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Runoff of Escherichia coli and other fecal indicator bacteria from grazing lands has been identified as a significant source of bacterial contamination. Development of best management practices to address these bacterial issues is critical to the success of watershed restoration efforts where grazing is a substantial contributor. In the present study, grazing management was evaluated to assess its effectiveness as a best management practice. Specifically, runoff from rotationally grazed and ungrazed approximately 1 ha pastures was monitored for more than two years using automated samplers. E. coli levels in runoff were enumerated by membrane filtration using modified membrane-thermotolerant Escherichia coli agar (modified mTEC). The study found that background E. coli concentrations (i.e., those from wildlife and soilborne naturalized strains) were relatively consistent among sites. Median background E. coli concentrations ranged from 3,500 to 5,500 colony forming units per 100 mL, which are not inconsequential levels related to water quality assessment and implementation efforts. Findings also indicated that rotational stocking, if timed appropriately, reduced E. coli concentrations in runoff The impact of grazing timing in relation to runoff events was a more significant factor than stocking rate on the rotationally stocked pastures. When runoff occurred more than two weeks following grazing, E. coli levels were reduced by more than 88% compared to runoff during or soon after grazing. As a result, it is recommended that creek pastures and other hydrologically connected pastures be grazed during periods when runoff is less likely and that upland pastures be grazed during rainy seasons when runoff is more likely to occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forage-animal production agriculture is implementing infrastructure changes and management strategies to adjust to increased energy-related costs of fuel, feed grains, fertilizers, and seeds. The primary objectives of this position paper are to assess future research and extension scientific needs in forage utilization, financial support for the discipline, and changing status and number of scientists. A survey questionnaire returned from 25 land-grant universities in the eastern half of the United States rated the top 4 research needs as 1) pasture systems and efficiency of production; 2) interfacing with energy concerns; 3) forage cultivar evaluations and persistence; and 4) environment impacts. Plant-animal future research needs at 11 USDA-ARS regional locations are targeted at sustainable management and improved livestock performance, ecophysiology and ecology of grasslands, environment impacts, and improved technologies for nutritive value assessments. Extension scientists from 17 southern and northeastern states listed the top 3 needs as forage persistence, soil fertility and nutrient management, and pasture systems and efficiency of production. Grant funds currently provide more than 40% of land-grant university research and extension efforts in forage utilization, and scientists estimate that this support base will increase to 55 to 60% of the funding total by 2013. Reduced allocation of state and federal funding has contributed to a reduction in the number of full-time equivalent (FTE) scientists engaged in forage utilization research and extension activities. The current 25 state FTE conducting research number about 2.8 per state. This includes 10 states with >3, 11 states with <2, and 3 states with <1 FTE. Increased interest in cellulosic energy, climate change, and environmental impact may offer new opportunities for these FTE to participate in integrated cross-discipline research Extension programming, and technology transfer methods will change to accommodate reduced funding but with increasing numbers of novice, recreation-oriented landowners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fibrolytic enzymes and microbial inoculants have the potential to improve the value of sorghum feedstuff and feedstock. An experiment was conducted to determine nutritive value, ensiling characteristics, and in situ disappearance kinetics of 4 sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) silage varieties: Dairy Master BMR (DBMR; brown midrib; Richardson Seed, Vega, TX), PS 747 (PS; photoperiod sensitive; Pogue Seed, Kenedy, TX), Silo 700D (S700D; conventional forage type; Richardson Seed), and MMR 381/73 (MMR; conventional forage type; Richardson Seed) pretreated with fibrolytic enzyme (xylanase plus cellulase, XC; 50:50 mixture of Cellulase Plus and Xylanase Plus; Dyadic, Juniper, FL) or microbial [Promote ASB (Lactobacillus buchneri and Lactobacillus plantarum); Cargill Animal Nutrition, Indianapolis, IN; PRO] inoculants. The greatest yield was for cultivar PS and the least for MMR. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentration was least for XC-treated silage, and acid detergent fiber (ADF) concentration was least for XC- and PRO-treated silage. When silage was treated with XC, concentrations of NDF concentrations decreased, on average, 4.81% across all cultivars and ADF concentrations decreased, on average, 3.23% in all cultivars except MMR. Inoculant PRO reduced the NDF concentration of DBMR by 6.47%. The ADF concentrations of DBMR and PS treated with PRO were decreased by 3.25%. Treating sorghum silage with XC or PRO reduced the NDF and ADF fractions, which increased cell wall degradability. In vitro true digestibility was greatest for PRO-treated DBMR, whereas acid detergent lignin was least for PRO-treated DBMR. Aerobic stability was not improved by PRO; however, aerobic stability of XC-treated MMR was 63 h greater than that of the control. Acetate concentrations were greatest for XC-treated MMR, which explains the 63-h improvement in aerobic stability due to the inhibition of fungi. However, inoculant PRO did not improve yeast and mold counts or aerobic stability of sorghum silage compared with the control, which may be due to the lesser acetate concentrations, especially of PRO-treated S700D silage. Generally, in situ disappearance kinetics were improved with the application of XC and PRO, and XC had the greatest effect on silage with greater NDF and ADF concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supplementation of cattle on pasture is a well-known viable strategy for increased performance per animal and per ha. Ethanol has been proclaimed as a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels, and the vast supply of dried distillers' grains with solubles (DDGS) generated from ethanol production provides opportunities for addition to feedlot rations and supplementation of grazing cattle. A large percent of the cattle in the United States are located in the Southeast, where bermudagrass is the primary introduced forage species. Since relatively few research studies have been conducted using DDGS as a supplementation on actively-growing warm-season pastures, this research represents a significant and critical knowledge database for the pasture-beef industry. The first objective of this research was to evaluate performance of stocker calves grazing 'Tifton 85' (TIF) bermudagrass with varying rates of DDGS supplementation. Steers (n = 112, 364 ± 3.5 kg BW) were stratified by BW and allocated randomly to each of 16 pastures (0.7 ± 0.01 ha) across 2 years (2014, 2015). The TIF pastures were allocated randomly to each of 4 rates of DDGS: 0, 0.25, 0.5, or 1% BW hd-1 d-1. Average daily gain was greatest (P < 0.05) from steers offered 1% BW (1.3 kg/d), and least from non-DDGS steers (0.8 kg/d), with 0.25 and 0.5% BW intermediate (1.1 and 1.2 kg/d, respectively). There were supplemental feed to additional gain ratios of 3.7, 6.0 and 9.0, respectively, for 0.25, 0.5 and 1% BW. The second objective was to evaluate performance of Bos indicus versus B. taurus stocker calves grazing 'Coastal' (COS) bermudagrass with varying rates of DDGS. Steers within a breed type (n = 117, 343 ± 4.5 kg BW) were stratified by BW and allocated randomly to each of 9 pastures (1.3 ± 0.17 ha) across 2 years (2014, 2015). Pastures were allocated randomly to each of 3 rates of DDGS: 0, 0.25, or 1% BW hd-1 d-1. Across breed types, ADG was greater (P < 0.05) from steers offered 1% BW (1.0 kg/d) than either from non-DDGS steers or 0.25% BW (0.7 kg/d each). There was no difference (P = 0.70) in ADG between breed types. The third objective of the study was to evaluate any carryover effects in long yearling stockers previously stocked on TIF or COS with varying rates of DDGS. Following the pasture x DDGS phase in the first 2 objectives, steers were shipped 693 km to a commercial feedlot for an approximate 140-d finishing phase. At finishing, animals were transported 59 km and harvested at a commercial abattoir. There was no effect (P ≥ 0.36) of DDGS for either TIF or COS during the feedlot phase. Likewise, there was no effect of DDGS on percent Low Choice for TIF (P = 0.74) or COS (P = 0.86). The fourth objective was to evaluate in vitro digestion kinetics and methane production potential of TIF or COS with varying rates of DDGS. Hand-plucked plant parts of TIF and COS were mixed independently with DDGS to represent the intake of cattle at various rates of DDGS (0, 0.25, 0.5 or 1% for TIF; 0, 0.25 or 1% for COS) in each of the first 2 objectives. Newly-generated laboratory samples were incubated in an in vitro anaerobic fermentation chamber. In vitro true degradation (IVTD) and in vitro NDF degradation (IVNDFD) were greater (P < 0.05) from TIF (69% IVTD, 57% IVNDFD) than from COS (62% IVTD, 44% IVNDFD). Treatment of DDGS did not differ (P > 0.05) within TIF for IVTD, but 1% DDGS was greater (P < 0.05) than 0%, with 0.25% DDGS intermediate to the 2 for COS. Concentration of CH4 was also greater (P < 0.05) TIF (14 mM) than COS (12 mM), and CH4:H2 ratio was less (P < 0.05) from TIF (3:1) than from COS (2:1). The fifth and final objective was to evaluate the ruminal in situ digestion kinetics of TIF as affected by forage seasonality and DDGS. Samples of TIF were harvested in June, August and October 2014. Ruminally-fistulated steers (n = 6) were stratified by BW to 3 pens, and pens were allocated randomly to 1 of 3 rates of DDGS: 0, 0.25, or 1% BW hd-1 d-1. Samples were incubated for 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 72, and 96 h. A trend of decreasing degradation of DM, NDF, and ADF was observed with both increasing seasonality (P ≤ 0.01) and increasing DDGS (P ≤ 0.04). The undegraded fraction (UDG) of DM from TIF was least (P < 0.05) from June (19%), followed by August (34%), and greatest from October (41%). The UDG from TIF DM was not different (P = 0.47) based on DDGS, and averaged 31%. Low rates of DDGS may be feasible using TIF but not COS at our vegetational region. Rate of DDGS on pasture did not affect feedlot performance nor carcass characteristics. Increased rates of DDGS may increase forage digestibility and decrease CH4 production, but this was cultivar-dependent. Reduction of DM degradation was dependent upon seasonality more so than DDGS rate. Overall, DDGS represented a viable option for stocker production systems, and economic assessments for each specific operation-location will be required prior to implementation of a supplementation program.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supplementation of cattle on pasture is a well-known viable strategy for increased performance per animal and per ha. Ethanol has been proclaimed as a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels, and the vast supply of dried distillers' grains with solubles (DDGS) generated from ethanol production provides opportunities for addition to feedlot rations and supplementation of grazing cattle. A large percent of the cattle in the United States are located in the Southeast, where bermudagrass is the primary introduced forage species. Since relatively few research studies have been conducted using DDGS as a supplementation on actively-growing warm-season pastures, this research represents a significant and critical knowledge database for the pasture-beef industry. The first objective of this research was to evaluate performance of stocker calves grazing 'Tifton 85' (TIF) bermudagrass with varying rates of DDGS supplementation. Steers (n = 112, 364 ± 3.5 kg BW) were stratified by BW and allocated randomly to each of 16 pastures (0.7 ± 0.01 ha) across 2 years (2014, 2015). The TIF pastures were allocated randomly to each of 4 rates of DDGS: 0, 0.25, 0.5, or 1% BW hd-1 d-1. Average daily gain was greatest (P < 0.05) from steers offered 1% BW (1.3 kg/d), and least from non-DDGS steers (0.8 kg/d), with 0.25 and 0.5% BW intermediate (1.1 and 1.2 kg/d, respectively). There were supplemental feed to additional gain ratios of 3.7, 6.0 and 9.0, respectively, for 0.25, 0.5 and 1% BW. The second objective was to evaluate performance of Bos indicus versus B. taurus stocker calves grazing 'Coastal' (COS) bermudagrass with varying rates of DDGS. Steers within a breed type (n = 117, 343 ± 4.5 kg BW) were stratified by BW and allocated randomly to each of 9 pastures (1.3 ± 0.17 ha) across 2 years (2014, 2015). Pastures were allocated randomly to each of 3 rates of DDGS: 0, 0.25, or 1% BW hd-1 d-1. Across breed types, ADG was greater (P < 0.05) from steers offered 1% BW (1.0 kg/d) than either from non-DDGS steers or 0.25% BW (0.7 kg/d each). There was no difference (P = 0.70) in ADG between breed types. The third objective of the study was to evaluate any carryover effects in long yearling stockers previously stocked on TIF or COS with varying rates of DDGS. Following the pasture × DDGS phase in the first 2 objectives, steers were shipped 693 km to a commercial feedlot for an approximate 140-d finishing phase. At finishing, animals were transported 59 km and harvested at a commercial abattoir. There was no effect (P ≥ 0.36) of DDGS for either TIF or COS during the feedlot phase. Likewise, there was no effect of DDGS on percent Low Choice for TIF (P = 0.74) or COS (P = 0.86). The fourth objective was to evaluate in vitro digestion kinetics and methane production potential of TIF or COS with varying rates of DDGS. Hand-plucked plant parts of TIF and COS were mixed independently with DDGS to represent the intake of cattle at various rates of DDGS (0, 0.25, 0.5 or 1% for TIF; 0, 0.25 or 1% for COS) in each of the first 2 objectives. Newly-generated laboratory samples were incubated in an in vitro anaerobic fermentation chamber. In vitro true degradation (IVTD) and in vitro NDF degradation (IVNDFD) were greater (P < 0.05) from TIF (69% IVTD, 57% IVNDFD) than from COS (62% IVTD, 44% IVNDFD). Treatment of DDGS did not differ (P > 0.05) within TIF for IVTD, but 1% DDGS was greater (P < 0.05) than 0%, with 0.25% DDGS intermediate to the 2 for COS. Concentration of CH4 was also greater (P < 0.05) TIF (14 mM) than COS (12 mM), and CH4:H2 ratio was less (P < 0.05) from TIF (3:1) than from COS (2:1). The fifth and final objective was to evaluate the ruminal in situ digestion kinetics of TIF as affected by forage seasonality and DDGS. Samples of TIF were harvested in June, August and October 2014. Ruminally-fistulated steers (n = 6) were stratified by BW to 3 pens, and pens were allocated randomly to 1 of 3 rates of DDGS: 0, 0.25, or 1% BW hd-1 d-1. Samples were incubated for 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 72, and 96 h. A trend of decreasing degradation of DM, NDF, and ADF was observed with both increasing seasonality (P ≤ 0.01) and increasing DDGS (P ≤ 0.04). The undegraded fraction (UDG) of DM from TIF was least (P < 0.05) from June (19%), followed by August (34%), and greatest from October (41%). The UDG from TIF DM was not different (P = 0.47) based on DDGS , and averaged 31%. Low rates of DDGS may be feasible using TIF but not COS at our vegetational region. Rate of DDGS on pasture did not affect feedlot performance nor carcass characteristics. Increased rates of DDGS may increase forage digestibility and decrease CH4 production, but this was cultivar-dependent. Reduction of DM degradation was dependent upon seasonality more so than DDGS rate. Overall, DDGS represented a viable option for stocker production systems, and economic assessments for each specific operation-location will be required prior to implementation of a supplementation program.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]