity statistics; Implication of the holiday season for the eating habits of individuals; Public belief on weight gain during the holidays compared to other seasons of the year.

Supplemental digital content is available in the text. One barrier to achieving healthier eating patterns is the perceived higher cost of healthier food. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the potential association between cost and the nutrition quality among entrées from casual dining restaurants. Nutrition and price information were collected from 11 restaurants in Boston metropolitan area. A nutrition quality metric (Estimated Nutrition Score [ENS]) was developed based on the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans to allow comparisons between more healthy and less healthy entrées. Associations between entrée price and ENS were assessed as continuous variables and dichotomized based on median ENS, availability of “small,” “half,” and “light” options, and with or without calories as a component of the score. Of the 11 restaurant chains meeting the inclusion criteria, the association between ENS and price was significant for 6. Of those 6, more healthy options were less expensive at 4 restaurants, and more healthy options were more expensive at 2 restaurants. Eliminating small, half, and light options from the analyses resulted in a null association for 1 restaurant in the former category. Eliminating calories from the score resulted in loss of a significant association between price and ENS for all 6 restaurants, whereas for 2 additional restaurants, significant negative relationships were detected. There was no consistent association between ENS and entrée price in the sample assessed. Hence, within the category of restaurants evaluated, customers can often choose healthier entrées that are priced less than or equal to less healthy entrées. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a letter to the editor in response to the article "Influence of Glycemic Index/Load on Glycemic Response, Appetite, and Food Intake in Healthy Humans," by R. C. G. Alfenas and R. D. Mattes, published in a 2005 issue of the periodical "Diabetes Care."

Discusses whether dietary factors promote obesity. Why high fat foods can be consumed in excess; Dietary factors that are less frequently examined for their potential role in obesity; Challenge facing research scientists in examining dietary composition and obesity.