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This paper examines socioeconomic, demographic, and geographical factors determining individuals' participation in India's biggest flagship social security program, that is, the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS), across three southern states. Logistic regression estimates suggest that MGNREGS has benefited the marginalized rural households belonging to the most backward castes. The adverse effects of climate and the ongoing Covid pandemic would have been more critical without the existence of MGNREGS. We recommend wide-scale implementation of the MGNREGS, particularly for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, women, and those living in an uncertain climate with less access to land and irrigational facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] To analyze and study the characteristics of rural labor flow to the tourism industry in Taian City of Shandong Province, and propose some measures for solving the problems of labor support in the development of rural tourism in Taian City. [Methods] The indicators were analyzed using the time series based on the relevant data on the labor employment and flow of rural households in Taian City in 2005 - 2013. [Results] In Taian City, the number of rural laborers engaged in the primary industry decreased at the rate of 96 people/year, while the number of laborers engaged in the secondary and tertiary industries increased at the rate of 29 people/year and 3 people/year, respectively. The proportion of the three traditional tourism elements of transportation, lodging and catering in the tourism industry has been fluctuating, and the minimum was not lower than 30%. The recreational category was decreasing year by year, and only accounted for 1.7% in 2010. In summary, in the development of rural tourism in Taian City, the labor flow has problems such as low rural social security, weak attraction to young people, and large psychological barriers to returning to the hometown for employment. [Conclusions] In view of the problems, it is recommended to implement the rural revitalization strategy, attach importance to regional labor competition, give full play to the advantages of tourist cities, highlight product characteristics, increase cultural added value and improve the quality of operators to develop rural tourism. This study is intended to provide a scientific reference for talent support for rural revitalization in Taian City. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the disordered multi-class logistic regression model, using the data from the rural household survey conducted by the Sichuan Rural Development Survey Team in 2016, we analyzed the impact of human capital and social capital on the rural division of labor and gender division of labor in China. In general, human capital factors and social capital factors have important influences on rural family division decision-making and gender division of labor: the improvement of education level promotes the choice of non-agricultural work for both husband and wife. The overall family labor force has a negative impact on the choice of the wife to engage in non-agricultural work alone. Compared with men, women's family division is affected by more kinds of social capital. The conclusion provides an important policy idea for promoting the rural labor force to achieve stable employment and urbanization strategies in the non-agricultural sector and to promote rural revitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the factors affecting rural-to-urban migration have been discussed and analyzed in detail, few studies have examined the spatiotemporal dynamic characteristics of rural migrants' employment and working-cities in the post-immigrate era, which is essential for the citizenization and social integration of new-type urbanization in China. This study uses survey data from rural migration laborers across the eastern, central, and western China to construct a comprehensive labor migration stability index, and compares the determinants of the migration stability of rural labor among cities and industries using Geodetector. The results are as follows: 1) Compared with the midwestern cities, eastern cities have attracted younger and more skilled rural labor, and industries with higher technical content have higher migration stability among rural laborers. 2) Rural laborers more often adapt to changes by changing employment instead of changing working-cities. 3) The individual experiences of rural laborers and urban characteristics have significant impacts on the stability of migration, and family and societal guanxi (Chinese interpersonal relationships) enhance migration stability. 4) A unified labor market and convenient transportation have somewhat slowed industrial transfers and labor backflow. This study enhances our understanding of the roles of industrial transfer and new-type urbanization in shaping the labor geography landscape and provides policy implications for the promotion of people-oriented urbanization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research article, I study seasonal labor migration in rural western India to understand gender negotiations in the course of labor migration. Based on qualitative research conducted in six villages in rural Maharashtra state in Western India during the early Kharif cropping season in 2014 and during Kharif and Rabi cropping seasons in 2015–16, I examine gendered labor in migrant home communities and at various rural and urban employment destinations, the relationship of labor to the social construction of masculinities, and gender negotiations across space. I show that in their home communities, the politics of resistance of returnee laborers can be understood by examining how returnee men deploy 'protest masculinities' to subvert claims on their body and labor by elite men who have historically been in a dominant relationship with the laborers. Yet, these protest masculinities are buttressed by the continued exploitation of women's labor. I also show the flexibility of masculinities. More broadly, I show that migrant destinations themselves are gendered spaces that are constructed by the active consensual work of women and male migrants and employers alike. Second, seasonal migrants enter migration cycles from rural spaces that are gendered, both in production and social reproduction. I find that rural workplaces are the preferred choice of destination for migrant women; a choice that migrant men find reasonable. This is so because rural destinations are already gendered as spaces conducive for social reproduction and discursively constructed in the same terms as the idealized woman subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • African rural household economic diversification came to fore in the 1980s alongside decline in male export crop production. • Female and youth involvement in cash earning activities conterminously expanded. • Three decades later, labour participation sex ratios indicate women are dominant in agriculture and men in non-agriculture. • Rural women work longer hours on domestic tasks in the home than men. • Residentially, older women exceed men in rural areas but the gender gap has been balancing in urban areas. Abstract This article traces smallholder peasant household production and reproduction trends against the background of profound change in African agriculture's terms of trade between 1980 and 2015. The gender and generational dynamics of African peasant households, which evolved under European colonial policies from the late 19th century and largely persisted in the early post-independence era, were disrupted by the 1970s oil crises. By the 1980s, peasant labor displacement was gaining momentum, as evidenced by declining smallholder commercial agriculture, often but not always accompanied by rural out-migration. Ensuing differentiated involvement of peasant smallholder family members in unfolding processes of deagrarianization and depeasantization are explored on the basis of statistical data and qualitative case studies. The article's broad spatial focus and 35-year overview are accommodated in a human geography methodology, which synthesizes multi-disciplinary social scientists' research findings on the gender/age division of labor, allocation of decision-making power and welfare provisioning patterns within smallholder households. Spatial and temporal analysis of sex/age ratios derived from published data on sectoral labour force participation, quantitative surveys of intra-household labour time allocation and national census population data provide insight into the differential effects of deagrarianization on household members. Salient trends are: labor contraction in male commercial peasant family farming, smallholder subsistence-based land cultivation squeezed by medium-scale commercial farmers, female resource control and labor autonomy continuing to be impinged by male patriarchal attitudes, and an emerging tendency for "older women left behind" in the countryside, who provide an agrarian fallback for returned migrant family members and other members engaged in local non-agricultural occupations needing subsistence food support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing combination of technology and biotechnology in agricultural production and the overlap between agroindustrial and financial capitals in agriculture transformed not only the way of production but also social relations in the countryside and the countryside-city relationship. This process of technological modernization and expansion of oligopolistic capital in agriculture is the main brand of soybean expansion in the Center-West region of Brazil. Through statistical surveys, bibliography and semi-structured interviews, this study aims to present an overview of the world of work in soybean capitalist agriculture developed in the State of Mato Grosso and to evaluate the significance of the development model engendered by this activity to the world of the well-being of rural wage earners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Publication of a Byzantine letter from the Oxyrhynchite nome that concerns work on an embankment for a new vineyard. The letter comes from a 'large estate' milieu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essay examines the memory of the ‘great transformation’ of Italy from an agricultural to an industrial economy in the postwar years by focusing on the case of the rice belt located around the city of Vercelli in Piedmont. Between 1945 and 1965, a society that for more than two centuries had been organized around the culture of rice experienced abrupt and all-embracing change. The mechanization of farming and the introduction of herbicides overlapped with the exodus of rural workers to the city and factories, transforming a local world – from the natural landscape and built environment to the structures of production, division of labor, and everyday domestic, social and cultural life. Based on interviews with former rice farmers and workers, the essay sheds light on the subjective experience of this far-reaching transition. Its aim is to delineate the contours of a collective representation of historical change. What emerges from these personal narratives of the Vercellese rice fields is a complex, coherent, but ultimately selective public memory. The shared understandings that this memory sustains tend to mute a history of fear and oppression, unresolved conflicts and unbalanced relations of power. In its place, Vercellese public memory offers an epic story of the Italian rice belt in which all historical actors are accorded dignity and social relevance. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this work, we study the effect of the formation of the Southern Common Market (Mercosur) on the agrarian structure. This process of regional integration was guided by the peripheral realism political perspective and within the framework of open regionalism which consecrated open markets as the most developed aspect of the new block. This process tended to favor large capital. In the countryside, on the other hand, family farms began to be displaced and the large landholding model to be reinforced, characterized by monocultures oriented to export, a model organized according to capitalist production relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines contemporary slavery in the Brazilian countryside by mapping available data on the denunciation and emancipation of slave laborers. It analyzes the spatial distribution of the phenomenon in country, identifies situations of forced labor related to slavery, builds composite indices for measuring the probability of demand for enslaved workers and their vulnerability to recruitment. We hope these geographic tools will facilitate the repression and prevention of slavery and contribute to abolishing the practice in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study employed stratified random sampling approach to collect the input-output and socioeconomic data set to see the impact of credit on the growth of livestock sector in the rural areas. The income elasticities of meat and livestock products were highest compared to all other food items except fruits, defining the future role of livestock sector in our food basket. It was observed that credit availability expanded the livestock sector more than double (economies of size), which increased per family per month income from livestock sector by 181%. The elasticity values of family size, literacy rate (schooling years) and credit were 0.18, 0.05 and 0.06, respectively. The elasticity of family size was highest, followed by credit and literacy rate, indicating that adequate potential exists that can be explored to utilize unemployed and untrained rural labor in the agriculture sector. It would help to mitigate the increasing population pressure on mega cities of Pakistan by providing employment opportunities at the door steps of rural community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]