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Based on an in-homogeneity adjusted dataset of the monthly mean temperature, minimum and maximum temperature, this paper analyzes the temporal characteristics of Urban Heat Island (UHI) intensity at Wuhan Station, and its impact on the long-term trend of surface air temperature change recorded during 1961-2015 by using an urban-rural method. Results show that UHI effect is obvious near Wuhan Station in the past 55 years, especially for minimum temperature. The strongest UHI intensity occurs in summer and the weakest in winter. For the period 1961-2004, UHI intensity undergoes a significant increase near the urban station, with the increase especially large for the period 1988-2004, but the last 10 years witness a significant decrease, with the decrease in minimum temperature being more significant than that of maximum temperature. The annual mean urban warming and its contribution to overall warming are 0.18 C/10yr and 48.8% respectively for the period 1961-2015, with a more significant and larger urbanization effect seen in Tmin than Tmax. Thus, a large proportion warming, about half of the overall increase in annual mean temperature, as observed at the urban station, can be attributed to the rapid urbanization in the past half a century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Two Cu(II) complexes were synthesized based on two 1,2,4-triazole fungicides of paclobutrazol and diniconazole. The experimental investigation of their antifungal activities, in conjunction with the theoretical investigations of the electronic structures of the complexes reveal that three factors should be responsible for the enhanced bioactivities after complexation. Abstract Two Cu(II) complexes, namely, [Cu L1 2 (OAc) 2 ]·MeOH 1 and [Cu L2 2 (OAc) 2 ] 2 (OAc = CH 3 COO, acetate), were synthesized based on two 1,2,4-triazole fungicides of paclobutrazol (L1) and diniconazole (L2). The crystal structural analysis shows that the two obtained complexes have similar structures and both of them adopt octahedral coordination mode. The Cu(II) atoms in both the complexes lie on a crystallographic inversion center and are coordinated with two triazole groups and two acetate anions. To screen effective fungicides, the two complexes were investigated for antifungal activities against four selected fungi using mycelial growth rate method. The results demonstrate that the toxicity of complex 2 was 6.96–23.39 times greater than that of complex 1 , since complex 2 possesses both C C linkage and 2,4-dichlorobenzene moiety, and shows higher synergy levels for the molecular-level mixture of copper cation and L2. The results also show that both the synthesized complexes showed superior activities of 1.20–5.94 times to those of their ligands. The DFT calculation results of the title complexes and their ligands reveal that the complexes have a new active site of metal cation, smaller HOMO–LUMO energy gaps and lower polarity than their ligands, which should be responsible for the enhanced bioactivities after complexation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to screen effective fungicides, three Zn (II) complexes, [ZnL14 (NO3)2]·2H2O·2EtOH (1), [ZnL24 (NO3)2] (2), and [ZnL34 (DMF)2](NO3)2 (3), (L1 = paclobutrazol, L2 = diniconazole, and L3 = hexaconazole), were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, FT‐IR spectroscopy, and single‐crystal XRD. The antifungal activities of these complexes were then evaluated against four selected fungi using the mycelial growth rate method. The resulting data indicate that all the complexes show the enhanced antifungal activities than the corresponding ligand and mixtures. And, the interactions between the metal salt and ligands in the three complexes seem to be synergistic. According to the study of the influence of the structures on the activity, complex 2 with C=C linkage and 2,4‐dichlorophenyl moieties enhances the bioactivity significantly, especially against Wheat gibberellic (II). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out to help explain the enhanced bioactivity of the Zn (II) complexes. Meanwhile, all complexes are excellent grow‐regulators, especially complex 3. The resulting data show that the complexes based on triazole fungicides have the potential applications in agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four Zn(II) complexes, [ZnL2(SO4)]n (1), [ZnL4(H2O)2]•2(NO3)•4EtOH (2), [ZnL2Cl2]•L (3), and [ZnL2Br2]•L (4) (L = uniconazole), were synthesized using a hydrothermal method and characterized by elemental analysis, FT‐IR spectroscopy, and single‐crystal XRD. Complex 1 formed a one‐dimensional polymer chain. However, complexes 2‐4 were obtained as zero‐dimensional mononuclear coordination compounds. The antifungal activities of these complexes were then evaluated against four selected fungi using the mycelial growth rate method. The resulting data indicate that all complexes show better antifungal activities than their ligands and mixtures. In addition, the interactions between the metal salts of complexes 1‐4 and uniconazole seem to be synergistic. Furthermore, the polymer chain structure of complex 1 significantly enhanced the bioactivity, especially against Botryosphaeria ribis (I). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out to help explain the enhanced bioactivity after the formation of Zn(II) complexes. The resulting data show that the HOMO–LUMO energy gaps of complexes 1‐4 (0.0578, 0.0946, 0.1053, and 0.1245 eV) are smaller than that of the free ligand (0.1247 eV) and correlate with the antifungal activity of the zinc complexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Daily minimum temperature (Tmin) and maximum temperature (Tmax) data of Huairou station in Beijing from 1960 to 2008 are examined and adjusted for inhomogeneities by applying the data of two nearby reference stations. Urban effects on the linear trends of the original and adjusted temperature series are estimated and compared. Results show that relocations of station cause obvious discontinuities in the data series, and one of the discontinuities for Tmin are highly significant when the station was moved from downtown to suburb in 1996. The daily Tmin and Tmax data are adjusted for the inhomogeneities. The mean annual Tmin and Tmax at Huairou station drop by 1.377°C and 0.271°C respectively after homogenization. The adjustments for Tmin are larger than those for Tmax, especially in winter, and the seasonal differences of the adjustments are generally more obvious for Tmin than for Tmax. Urban effects on annual mean Tmin and Tmax trends are −0.004°C/10 year and −0.035°C/10 year respectively for the original data, but they increase to 0.388°C/10 year and 0.096°C/10 year respectively for the adjusted data. The increase is more significant for the annual mean Tmin series. Urban contributions to the overall trends of annual mean Tmin and Tmax reach 100% and 28.8% respectively for the adjusted data. Our analysis shows that data homogenization for the stations moved from downtowns to suburbs can lead to a significant overestimate of rising trends of surface air temperature, and this necessitates a careful evaluation and adjustment for urban biases before the data are applied in analyses of local and regional climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing high‐performance infrared (IR) radiation materials with desired broadband emissivity, excellent thermal stability, and scalable fabrication processes is highly desirable for energy‐saving applications and heat dissipation. However, it remains a grand challenge to concurrently meet these requirements in existing IR radiation materials. Herein, a high‐entropy (HE) approach is employed to advance the IR radiation performance of spinel oxide. This strategy efficiently narrows the bandgap due to the enhanced electron transitions and the introduction of oxygen vacancies (Ov), variable‐valence behavior, and orbital hybridization. In addition, the lattice distortion effect lowers the symmetry of lattice vibration. Therefore, the resulting HE spinel oxide exhibits near‐blackbody radiation performance, with its emissivity approximately three times higher than that of the binary spinel oxide. Moreover, the entropy‐dominating phase stabilization effect contributes to impressive thermal stability (stable at 1300 °C for 100 h). This makes it suitable for high‐temperature thermal radiation applications, such as energy conservation in industrial high‐temperature furnaces. More importantly, the HE spinel oxide can be readily spray‐coated on various substrates. And the coating on stainless steel reaches an outstanding emissivity of 0.943 in the 0.78−16 µm wavelength range. All these merits render the HE approach competitive for the development of high‐emissivity and thermally stable thermal radiation materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Vacancy engineering is employed to effectively reduce the band gap of PrCrO 3 orthochromites and IR radiative performance. • The best-performing sample enables broadband infrared emissivity of 0.89 in the wavelengths of 0.78–16 μm. • Thermal shock experiments demonstrate remarkable thermal stability at 1500 ℃ for the developed orthochromites. • The optimized orthochromites can be deposited on varying substrates capturing high emissivity of 0.95 in the wavelengths of 0.78–16 μm and exhibit superior radiative heat transfer ability. The development of broadband, high-performance infrared radiation materials is crucial for energy conservation and applications in aerospace and industrial sectors. Rare earth orthochromites, such as PrCrO 3 , exhibit good thermal stability and high infrared emissivity beyond the 6 μm wavelength range. However, their large bandgap limits their infrared emissivity before 6 μm, significantly impacting their potential applications. Herein, we have successfully enhanced the thermal emissivity of PrCrO 3 by manipulating oxygen vacancies (O V) and accompanying impurity levels, leading to the synthesis of five rare earth orthochromites. Compared with pristine PrCrO 3 , co-doping of Ca, Co, and Mn introduced oxygen vacancies (O V) and impurity energy levels, effectively reducing the band gap and improving emissivity in the wavelengths below 6 μm. In particular, the infrared emissivity of (Pr 0.3 Y 0.3 Ca 0.4)CrO 3 in the wavelengths of 0.78–2.5 μm reaches 0.89, which is double than that of pristine PrCrO 3. Furthermore, its thermal stability is excellent, as demonstrated by thermal shock experiments at 1500 ℃ for five cycles. More importantly, the developed orthochromites can be applied as a coating on substrates such as alumina ceramic sheets, exhibiting an average infrared emissivity of 0.95 and remarkable radiative heat transfer capability. This research contributes to the advancement of high-performance infrared radiation materials by vacancy engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myclobutanil is a high-efficiency, low toxicity and wide spectrum triazole fungicide. Its crystal structure was characterised by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, which belongs to monoclinic system with space group P 2 1 / c . The molecules are linked by weak hydrogen bonds and halogen bond to from a 3D structure. This is the main reason for its low melting point. The specific molar heat capacity ( C p ,m ) of myclobutanil was determined by a continuous C p mode of micro-calorimeter and theoretical calculation, and the C p ,m of myclobutanil was 362.78 J·K −1 ·mol −1 at T = 298.15 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diniconazole and hexaconazole are wide spectrum triazole fungicides with high-efficiency and low toxicity. The specific molar heat capacity ( C p ,m ) of diniconazole and hexaconazole were determined by a continuous C p mode of micro-calorimeter and theoretical calculation, their C p ,m values at T = 298.15 K were 381.72 J K −1 mol −1 and 364.66 J K −1 mol −1 , respectively. The C p ,m value of diniconazole is higher than that of hexaconazole at temperature from T = (283.15 to 353.15) K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of orbital parameters on the climate of China in the Holocene is simulated from 11kaBP to 0kaBP with an interval of 1ka using National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Atmosphere Model version 2 (CAM2). The geographic distributions of summer precipitation around both 9kaBP and 4kaBP were realistically captured by CAM2, compared to the proxy data collected from 80 stations. Among all orbital parameters, the precession plays a major role in computing solar radiation, which dominates the variations of summer precipitation over China during the Holocene. The summers around 9kaBP were the wettest in China. Later on, the precipitation gradually reduced to the minimum around 0kaBP by about 10%. This tremendous change occurred from the Northeast China and the eastern Inner Mongolia extending southwestwards to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, especially over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]