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Thermoelectricity offers an efficient means of converting heat directly into electricity without greenhouse gas emissions. Recently, the hexagonal γ -GeSe phase and a new class of monolayers called Janus have been synthesized, exhibiting exceptional thermoelectric properties. In this study, we investigate the phonon thermal transport in γ -Ge 2 SSe Janus monolayers under biaxial strain using density functional theory and Boltzmann transport theory. Our analysis reveals that acoustic phonon modes, particularly the transverse acoustic and longitudinal acoustic modes, dominate the thermal transport. The lattice thermal conductivity (κ l) shows a strong dependence on biaxial strain, with a decrease observed under tensile biaxial strain, and the Grüneisen parameter reveals considerable anharmonicity, which promotes phonon scattering and reduces thermal conductivity. At room temperature and at 0% strain, κ l of Janus γ -Ge 2 SSe is measured at 4.41 W/mK, demonstrating moderate thermal transport, while under 2% tensile strain, κ l decreases to 3.13 Wm − 1 K − 1 , highlighting the material's strain sensitivity. These results suggest that strain engineering can be effectively used to optimize the thermoelectric performance of Janus γ -Ge 2 SSe monolayers, providing valuable insights for energy conversion applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enhancement of thermoelectric properties in CoS b 3 through atom substitution and hydrostatic pressure application is a promising avenue. Herein, we conducted a comprehensive theoretical investigation into the structural, electronic, and thermoelectric characteristics of CoS b 3 − x A x (A = Ge, Se, Te; x = 0.125, 0.250) using density functional theory coupled with Boltzmann transport theory. By subjecting the system to pressures ranging from 0 to 20 GPa and substituting Sb atoms, we evaluated the enthalpy of formation to predict stability, with CoS b 2.875 T e 0.125 exhibiting superior stability under 20 GPa. The bandgap of doped compounds is direct, ranging from 0.33 to 0.56 eV along the Γ point, and was calculated to elucidate electronic properties. Additionally, employing the Slack model, we computed lattice thermal conductivity based on elastic constants to provide a comprehensive analysis of thermoelectric efficiency. Remarkably, our study not only highlights the effect of hydrostatic pressure on structural and electronic properties but also reveals a beneficial impact on increasing Z T values to 2.77 for CoS b 2.750 G e 0.250 at 800 K and 20 GPa, indicating predominantly p -type behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article was originally published online on 16 December 2024 with a spelling error in the fourth author's name. The author's name, "Maurício Jeomar Piotrowski" is correct as it appears above and on page 10 in the Author Contributions.All online versions of this article were corrected on 19 December 2024; the article is correct as it appears in the printed version of the journal.By Victor José Ramirez Rivera; Fredy Mamani Gonzalo; Henry Edgardo Nina Mendoza; Maurício Jeomar Piotrowski; Jesus Alfredo Chacaltana Garcia; Eduardo Rodriguez Delgado and Efracio Mamani FloresReported by Author; Author; Author; Author; Author; Author; Author [Extracted from the article]

The quest for efficient thermoelectric materials has intensified with the advent of novel Janus monolayers exhibiting exceptional thermoelectric parameters. In this work, we comprehensively investigate the structural, electronic, transport, phonon, and thermoelectric properties of novel Janus γ -Pb 2 XY (X=S, Se; Y=Se, Te; X ≠ Y) monolayers using density functional theory combined with the Boltzmann transport equation. Our findings unveil the energetic, dynamic, thermal, and mechanical stability of these monolayers, along with their remarkable thermoelectric performance. Remarkably, the p-type γ -Pb 2 SeTe monolayer exhibits an outstanding figure of merit (ZT) of 6.88 at 800 K, attributed to its intrinsically low lattice thermal conductivity of 0.162 Wm - 1 K - 1 arising from strong phonon scattering, low group velocity, low phonon relaxation time, and a high Grüneisen parameter. Furthermore, these monolayers demonstrate high Seebeck coefficients and electrical conductivities, making them promising for efficient charge transport and thermoelectric energy conversion. Our results highlight the immense potential of Janus γ -Pb 2 XY monolayers as promising candidates for high-temperature thermoelectric applications and open up exciting avenues for further exploration of these novel two-dimensional materials in energy-related technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Federal Aviation Administration's 2004 introduction of the Advanced Qualification Program (AQP) was introduced to provide an alternative approach to pilot training and evaluation. This study evaluates the impact of AQP-centered aviation education on student performance, specifically in advanced jet transport systems course. Building on Karp's integrated aviation learning model, which seamlessly combines various instructional methods, the research utilizes one-way ANOVA to compare student academic performance in AQP-centered, traditional classroom, and blended learning environments. The findings of this study revealed that students with the AQPcentered approach in this advanced jet transport system course benefited from higher academic performance than those with a traditional or blended delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Federal Aviation Administration places aviation safety as a top priority, continuously striving to improve safety standards within the National Airspace System. In 2004, the Federal Aviation Administration introduced the Advanced Qualification Program (AQP) as an alternative methodology for pilot training and evaluation. This study explores the impact of AQP-centered aviation education on student performance, particularly in the context of learning advanced jet transport systems. The AQP model, based on aligning training with operational aviation requirements, emphasizes cognitive skill training and evaluation. Theoretical foundations underpinning this study include Karp's integrated aviation learning model, which seamlessly integrates various instructional approaches, fostering comprehensive knowledge and proficiency. The research employs one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compare student performance in AQP-centered, traditional classroom, and blended aviation education. Results reveal that AQP-centered education consistently produces the highest student performance. The study's findings emphasize the potential benefits of integrating the AQP into aviation higher education programs. Future research should expand these investigations to encompass diverse aviation degree programs and student perceptions, fostering the continuous enhancement of aviation education and safety standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simulation facilitates learning by imitating real-world systems or processes utilizing educational tools and models. Various fields, including business, aviation, and education use simulation for training. In healthcare, simulation provides trainees opportunities to develop procedural skills in a safe environment, building their understanding through hands-on interactions and experiences rather than passive didactics. Simulation is classified into low, medium, and high fidelity, based on how closely it mimics real-life experience. Its use in education is a valuable adjunct to instructional support and training with multiple potential benefits. Interventional radiology (IR) trainees can build technical and clinical proficiency prior to working directly on a patient. Simulation promotes experiential learning, constructivist learning, and student centeredness, thus giving students control over their learning and knowledge acquisition. More recently, the creative use of remote simulation has augmented traditional virtual didactic lectures, thereby further engaging international learners and enhancing remote collaboration. Despite the challenges to implementation, the addition of simulation in IR education is proving invaluable to supporting trainees and physicians in underserved regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the integrability properties of Wilson loops in the 풩 = 6 three-dimensional Chern-Simons-matter (ABJM) theory. We begin with the construction of an open spin chain that describes the anomalous dimensions of operators inserted along the contour of a 1/2 BPS Wilson loop. Moreover, we compute the all-loop reflection matrices that govern the interaction of spin-chain excitations with the boundary, including their dressing factors, and we check them against weak- and strong-coupling results. Furthermore, we propose a Y -system of equations for the cusped Wilson line of ABJM, and we use it to reproduce the one-loop cusp anomalous dimension of ABJM from a leading-order finite-size correction. Finally, we write a set of BTBA equations consistent with the Y -system proposal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the history, diagnosis, and challenges associated with Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD), formerly known as Devic's disease. It highlights the evolution of understanding and diagnostic criteria for NMOSD, including the discovery of biomarkers like Aquaporin-4 (AQP-4) IgG antibodies.

We study supersymmetric open strings in type IIB AdS3 Ă— S 3 Ă— S 3 Ă— S 1 with mixed Râ€"R and NSâ€"NS fields. We focus on strings ending along a straight line at the boundary of AdS3, which can be interpreted as line operators in a dual CFT2. We study both classical configurations and quadratic fluctuations around them. We find that strings sitting at a fixed point in S 3 Ă— S 3 Ă— S 1, i.e. satisfying Dirichlet boundary conditions, are 1/2 BPS. We also show that strings sitting at different points of certain submanifolds of S 3 Ă— S 3 Ă— S 1 can still share some fraction of the supersymmetry. This allows to define supersymmetric smeared configurations by the superposition of them, which range from 1/2 BPS to 1/8 BPS. In addition to the smeared configurations, there are as well 1/4 BPS and 1/8 BPS strings satisfying Neumann boundary conditions. All these supersymmetric strings are shown to be connected by a network of interpolating BPS boundary conditions. Our study reveals the existence of a rich moduli of supersymmetric open string configurations, for which the appearance of massless fermionic fields in the spectrum of quadratic fluctuations is crucial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: A high rate of cerebral aneurysm recurrence following endovascular coiling has prompted the use of digital subtraction angiography (DSA) for interval follow-up. However, the utility of skull x-rays as an alternative screening method for aneurysm recurrence is unproperly characterized. Methods: Retrospective review of a prospective registry of ruptured and unruptured cerebral aneurysms. Anteroposterior and lateral skull x-rays were obtained immediately at the end of the procedure and at 6-month follow-up. Aneurysm recurrence was defined by comparing post-procedure and 6-month DSA imaging. A true positive was defined as a change in coil mass morphology on at least one projection with aneurysm recurrence on DSA, and a true negative defined as a stable coil mass on both projections and no recurrence on DSA. Receiver operating characteristic area under the curve (AUC) statistics was used to assess the performance of skull x-rays in identifying aneurysm recurrence. Results: A total of 118 cerebral aneurysms were evaluated with DSA imaging and skull x-rays. A change in coil mass morphology on one projection of skull x-rays correctly detected all true recurrences with a sensitivity of 100% (95% confidence interval [CI], 91-100%). Skull x-rays failed to identify a stable aneurysm coil mass in 15 cases, with a specificity of 79% (68-88%). Skull x-rays performed with AUC 0.8958 (95% CI, 0.8490-0.9431) in identifying aneurysm recurrence. Conclusions: The findings of our study suggest that skull x-rays may represent a lowcost, non-invasive screening tool to rule out aneurysm recurrence, which can potentially aid in decreasing the utilization of DSA in the follow-up of patients with coiled cerebral aneurysms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas (PXA) are circumscribed gliomas that typically have a favorable prognosis. Limited studies have revealed factors affecting survival outcomes in PXA. Here, we analyzed the largest PXA dataset in the literature and identify factors associated with outcomes. Methods Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) 18 Registries database, we identified histologically confirmed PXA patients between 1994 and 2016. Overall survival (OS) was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier survival and multivariable Cox proportional hazard models. Results In total, 470 patients were diagnosed with PXA (males = 53%; median age = 23 years [14-39 years]), the majority were Caucasian (n = 367; 78%). The estimated mean OS was 193 months [95% CI: 179-206]. Multivariate analysis revealed that greater age at diagnosis (≥39 years) (3.78 [2.16-6.59], P <.0001), larger tumor size (≥30 mm) (1.97 [1.05-3.71], P =.034), and postoperative radiotherapy (RT) (2.20 [1.31-3.69], P =.003) were independent predictors of poor OS. Pediatric PXA patients had improved survival outcomes compared to their adult counterparts, in which chemotherapy (CT) was associated with worse OS. Meanwhile, in adults, females and patients with temporal lobe tumors had an improved survival; conversely, tumor size ≥30 mm and postoperative RT were associated with poor OS. Conclusions In PXA, older age and larger tumor size at diagnosis are risk factors for poor OS, while pediatric patients have remarkably improved survival. Postoperative RT and CT appear to be ineffective treatment strategies while achieving GTR confer an improved survival in male patients and remains the cornerstone of treatment. These findings can help optimize PXA treatment while minimizing side effects. However, further studies of PXAs with molecular characterization are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerebellar glioblastomas (cGBMs) are rare tumors that are uncommon in the elderly. In this study, we compare survival outcomes and identify prognostic factors of cGBM compared with the supratentorial (stGBM) counterpart in the elderly. Data from the SEER 18 registries were used to identify patients with a glioblastoma (GBM) diagnosis between 2000 and 2016. The log-rank method and a multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model were used for analysis. Among 110 elderly patients with cGBM, the median age was 74 years (interquartile range [IQR], 69–79 years), 39% were female and 83% were white. Of these patients, 32% underwent gross total resection, 73% radiotherapy, and 39% chemotherapy. Multivariable analysis of the unmatched and matched cohort showed that tumor location was not associated with survival; in the unmatched cohort, insurance status (hazard ratio [HR], 0.11; IQR, 0.02–0.49; P = 0.004), gross total resection (HR, 0.53; IQR, 0.30–0.91; P = 0.022), and radiotherapy (HR, 0.33; IQR, 0.18–0.61; P < 0.0001) were associated with better survival. Patients with cGBM and stGBM undergoing radiotherapy (7 months vs. 2 months; P < 0.001) and chemotherapy (10 months vs. 3 months; P < 0.0001) had improved survival. Long-term mortality was lower for cGBM in the elderly at 24 months compared with the stGBM cohort (P = 0.007). In our study, elderly patients with cGBM and stGBM have similar outcomes in overall survival, and those undergoing maximal resection with adjuvant therapies, independent of tumor location, have improved outcomes. Thus, aggressive treatment should be encouraged for cGBM in geriatric patients to confer the same survival benefits seen in stGBM. Single-institutional and multi-institutional studies to identify patient-level prognostic factors are warranted to triage the best surgical candidates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the increasing evidence of the association between breast cancer and meningioma in women, the relationship between these tumors remains improperly examined. In this study, we aim to identify the sociodemographic and clinicopathologic features of women with breast cancer associated with a higher risk of developing a meningioma. The SEER (Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results) database (18 registries) was used to identify women with breast cancer as their first neoplasm. The risk of subsequent meningioma was reported as the standardized incidence ratio (SIR) and was analyzed by sociodemographic and clinicopathologic subgroups. Results are given as SIR (95% confidence interval [CI]). A total of 564,516 women diagnosed with breast cancer between 2004 and 2016 were included for analysis. A 26% increased risk of meningioma development (SIR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.19–1.33; P < 0.05) was found in the cohort compared with the general population. Patients aged between 18 and 49 years (SIR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.78–2.61; P < 0.05) and those with a more advanced tumor stage (stage IV; SIR, 2.39; 95% CI, 1.71–3.25; P < 0.05) were at a higher risk. Hormone receptor expression and treatment modality subgroups were at a similar risk compared with the general population. Our study corroborated the known association between these tumors and found a 26% risk of meningioma development in women with breast cancer, with younger patients and those with a more aggressive disease having a higher than expected risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intra-arterial embolization of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) prior to surgical resection is the preferred approach to minimize blood loss during surgical resection of the tumor. However, the presence of external carotid artery-internal carotid artery (ECA-ICA) anastomoses may hinder complete tumor embolization due to the associated risk for embolic complications. Here, we evaluate the use of a balloon-assisted embolization (BAE) technique in the treatment of JNA. We conducted a retrospective review of JNA patients who underwent tumor embolization with injection of Onyx in a single session between 2013-2018. All cases displayed tumor arterial supply from ECA and ICA circulations on 2-D catheter angiograms. Procedural and surgical outcome data were analyzed. Results are given as mean±- standard deviation (range). Among 9 patients with JNA, all were males and mean age was 14.1±6.3 years (range, 9-29 years). The mean tumor volume embolization was 84.4±12.4% (range, 60-100%) and in 89% patients =80% of tumor volume embolization was achieved. There were no embolization-related complications reported. During surgical resection of the tumor there was a low average surgical blood loss of 722±651.5 mL (range, 50-2,000 mL) and the mean procedure time was 282.6±85.4 mins (range, 151-403 mins). In this series, the BAE technique showed to be a safe and effective approach to achieve successful tumor embolization while avoiding embolic complications and effectively reducing the risk for blood loss during surgical resection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider different supersymmetric mixed boundary conditions for scalar and fermionic fields in AdS2, searching for the dual description of a family of interpolating Wilson Loops in ABJM theory. The family, which interpolates between the bosonic 1/6 BPS loop and the 1/2 BPS loop, can be thought of as an exact marginal deformation in a defect CFT1. Confronting this property against holographic correlators and vacuum energy corrections singles out a particular boundary condition which we propose as dual to the interpolating family of Wilson loops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy storage devices (ESDs) provide solutions for uninterrupted supply in remote areas, autonomy in electric vehicles, and generation and demand flexibility in grid-connected systems; however, each ESD has technical limitations to meet high-specific energy and power simultaneously. The complement of the supercapacitors (SC) and the batteries (Li-ion or Lead-acid) features in a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) allows the combination of energy-power-based storage, improving the technical features and getting additional benefits. The value of HESS increases with its capacity to enhance the quality of power (PQ), maximize battery performance, sizing optimization, and non-technical profits related to efficiency, cost reduction, and environmental impact. This review proposes a HESS-main classification with an ancillary services sub-classification into (i) power quality support and power systems protection, (ii) energy management, and (iii) non-technical benefits. The services-oriented review considers the scope and goals achieved by each application, and it discusses the ancillary services covered directly and collaterally as a reference to evaluate and provide insight into the HESS implementation value and open the panorama to a potential reduction in investment costs to help this storage technology more profitable. Finally, it summarizes the current status of HESS, analyzing the storage needs of future electronic devices, large-scale power systems, and the growth outlook of isolated renewable energy (RE) systems for the research and development of new HESS. [Display omitted] • The SC and battery features are compatible with the development of a HESS. • HESS allows an energy-power-based storage combination and gets additional benefits. • HESS-main classification and ancillary services sub-classification are performed. • The direct and collateral non-technical and ancillary services reached are studied. • HESS improves efficiency and power quality, energy management, and storage value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple sclerosis (MS) more than any other neurological disorder has experienced a tremendous progress in available evidence-based innovator disease modifying therapies (DMT). These medications include injectable complex nonbiological drugs (CNBD), the injectable biological products β-interferons-1a and -1b, and the infusible monoclonal antibodies (MAB), as well as oral synthetic therapeutic molecules. The degree of efficacy and adverse effects profile is variable. By the end of 2019, all medications have been approved for relapsing forms of MS, including five with indication for clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), two for active secondary progressive MS, and one for primary progressive MS. With the advent of the first generation or "platform" injectable DMT in the 1990s the cost of MS care increased substantially driven basically by the cost of these therapies. As new drugs licensed by health agencies appeared in the global market, the cost of these agents notably increased augmenting the economic gravamen of disease particularly in North America This industrial phenomenon has been promoted by the remarkable profits obtained by the biopharmaceutical companies producing these medications, costs increasing about seven times per patient per year in the span of two decades. The global MS drug market was valued at US$16.3 billion in 2016, expecting to reach US$27.8 billion by 2025. The societal and economic effect of these costs constitute an international concern for health systems which adjudicate an increasing portion of financial resources to MS care. This effect has had a more notorious impact in emerging countries with economies in development. In the early 2000s the industry producers of biosimilar molecules initiated the concept of manufacturing follow-on biosimilar therapeutic options for MS available at a reduced cost without affecting efficacy and safety. Latin American biotechnological companies from Mexico, Argentina and Uruguay, introduced into the regional markets biosimilar β-interferons. These products were licensed by the local regulatory agencies without challenging pharmacological profile and their claims of similarity with the innovator medications. In the licensing process, biosimilar manufactures have typically utilized published literature and phase III clinical trials data previously acquired by the brand medication ("third approval pathway"). This has raised concerns among local neurological communities and patient organizations in the area. This situation is compounded by the fact that no discernible health cost savings have resulted since their introduction in Latin American countries. In some European countries where the health care system, public and private systems, regulated by Ministries of Health, negotiate with the pharmaceutical industry drug pricing and payment systems. The business scenario has stimulated local industries to produce follow-on biosimilar medications, theoretically to compete or replace the original brands. Countries such as Iran who have experienced a substantial increase in MS prevalence (101.19 per 100,000 inhabitants) has enabled their national Food and Drug Organization (FDO) to license locally produced biosimilar interferon 1-a and 1-b based on somewhat limited clinical studies. The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, approved the first biosimilar β-interferon-1a (44 mcg subcutaneous administration) manufactured in the country and developed in accordance to the guidelines of the European Medicine Agency (EMA) for phase I and phase III studies. The EMA, however, along with other international licensing agencies: United States Food and Drug Agency (FDA), Health Canada, the Japanese Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA), the UK Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHPRA), and others, have produced strict guidelines regulating registration of biosimilar medicines. Thus far these agencies have not approved any interferon or MAB for MS based on these principles. The main obstacles for the approval of biosimilar medications by international health agencies is their consistent inability to demonstrate therapeutic equivalence through physiochemistry, biology, immunogenicity aspects, molecular behavior and clinical studies, preferably through a controlled phase III study, or ideally, utilizing a comparative head-to-head trial with the innovator. Recommendations proposed by experts from the Latin American region to guarantee production quality of biosimilar products, efficacy and safety, include strict application of current regulations; avoid uncontrolled interchangeability; implement strong pharmacovigilance; educate healthcare professionals and regulatory officials on the different issues involved in the biosimilarity concept and use evidence-based decision for therapy selection. The main priority should always be the protection and well-being of the patient irrespectively of therapy availability or pharmacoeconomic issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The excitation and emission obtained from an Er3+-doped tellurite glass with embedded silver nanoparticles (SNPs) through nanostructured surfaces consisting of a square lattice of nanoholes (squares or circles) in a silver thin film are addressed. The periodic nanostructures were fabricated with a focused gallium ion beam on a silver thin film deposited onto an Er3+-doped tellurite glass with embedded SNPs. The Er3+ microluminescence spectra were measured in the far field (510- to 590-nm wavelength range). The emission observed through the plasmonic nanoholes is caused by the excitation of the Er3+ ions via extraordinary optical transmission from the periodic nanostructures. Two coupling types are proposed: (i) one between the SNPs and the Er3+ ions (electric dipole type) and (ii) a resonant coupling between the SNPs (localized surface plasmon resonance) and a silver thin film (surface plasmon polariton). These two couplings modify the local field, which improves the emission intensity of Er3+. A dependence of the intensity emission with the geometrical shape of the nanoholes and the number of elements of the square lattice was observed. These findings can be very useful for nanophotonic device applications employing a transparent medium with optical gain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The open string dual to a 1/6 BPS Wilson line in the N = 6 super Chern-Simons-matter theory is coupled to a flat Kalb-Ramond field. We show that the resulting boundary term imposes mixed boundary conditions on the fields that describe the fluctuations on the world-sheet. These boundary conditions fix a combination of the derivatives of the fluctuations, parallel and transverse to the boundary. We holographically compute the correlation functions of insertions on the Wilson line in terms of world-sheet Witten diagrams. We observe that their functional dependence is consistent with the conformal symmetry on the line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We compute the topologically twisted index for general $$ \mathcal{N}=2 $$ supersymmetric field theories on $$ {\mathrm{\mathbb{H}}}_2\times {S}^1 $$ . We also discuss asymptotically AdS magnetically charged black holes with hyperbolic horizon, in four-dimensional $$ \mathcal{N}=2 $$ gauged supergravity. With certain assumptions, put forward by Benini, Hristov and Zaffaroni, we find precise agreement between the black hole entropy and the topologically twisted index, for ABJ M theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 14th International Symposium on Thrombolysis, Thrombectomy and Acute Stroke Therapy (TTST) took place in Houston, Texas on 21–22 October 2018. Attended by 150+ invited global experts, the objectives of TTST 2018 were to explore the changing landscape of acute ischemic stroke therapy and to address current controversies in thrombolysis and thrombectomy, including expanding access and systems of care with global relevance. This article summarizes the proceedings of TTST 2018. The key points of each session are listed below, the full text of presentations and discussion are available in the online supplement, and the full list of contributing authors appear in the Appendix at the end of this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effectiveness factor (EF) is a useful tool for the study of heterogeneous reaction systems, such as catalytic particles, where interactions of reaction-diffusion processes are involved. For simplicity, the study of EF is achieved on steady state operation (SSEF), but recent studies have suggested that EF can increase on dynamic operation conditions, especially when diffusive transport does not follow the Fick's law. In this paper, a study about the effect of anomalous diffusion on the dynamic effectiveness factor (DEF) in catalytic particles is presented. For this, it is considered a generalized Cattaneotype diffusion model described by differential equations of fractional order applied at rectangular, cylindrical and spherical geometries of the catalytic particles, which is analyzed in the frequency space by means the Fourier transform method. Numerical results, based on Bode and Nyquist diagrams, show the conditions and regions where the DEF values are largest than SSEF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The population is aging, and age remains an important factor in deciding surgical candidacy for intracranial tumors. The natural history and surgical behavior of meningiomas in octogenarians are not well understood. We evaluated the surgical and functional outcomes, including survival, among octogenarians with intracranial meningiomas in a single institution. Methods: The Tumor Registry (2004–2021) was used to identify octogenarian patients (ages 80–89) diagnosed with intracranial meningioma. Primary endpoints were 1-year survival and functional outcome measured with mRS postsurgery. Kaplan–Meier, univariable Log-rank tests, and multivariable Cox hazards proportional regression models were used for assessing factors associated with overall survival (OS) in octogenarians with meningiomas who underwent surgery; logistic regression and McNemar's were used to further characterize risk factors affecting functional surgical outcome at 1 year. Results: Thirty octogenarians with intracranial meningioma who underwent surgery were identified. Median age was 82.5 years and 66.6% were female patients. The 1-year median postsurgical survival probability for all octogenarians with meningioma was 86.3% and no intraoperative mortality was observed. Frailty (mFI-5, p = 0.84), tumor grade (p = 0.11), tumor size (p = 0.22), extent of resection (p = 0.35), and Karnofsky scale on admission (p = 0.93) did not significantly affect the survival in octogenarians with meningiomas which were treated surgically. The 1-year postoperative functional status of octogenarian meningioma patients who underwent surgery was significantly improved compared to pre-op mRS (McNemar's chi-squared = 9.6, df = 1, p-value = 0.001946). Conclusion: In octogenarians with meningiomas, surgical intervention significantly improves the pre-operative modified Rankin Scale at 1 year postsurgery in this cohort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Venous sinus stenosis (VSS) stenting has emerged as an effective treatment for patients with Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH). However, stenting carries risk of in-stent stenosis/thrombosis and cumulative bleeding risk from long-term dual antiplatelet (DAPT) use. Thus, we investigated the potential safety and efficacy of primary balloon angioplasty as an alternative to stenting in IIH. Methods: A prospectively maintained single-center registry of IIH patients undergoing endovascular procedures was queried. Inclusion criteria included patients with confirmed IIH and angiographically demonstrable VSS who underwent interventions from 2012- 2021. Patients were dichotomized into primary balloon angioplasty (Group A) and primary stenting (Group S), comparing clinical outcomes using bivariate analyses. Results: 62 patients were included with median age of 33 [IQR 26-37], 74% females. Group A (9/62) and Group S (53/62) had similar baseline characteristics. Papilledema improvement was higher in Group S at 6 weeks and 6 months (44 vs. 93, p = 0.002 and 44 vs. 92%, p = 0.004), with similar improvements across all symptoms. Group S had higher mean post-procedure venous pressure gradient change (8 vs. 3 mmHg, p = 0.02) and a lower CSF opening pressure at 6 months (23 vs. 36 cmH2O, p < 0.001). VPS rescue rate was higher in Group A (44 vs. 2%, p = 0.001). There was only one procedural complications; a subdural hematoma in Group A. Conclusions: Primary VSS balloon angioplasty provides a marginal and short-lived improvement of IIH symptoms compared to stenting. These findings suggest a cautious and limited role for short-term rescue angioplasty in poor shunting and stenting candidates with refractory IIH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), a potentially fatal foodborne illness, is often diagnosed anecdotally based on symptoms and dietary history. The neurotoxins responsible for PSP, collectively referred to as the saxitoxins or paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), are natural toxins, produced by certain dinoflagellates, that may accumulate in seafood, particularly filter-feeding bivalves. Illnesses are rare because of effective monitoring programs, yet occasional poisonings occur. Rarely are contaminated food and human clinical samples (e.g., urine and serum) available for testing. There are currently few methods, none of which are validated, for determining PSTs in clinical matrices. This study evaluated AOAC (Association of Analytical Communities) Official Method of Analysis (OMA) 2005.06. [AOAC Official Method 2005.06 Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins in Shellfish: Prechormatographic Oxidation and Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection. In Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International 〈http://www.eoma.aoac.org〉], validated only for shellfish extracts, for its extension to human urine and serum samples. Initial assessment of control urine and serum matrices resulted in a sample cleanup modification when working with urine to remove hippuric acid, a natural urinary compound of environmental/dietary origin, which co-eluted with saxitoxin. Commercially available urine and serum matrices were then quantitatively spiked with PSTs that were available as certified reference materials (STX, dcSTX, B1, GTX2/3, C1/2, NEO, and GTX1/4) to assess method performance characteristics. The method was subsequently applied successfully to a PSP case study that occurred in July 2007 in Maine. Not only were PSTs identified in the patient urine and serum samples, the measured time series also led to the first report of human PST-specific urinary elimination rates. The LC-FD data generated from this case study compared remarkably well to results obtained using AOAC OMA 2011.27 [AOAC Official Method 2011.27 Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PSTs) in Shellfish, Receptor Binding Assay. In Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International 〈http://www.eoma.aoac.org〉], further demonstrating successful extension of the LC-FD method to these clinical matrices. Moreover, data generated from this poisoning event reiterated that urine is a preferable clinical matrix, compared to serum, for diagnostic purposes due to higher accumulation and longer residence times in urine. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] Catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation of C C and C O double bonds. [•] Designed Ru and Pd complexes with axially chiral ligands. [•] Enantiomeric excess and yield followed in time. [•] Additives promote either ee or activity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Registry to Evaluate Novantrone Effects in Worsening Multiple Sclerosis (RENEW) was a 5-year, phase IV study in which the safety of Mitoxantrone was monitored in a patient cohort from the United States (US). The objective of the study was to evaluate the long-term safety profile of Mitoxantrone in patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS), progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis (PRMS), and worsening relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Methods: Overall, 509 patients (395 SPMS, 81 worsening RRMS, 33 PRMS) were enrolled and treated at 46 multiple sclerosis (MS) treatment centers located in the US. Patients received Mitoxantrone in accordance with the package insert every 3 months. During the treatment phase, patients received laboratory workups and cardiac monitoring every 3 months and then annually for a total of 5 years. Results: Five hundred and nine subjects were enrolled in this trial and received at least one infusion of Mitoxantrone. Overall, 172 (33.8%) completed the 5-year trial (i.e., participated for 5 years ± 3 months [treatment + follow-up]); 337 (66.2%) did not complete the 5-year trial. Annual follow-up data were available for 250 of 509 enrolled patients. Left ventricular ejection fraction reduction under 50% was reported in 27 (5.3%) patients during the treatment phase (n = 509) and 14 (5.6%) patients during the annual follow-up phase (n = 250). Signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure were observed in 10 (2.0%) patients (six during treatment phase and four during the annual follow-up phase). Post-hoc analyses of the risk for cardiotoxicity outcomes revealed that cumulative dose exposure is the primary risk factor associated with the risk of cardiac toxicity with Mitoxantrone. Therapy-related leukemia was reported in three (0.6%) patients who received total cumulative Mitoxantrone doses of 73.5 mg/m2, 107.3 mg/m2, and 97.1 mg/m2 respectively. During the treatment phase, persistent amenorrhea developed in 22% (28/128) of women with regular menses and 51% (25/49) of women with irregular menses at baseline. During the annual follow-up phase, persistent amenorrhea developed in 5% (4/73) of women with regular menses at baseline. Conclusion: RENEW results are consistent with the known safety profile of Mitoxantrone, and provide additional long-term safety data for Mitoxantrone in MS patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We estimate the spatial substitution bias based on the difference between a price index (PI) and the true cost of living (COL). This bias is computed at three geographical scales, using several fixed baskets and across different expenditures quartiles. Our results show a significant substitution bias for small geographical units. The choice of the base basket is also relevant for the bias estimation. Finally, the spatial substitution bias is larger for upper side of the expenditure distribution due to the heterogeneity in the consumption basket. This exercise shows that the spatial dimension affects the construction of a price index and that the approach of fixed baskets should be carefully considered in the estimation of spatial price differentials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we report on luminescence and absorbance effects of Er:Au-doped tellurite glasses synthesized by a melting-quenching and heat treatment technique. After annealing times of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 h, at 300 °C, the gold nanoparticles (GNP) effects on the Er are verified from luminescence spectra and the corresponding levels lifetime. The localized surface plasmon resonance around 800 nm produced a maximum fluorescence enhancement for the band ranging from 800 to 840 nm, corresponding to the transitions H → I (805 nm) and S → I (840 nm), with annealing time till 7.5 h. The measured lifetime of the levels H and S confirmed the lifetime reduction due to the energy transfer from the GNP to Er, causing an enhanced photon emission rate in these levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the development of a competitive electrochemiluminescence-based immunoassay for the type-2 brevetoxins in oyster extracts. Among the key advantages offered by the immunoassay are speed, simplicity and low limit of quantitation. The authors believe that the immunoassay could support pharmacokinetic studies in animals and clinical evaluation of neurotoxic shellfish poisoning victims.

Abstract: Synthetic biotinylated RNA substrates were cleaved by the combined actions of ricin holotoxin and a chemical agent, N,N′-dimethylethylenediamine. The annealing of the product with a ruthenylated oligodeoxynucleotide resulted in the capture of ruthenium chelate onto magnetic beads, enabling the electrochemiluminescence (ECL)-based detection of RNA N-glycosidase activities of toxins. ECL immunoassays and the activity assay exhibited similar limits of detection just below signals with 0.1ng/ml of ricin; the ECL response was linear as the ricin concentration increased by two orders of magnitude. Activities were detected with other adenine-specific RNA N-glycosidases, including Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA), saporin, and abrin II. The substrate that provided the greatest sensitivity was composed of a four-residue loop, GdAGA, in a hairpin structure. When the 2′-deoxyadenosine (dA) was substituted with adenosine (A), 2′-deoxyinosine, or 2′-deoxyuridine, toxin-dependent signals were abolished. Placing the GdAGA motif in a six-residue loop or replacing it with GdAdGA or GdAAA resulted in measurable activities and signal patterns that were reproducible for a given toxin. Data indicated that saporin and abrin II shared one pattern, while ricin and RCA shared a distinct pattern. A monoclonal antibody that enhanced the activities of ricin, RCA, and abrin II to different extents, thus improving the diagnostic potential of the assay, was identified . [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Described is a rapid direct sandwich format electrochemiluminescence assay for identifying and assaying Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin. Biotinylated antibodies to C. perfringens alpha toxin bound to streptavidin paramagnetic beads specifically immunoadsorbed soluble sample alpha toxin which subsequently selectively immunoadsorbed ruthenium (Ru)-labeled detection antibodies. The ruthenium chelate of detection antibodies chemically reacted in the presence of tripropylamine and upon electronic stimulation emitted photons (electrochemiluminescence) that were detected by the photodiode of the detector. Elevated toxin concentrations increased toxin immunoadsorption and the specific immunoadsorption of Ru-labeled antibodies to alpha toxin, which resulted in increased dose-dependent electrochemiluminescent signals. The standardized assay was rapid (single 2.5-h coincubation of all reagents), required no wash steps, and had a sensitivity of about 1ng/ml of toxin. The assay had excellent accuracy and precision and was validated in buffer, serum, and urine with no apparent matrix effects. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Sensitive and specific electrochemiluminescence (ECL) assays were used to detect Clostridium botulinum neurotoxins serotypes A, B, E, and F in undiluted human serum, undiluted human urine, assay buffer, and selected food matrices (whole milk, apple juice, ground beef, pastry, and raw eggs). These novel assays used paramagnetic bead-based electrochemiluminescent technology in which biotinylated serotype-specific antibodies were bound to streptavidin-coated paramagnetic beads. The beads acted as the solid support and captured analyte from solution. Electrochemiluminescent detection relied on the use of ruthenium chelate-labeled anti-serotype antibodies and analysis with a BioVeris M-Series M1R analyzer. The sensitivities of the assays in clinically relevant matrices were 50pg/ml for serotypes A and E, 100pg/ml for serotype B, and 400pg/ml for serotype F. The detection limits in selected food matrices ranged from 50pg/ml for serotype A to 50 to 100pg/ml for serotypes B, E, and F. The antibodies used for capture and detection exhibited no cross-reactivity when tested with the other serotypes. When purified native toxin was compared with toxins complexed to neurotoxin-associated proteins, no significant differences in assay response were noted for serotypes A, B, and F. Interestingly, the native form of serotype E exhibited reduced signal and limit of detection compared with the complexed form of the protein. We suspect that this difference may be due to trypsin activation of this particular serotype. The assays described in this article demonstrate limits of detection similar in range to the gold standard mouse bioassay, but with greatly reduced time to data. These rapid sensitive assays may have potential use in clinical settings, research studies, and screening of food products for botulinum toxins. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Recombinant AAV vectors containing a dimerizer-inducible system of transcriptional activation provide a strategy for control of therapeutic gene expression in the CNS. Here we explored this system for regulated expression of human aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (hAADC) in a rodent model of Parkinson disease. Expression of hAADC, the enzyme that converts L-dopa to dopamine, was dependent on reconstitution of a functional transcription factor (TF) by the dimerizer rapamycin. Two vectors, AAV-CMV-TF and AAV-Z12-hAADC, were infused into striata of 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. Rapamycin-induced increases in expression of hAADC repeatedly produced robust rotational behavior in response to low doses of L-dopa. Seven weeks after vector infusion, AADC expression in brain was quantitated by both stereology and Western blot analysis following the final rapamycin treatment. While a low level of hAADC was observed in rats that were not induced with rapamycin, this basal expression was not significant enough to elicit a rotational response to L-dopa. This study demonstrated a robust behavioral response of parkinsonian rats to regulated hAADC expression. Recombinant AAV vectors controlled by rapamycin or its analogs show promise as candidates for CNS therapies in which regulation of the transgene is desired.Molecular Therapy (2006) 13, 167–174; doi: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2005.06.480 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lethal factor (LF) of anthrax toxin is the toxic component of the exotoxin (lethal toxin) secreted by toxic strains of Bacillus anthracis. The lethal factor is a zinc-dependent metalloprotease that specifically cleaves the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK) family of enzymes. We took advantage of this substrate specificity to develop an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) peptide cleavage assay. The ECL assay uses the stable ruthenium (Ru) metal chelate that, in the presence of tripropylamine, generates a light reaction triggered by the application of an electric potential. The Ru label is specifically incorporated into the C-terminal CYS residue of a synthetic peptide (23mer) containing the MAPKK2 cleavage sequence of LF. Streptavidin-coated paramagnetic beads were the solid phase and facilitated separation and characterization of the enzymatic reaction products based upon N-terminal biotinylation of the peptide substrate. Intact peptide bound via the biotin moiety generated high signal due to the Ru label, whereas binding of the cleaved peptide fragment devoid of Ru label reduced the ECL signal. The proposed assay provides a novel opportunity for the screening of potential therapeutics against anthrax. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We present here simple, sensitive and accurate colorimetric capture ELISAs for staphylococcal enterotoxins A and B. Standard curves were linear over the range 0.5–1 ng/mL, and toxins could be accurately measured at 0.5 ng/mL in assay buffer or 0.1 ng/mL in human urine. Cross-reactivity between serotypes was negligible. Detection in serum was complicated by the presence of specific antibodies to SE’s in most normal sera. These assays offer a viable, cost-effective method for analysis of these ubiquitous toxins. Further, their sensitivity in undiluted urine makes them ideal candidates for evaluating human exposure. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The control, over time and space, of the levels of therapeutic proteins is crucial for successful retinal gene therapy. We tested the ability of adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV) delivered intraocularly to release a secreted protein (erythropoietin (Epo) used as a marker) in the eye, either constitutively or in a pharmacologically regulated manner using the dimerizer-inducible transcriptional regulatory system. Following delivery of a constitutively expressing vector to the intravitreal or subretinal space of nude rats, Epo protein was detected in both the anterior chamber and vitreous fluids. A dual-vector system inducible by the dimerizer rapamycin and expressing Epo was administered into the subretinal space in an attempt to achieve pharmacologic control of trangene expression in the eye. Before induction with rapamycin, the intraocular Epo level was negligible. However, following a systemic administration of rapamycin, Epo was detected in the anterior chamber, peaking on day 3 and returning to baseline 2–3 weeks after withdrawal of the drug. Peak-induced Epo in the anterior chamber was proportional to the dose of rapamycin and was not detected in serum. Similar results were obtained following subretinal administration of the vectors in one nonhuman primate. The rapamycin inducible system promises to be useful for developing gene therapies for inherited retinal degeneration and ocular neovascularization. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Sensitive and specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were developed to detect Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin serotypes E (BoNT E) and F (BoNT F) in assay buffer and human serum. The assay is based upon affinity-purified horse polyclonal antibodies directed against the ∼50 kD C-fragments of each toxin. Standard curves were linear over 0.5–10 ng/ml (BoNT E) or 2–20 ng/ml (BoNT F). Accurate measurements were achieved at 0.5 ng/ml (BoNT E) or 2 ng/ml (BoNT F) in assay buffer and 10% human serum. Variation between triplicates was typically 5–10%. Less than 1% cross-reactivity occurred between other serotypes A, B, E or F). When tested against toxins complexed to their neurotoxin-associated proteins, interference was absent for BoNT F. However, pure BoNT E and that complexed to associated proteins demonstrated significant quantitative differences. We believe these differences arise from trypsin activation of the toxin. These assays demonstrated sensitivities close to that of the mouse bioassay, without the use of animals, in a much simpler format than other reported assays of similar sensitivity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Presents information on a study which described the discovery and characterization of F36M-binding protein using ligand-reversible dimerization system. Hybrid analysis of FK506-binding protein interactions; Materials and methods; Results and discussion.

Presents information on a study which developed a system for direct pharmacologic control of protein secretion. Features of a suitable system for control of protein secretion; How biologically active therapeutic protein was produced; Information on the processing of fusion proteins.

Metal halide perovskites are crystalline materials with a sharp increase in popularity and rapidly becoming a major contender for optoelectronic device applications. In this work, we provide the optoelectronic features of a possible novel candidate, ZSnCl3 (Z = Na/K) Sn‐based on a detailed numerical simulation. The output of the current computations is compared to the results that are currently available, and a respectable agreement is noted. The studied compounds were cubic in nature and structurally stabe. The mechanical properties reflect the mechanical stability and ductility of the proposed materials. The Sn‐based single perovskite compounds proposed in this study are mechanically stable and ductile. The narrow direct band gap for NaSnCl3 and KSnCl3 are 1.36 eV and 1.47 eV, respectively, using the HSE06 hybrid function with the Boltztrp2 integrated in Quantum ESPRESSO (QE) software. The effective use of these compounds in perovskite solar cells and other optoelectronic applications was confirmed by optical absorption spectral measurements conducted in the photon energy range of 0–20 eV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on a study which demonstrated in vivo regulation of gene expression of the growth hormone in mice after intramuscular injection of two separate adenovirus or adeno-associated virus vectors. Methodology of the study; Results and discussion; Conclusion.

Presents research which achieved delivery of a therapeutic protein under pharmacologic control through in vivo somatic gene transfer. System based on the expression of two chimeric, human-derived proteins; Use of a mixture of two adeno-associated virus vectors; Injection into the skeletal muscle of mice; Effects of the administration of rapamycin; Stable engraftment in mice and in a rhesus monkey.

Abstract: A simple electrochemiluminescence-based assay for RNA N-glycosidase activity has been modified to permit its use with authentic extracts of Ricinus communis (castor beans) and Abrus precatorius (jequirity seeds)—the natural sources of ricin and abrin. Modifications include the addition of an RNase inactivator to the reaction mixture, elimination of a signal-enhancing monoclonal antibody, and optimization of the incubation temperature. Concurrent testing with two substrates provides a diagnostic tool enabling castor bean toxins to be differentiated from a larger selection of N-glycosidase toxins than was previously examined. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We recast the joint J T ¯ , T J ¯ and T T ¯ deformations as coupling the original theory to a mixture of topological gravity and gauge theory. This geometrizes the general flow triggered by irrelevant deformations built out of conserved currents and the stress-energy tensor, by means of a path integral kernel. The partition function of the deformed theory satisfies a diffusion-like flow equation similar to that found in the pure T T ¯ case. Our proposal passes two stringent tests. Firstly, we recover the classical deformed actions from the kernel, reproducing the known expressions for the free boson and fermion. Secondly, we explicitly compute the torus path integral along the flow and show it localizes to a finite-dimensional, one-loop exact integral over base space torus moduli. The dressed energy levels so obtained match exactly onto those previously reported in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The differential diagnosis of suspected multiple sclerosis has been developed using data from North America, northern Europe, and Australasia, with a focus on White populations. People from minority ethnic and racial backgrounds in regions where prevalence of multiple sclerosis is high are more often negatively affected by social determinants of health, compared with White people in these regions. A better understanding of changing demographics, the clinical characteristics of people from minority ethnic or racial backgrounds, and the social challenges they face might facilitate equitable clinical approaches when considering a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Neuromyelitis optica, systemic lupus erythematous, neurosarcoidosis, infections, and cerebrovascular conditions (eg, hypertension) should be considered in the differential diagnosis of multiple sclerosis for people from minority ethnic and racial backgrounds in North America, northern Europe, and Australasia. The diagnosis of multiple sclerosis in people from a minority ethnic or racial background in these regions requires a comprehensive approach that considers the complex interplay of immigration, diagnostic inequity, and social determinants of health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]