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A long grazing season improves the profitability of pasture-based dairy production. It can entail grazing under wet soil conditions and the risk of damaging swards. Housing cows either temporarily or completely while soil moisture is high can avoid damaging swards. An experiment with 4 grazing systems was conducted over 3 yr (Sep. 1, 2013, to Aug. 31, 2016). The purpose was to evaluate whether soil moisture measurements are an effective decision support to assess the risk of treading damage and effects on pasture productivity and dairy cow performance during wet soil conditions. Access time to pasture between February and December of each grazing season was dependent on volumetric soil moisture content (VSMC, m3/m3) measured each morning: Control = cows were housed at VSMC >0.5 and otherwise allowed 22 h/d access to pasture; S<7 = cows were housed on days with VSMC >0.7 and otherwise allowed 22 h/d access to pasture; S7–6 = cows were housed at VSMC >0.7 and allowed 8 h/d access to pasture at VSMC between 0.7 and 0.6 and 22 h/d access at VSMC ≤0.6; S7–5 = cows were housed at VSMC >0.7 and allowed 8 h/d access to pasture at VSMC between 0.7 and 0.5 and 22 h/d access at VSMC ≤0.5. Cows with 8-h access per day received no other feeding when housed. All herds were compact spring-calving, with a mean calving date of Feb. 19. Mean stocking rate was 2.57 cows/ha. Measurements of VSMC provided an objective indicator for the risk of treading damage. Less time spent at pasture under wet soil conditions lowered treading damage but had no effect on annual pasture production (mean 14.8 t of organic matter/ha). Annual milk solids production per cow was lowest for the control herd (485 kg) and not different between the other systems (503 kg). Reducing treading damage to swards did not improve productivity or profitability of the grazing systems. Nevertheless, measuring soil moisture was a useful decision support for assessing the risk of treading damage when turning cows out to pasture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine how contextual factors influence the risk of burglary victimization, specifically investigating whether time and regional effects shape these relationships. By analyzing data from the Mexican system of cities between January 2018 and June 2022 while controlling for population characteristics, we detected significant decreases in burglary risk among urban dwellers living in apartments and using restricted access mechanisms, although these effects are limited to certain regions. On the other hand, occupants of detached houses and those without restricted access mechanisms did not experience a reduction in burglary risk. These findings validate existing criminological theories emphasizing the importance of contextual factors. Moreover, our study underscores the necessity of further exploring why the downward decrease in burglary rates across cities came to a halt after the COVID-19 pandemic. • Residential burglary declined in Mexican cities between 2018 and 2022. • The decline differed significantly across regions • Apartments and restricted access measures decreased burglary victimization in some regions only. • Unobserved contextual factors contribute to regional variations in burglary trends. • Research is needed on how formal and informal social controls impact burglary risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systematic reviews and maps should be based on the best available evidence, and reviewers should make all reasonable efforts to source and include potentially relevant studies. However, reviewers may not be able to consider all existing evidence, since some data and studies may not be publicly available. Including non - public studies in reviews provides a valuable opportunity to increase systematic review/map comprehensiveness, potentially mitigating negative impacts of publication bias. Studies may be non-public for many reasons: some may still be in the process of being published (publication can take a long time); some may not be published due to author/publisher restrictions; publication bias may make it difficult to publish non-significant or negative results. Here, we consider what forms these non-public studies may take and the implications of including them in systematic reviews and maps. Reviewers should carefully consider the advantages and disadvantages of including non-public studies, weighing risks of bias against benefits of increased comprehensiveness. As with all systematic reviews and maps, reviewers must be transparent about methods used to obtain data and avoid risks of bias in their synthesis. We make tentative suggestions for reviewers in situations where non-public data may be present in an evidence base. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limited research is available with regard to the experience of biological fathers who are interested in being involved in their children’s lives but are restricted from doing so. In this study, we aimed to contribute to understanding these paternal constraints and to give unmarried fathers a platform to voice their experiences regarding restricted contact with their children. Interviews were conducted with six single, Setswana-speaking black fathers in South Africa. The phenomenological analysis revealed fatherhood to be an unplanned event at an early age; the cultural responsibilities and conventions regarding marriage and children, and the role these played in restricting contact; constructions of fathers as financial providers; and fathers’ emotional experience of restricted access to their children. We conclude that constraining fatherhood constructions make it difficult for fathers, and also mothers and grandparents, to conceive of fathers’ contributions beyond financial provision. These constructions curtail unmarried fathers’ involvement with their children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sound and audiovisual archives are critical media for the storage and preservation of an institution or a country's intellectual and cultural heritage. As the world moves towards the knowledge economy it becomes imperative for all countries to prioritise the proper management of sound and audiovisual archives as a way to preserve cultural capital for posterity. This paper will examine the strategies that are in place to facilitate easier access to sound and audiovisual archives. The writers will also explore the dynamic nature of users with diverse with regards to basic and digital literacy. It will also highlight the challenges that the country's National Archives is encountering in the management of sound and audiovisual archives. It will highlight the factors that are impeding proper management of sound and audiovisual archives at the National Archives of Zimbabwe. It will examine the aspect of sustainability with regards to providing access to sound and audiovisual archives .The article will explore the prospects for migrating from traditional to online access. It will also explore the aspect of collaboration through Public and Private Sector Partnership to facilitate wider and easier access to sound and audio archives. The treatise will also explore the prospects for migrating towards digital technology. It will also come up with recommendations to improve access to sound and audio visual archives in Zimbabwe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In sensitive areas of public life in Turkish law there are some of the independent regulatory agencies. As a result of re-regulation of the field of masscommunications, competence, banking etc., Turkish IRA's was founded as an impartial public legal entity that had broader competences and responsibilities. On the one hand we should respect freedoms of consumers and on the other hand State should regulate public order. Access to the internet also one of the subsubject of public order. Main actor that regulate and supervise of internet is Information and Communications Authority (BTK). ICA has been critisized that not being independent and impartial against to Government. As a basic constitutional freedom guard structure, ICA should be as much as autonomous. If Body act as an organic part of government, it creates the impression as a censor device. We discussed in this presentation ban of access to internet and their legal results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Central dopaminergic mechanisms are involved in the motivational aspects of eating and food choices. This review focuses on human and animal data investigating the importance of dopamine on binge eating behaviors. Early work examining dopamine metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of bulimic individuals suggested decreased dopamine turnover during the active phase of the illness. While neuroimaging studies of dopamine mechanisms in bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge eating disorder (BED) are limited, genetic studies in humans have implicated an increased frequency of dopamine transporter and associated D2 receptor polymorphisms with binge pathology. Recent studies in rodent models of dietary-induced binge eating (DIBE) have investigated plausible dopamine mechanisms involved in sustaining binge eating behaviors. In DIBE models, highly palatable foods (fats, sugars and their combination), as well as restricted access conditions appear to promote ingestive responses and result in sustained dopamine stimulation within the nucleus accumbens. Taken together with studies on the comorbidity of illicit drug use and eating disorders, the data reviewed here support a role for dopamine in perpetuating the compulsive feeding patterns of BN and BED. As such, we propose that sustained stimulation of the dopamine systems by bingeing promoted by preexisting conditions (e.g., genetic traits, dietary restraint, stress, etc.) results in progressive impairments of dopamine signaling. To disrupt this vicious cycle, novel research-based treatment options aiming at the neural substrates of compulsive eating patterns are necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of restricting pasture access time on milk production and composition, body weight and body condition score change, dry matter intake, and grazing behavior of autumn calving dairy cows in midlactation. Fifty-two (19 primiparous and 33 multiparous) Holstein-Friesian dairy cows (mean calving date, August 17 ± 91.2 d) were randomly assigned to a 4-treatment (n = 13) randomized block design grazing study. The 4 grazing treatments were: (i) full-time access to pasture (22H; control), (ii) 9-h access to pasture (9H), (iii) two 4.5-h periods of access to pasture after both milkings (2 x 4.5H), and (iv) two 3-h periods of access to pasture after both milkings (2 x 3H). Experimental treatments were imposed from March 7 to April 6, 2007 (31 d). The pregrazing herbage mass of swards offered to all treatments was 1,268 kg of dry matter/ha, and sward organic matter digestibility was 86.4%, indicating high-quality swards conducive to high dry matter intake. Swards where animals had 22H and 2 x 4.5H access to pasture had the lowest postgrazing sward heights (3.5 cm), reflecting the greatest levels of sward utilization. After the experimental period, there were no differences in milk production; however, the 2 x 3H animals tended to have lower milk protein concentration (-0.17%) compared with 22H animals. Furthermore, dry matter intake of the 9H animals was lower than 22H animals. Although restricting access time to pasture decreased grazing time, animals compensated by increasing their intake/minute and intake/bite. Restricting pasture access time resulted in much greater grazing efficiency, because the 9H, 2 x 4.5H, and 2 x 3H treatments spent a greater proportion of their time at pasture grazing (81, 81, and 96%, respectively) than 22H animals (42%). Results of this study indicate that allocating animals restricted access to pasture does not significantly affect milk production. This study also found that the total access time should be greater than 6 h and that perhaps needs to be divided into 2 periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article talks about the effect of implementing Medicare Part D, which provides seniors and persons with disabilities with a prescription drug benefit under Medicare, on schizophrenics in the U.S. According to the article, the greatest direct health care costs for persons with mental illness are those related to hospitalization. It states that copayments also present a significant barrier to care in the case of special populations.

This study was designed to determine if a limited access feeding protocol would induce binge-type eating when energy intake on the day before the binge was not reduced. Rats were assigned to four groups; all groups had continuous access to chow and water throughout the 4 wk study. In addition, access to optional shortening was provided as follows: (1) Control (C): no access to shortening, (2) Regular Shortening Access-7 (RSA7): 2-h access everyday, (3) Regular Shortening Access-3 (RSA3): 2-h access every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, (4) Irregular Shortening Access (ISA): 2-h access on various days, such that the number of shortening access (binge) sessions equaled that of RSA3, but the last three sessions were each separated by 4 days. On the days prior to the last two binge sessions, RSA3 consumed significantly less energy than any other group (p<0.05), but ISA intakes equaled those of Control and RSA7. During the last two binge sessions, intakes of RSA3 and ISA did not differ, and both groups consumed significantly more than RSA7 or Control (p<0.05). These results demonstrate that binge-type eating can be induced by limiting access to an optional fatty food, and does not depend upon undereating on the previous day. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Immuno-supported liquid membrane (immuno-SLM) extraction is a new technique that makes use of antibody (Ab)–antigen interactions as the “extraction force” to drive the mass transfer in a selective way. In immuno-SLM, anti-analyte (Ag) Abs are introduced into the acceptor phase of the SLM unit to trap the Ag that passes from the flowing donor through the SLM into the stagnant acceptor. The amount of immuno-extracted analyte (AbAg) is quantified by connecting the immuno-SLM unit on-line with a non-competitive heterogeneous fluorescence flow immunoassay (FFIA) that makes use of a fluorescein-labeled analyte tracer that titrates the residual excess of Ab present in the acceptor. A restricted access (RA) column is used for the separation of the two tracer fractions (Ag* and AbAg*) formed, and the eluted AbAg* fraction is measured downstream by a fluorescence detector.Factors influencing the optimum immuno-SLM extraction parameters, i.e., donor flow rate, extraction time and type of Ab, were investigated for immuno extraction of the model analyte atrazine. Immuno-SLM coupled to FFIA (immuno-SLM–FFIA) and FFIA alone were compared in terms of the assay sensitivities obtained and the sample matrix influence. The concentration at the mid-point of the calibration curve (IC50) was 16.0±1.4 and 36±16 μg/l, the limit of detection (LOD) was 2.0±1.1 and 20±10 μg/l, and the dynamic range was 2–100 and 20–500 μg/l atrazine for immuno-SLM–FFIA and FFIA, respectively. The matrix influence on the FFIA was significant in orange juice and surface water, whereas the influence was minor for immuno-SLM–FFIA with recoveries between 104% and 115% for 5 μg/l atrazine in tap water, orange juice and river water. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Alterations in the ability to adjust energy intake when optional dietary foods are available may contribute to aging-related changes in body composition. Ingestive behavior, however, has not been extensively studied in aging models. The present research used young, middle-aged and old rats to examine food intake under several different schedules of optional fat availability. All rats were provided with continuous access to a nutritionally complete diet throughout the 6-week study. In addition, different subgroups within each age had access to an optional source of vegetable shortening under schedules in which the frequency of access was manipulated: controls (C)—no shortening access; MWF—2-h shortening access on Monday, Wednesday and Friday; D2—2-h shortening access every day; D24—24-h shortening access every day. Energy intake was significantly greater in groups with more frequent access to shortening regardless of age. The length of time the rats remained hyperphagic, however, increased with age. Body weight increased significantly in the D24 group in middle-aged and old rats, but not in young rats. Total body fat was also significantly higher in middle-aged and old groups with more frequent access to shortening, but not in young rats. Finally, body ash mass was significantly reduced in old rats on the D24 diet. These results suggest that alterations in responses to an optional source of dietary fat may contribute to aging-associated body fat accretion and body mineral loss. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Studies from this and another laboratory involving an animal model of binge-type behavior have used vegetable shortening containing trans-fats. Due to reformulations by vegetable shortening manufacturers to remove trans-fats from their products, only trans-fat-free shortenings are now available. The goal of the present study was to assess binge-type behavior in rats with trans-fat and trans-free vegetable shortening. Trans-fat-free shortening was provided to three different groups of non-food-deprived male Sprague Dawley rats on different schedules of access: continuous access (24 h/day–7 days/week), daily access (1 h every day), and intermittent access (1 h on Mondays, Wednesdays, Fridays). Trans-fat shortening was provided to a fourth group on the intermittent access schedule. A fifth group had no shortening access (chow only). Both intermittent groups (trans-fat-free and trans-fat) consumed significantly more shortening during the 1-h period of availability than did the daily group, and there was no difference in shortening intakes between the intermittent groups. These results are identical to previous reports of binge-type behavior in rats using this model. Thus, binge-type behavior in the present behavioral model depends upon the schedule of access, not the presence of trans-fats in the shortening. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Asylum seekers are a vulnerable group with special needs in health care due to their migration history and pre-, peri- and postmigratory social determinants of health. However, in Germany access to health care is restricted for asylum seekers by law and administrative regulations.Methods: Using claims data generated in the billing process of health care services provided to asylum seekers, we explore their utilization of health care services in the outpatient sector. We describe the utilization of outpatient specialties, prevalences of diagnoses, prescribed drugs and other health care services, as well as total costs of health care provision.Results: The estimated prevalence for visiting an ambulatory physician at least once per year was 67.5% [95%-Confidence-Interval (CI): 65.1-69.9%], with a notably higher prevalence for women than men. The diagnoses with the highest one-year prevalence were "Acute upper respiratory infections" (16.1% [14.5-18.0%]), "Abdominal and pelvic pain" (15.6% [13.9-17.4%]) and "Dorsalgia" (13.8% [12.2-15.5%]). A total of 21% of all prescriptions were for common pain killers. Women received more diagnoses across most diagnosis groups and prescribed drugs from all types than men. Less than half (45.3%) of all health care costs were generated in the outpatient sector.Conclusion: The analysis of claims data held in a municipal social services office is a novel approach to gain better insight into asylum seekers' utilization of health services on an individual level. Compared to regularly insured patients, four characteristics in health care utilization by asylum seekers were identified: low utilization of ambulatory physicians; a gender gap in almost all services, with higher utilization by women; frequent prescription of pain killers; and a low proportion of overall health care costs generated in the outpatient sector. Further research is needed to describe structural and individual factors producing these anomalies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To evaluate the impact of a restricted access policy on workplace violence in a healthcare setting.Methods: We surveyed healthcare workers before and after the implementation of a restricted-access policy at a tertiary hospital in north-eastern China. Data were collected in April 2017 and January 2019. Fisher's exact test were used to compare the difference in workplace violence prevalence between responses to two surveys. Survey 1 (S1) collected data from 345 healthcare professionals who had worked in the inpatient ward for at least 12 months. Survey 2 (S2) included 338 healthcare workers from the same ward who had been employed for more than two years. The effective response rates for the two studies was 79.31 and 83.25%, respectively. All 18 female security guards were included in the investigation in S2.Results: The prevalence of psychological violence was 62.03% in S1 and 34.62% in S2, the difference in prevalence showing statistical significance (P = 0.000), while the prevalence of physical violence was 3.77 and 4.73% respectively, showing no statistical significance (P = 0.573). The change in the rate of injury caused by physical violence was also statistically significant at 76.92 and 31.25% (P = 0.025), respectively. Security guards were at high risk of workplace violence under the policy. Most healthcare professionals thought this policy ameliorated treatment order, the sense of security, anxiety about workplace violence, and so forth, but one-third of the respondents thought that it caused patient dissatisfaction.Conclusion: While the restricted access policy may be effective for healthcare professionals in avoiding or dealing with violence, such policy could contribute to new problems regarding the safety of security guards and the potential dissatisfaction of patients. The policy should be further developed to alleviate this phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A custom-tailored design was proposed for the fabrication of carbon dots coupled with restricted access materials and molecularly imprinted polymers (CDs@RAM-MIPs) to detect metronidazole (MNZ). Biomass carbon dots (CDs) were derived from longan peels assisted with high pressure microwave, and had the merits of eco-friendly, excellent photostability and low toxicity. In this work, glycidyl methacrylate was used as a co-polymeric monomer to increase hydroxyl groups on the surface of synthetic materials, which eliminated the interference of biological macromolecules. The specific binding cavities of CDs@RAM-MIPs were formed after removing the template molecule (MNZ). The obtained CDs@RAM-MIPs can selectively capture MNZ through the specific interaction between recognition sites and MNZ, and obey photoinduced electron transfer fluorescence quenching mechanism. The highly sensitive and selective fluorescent sensor based CDs@RAM-MIPs had a wide linear range (50–1200 ng mL−1) and a low detection limit (17.4 ng mL−1) for MNZ. It has been utilized to detect MNZ in serum with recoveries of 93.5%–102.7%, and the relative standards (RSDs) were 1.9%–3.6%, respectively. This work provides a thoughtful strategy for preparation and application of CDs@RAM-MIPs, which presages its great potential for detecting trace compounds in real samples. Schematic diagram of the preparation process of CDs@RAM-MIPs. Image 1 • Biomass carbon dots (CDs) were prepared through high pressure microwave method using longan peels. • Carbon dots were coupled with restricted access materials and molecularly imprinted polymers (CDs@RAM-MIPs) to improve the sensor selective. • The CDs@RAM-MIPs were used for the determination of metronidazole in serum sample with good results. • The method has high selectivity and sensitivity with facile and green synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]