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Place-based management is any management action having implications for a specified area. Place-based management is seen as a key component to practical implementation of ecosystem approach to management, with marine spatial planning (MSP) being the currently most promoted approach. In the present paper we address the challenges of place-based management at local, regional and global (oceanic) spatial scales using case studies from the Northeast Atlantic with examples from Norway. Both ecological, governance and management complexity increases with increasing geographic scale, with associated increases in uncertainty and thus increasing need for managing under the precautionary approach. A process where (ecologically) valuable and vulnerable areas are defined early on is essential to successful place-based management under the ecosystem approach. Integrating across sectors and achieving necessary cooperation between involved institutions and stakeholders is also necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Place-based management is any management action having implications for a specified area. Place-based management is seen as a key component to practical implementation of ecosystem approach to management, with marine spatial planning (MSP) being the currently most promoted approach. In the present paper we address the challenges of place-based management at local, regional and global (oceanic) spatial scales using case studies from the Northeast Atlantic with examples from Norway. Both ecological, governance and management complexity increases with increasing geographic scale, with associated increases in uncertainty and thus increasing need for managing under the precautionary approach. A process where (ecologically) valuable and vulnerable areas are defined early on is essential to successful place-based management under the ecosystem approach. Integrating across sectors and achieving necessary cooperation between involved institutions and stakeholders is also necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The diel vertical migration (DVM) of zooplankton and pelagic fish in the southern Arctic Ocean (82°N) and in Rijpfjorden (Svalbard, Nordaustlandet, 80°N) was investigated in autumn 2004, when there were distinct differences in light conditions between day and night. We collected data on zooplankton and fish distribution using plankton nets, trawls, and an echo sounder together with data on environmental parameters including sea-ice distribution, hydrography, and in situ fluorescence in the water column. In Rijpfjorden, the Arctic phytoplankton bloom had culminated several weeks prior to the present study and all three Calanus species had migrated down to depths for over wintering and did not show any changes in vertical distribution. However, in the Arctic Ocean pack ice at 82°N, Calanus hyperboreus, was found in high abundances (up to 65ind.m−3) actively feeding on the Arctic bloom in September. They performed a classic DVM, feeding in the upper 50m during the night and descending to depths below 50m during the day. In Rijpfjorden, distinct DVM patterns were observed among the amphipod Themisto libellula, adult and juvenile stages of the pteropod Limacina helicina, and polar cod. Polar cod in Rijpfjorden fed on Calanus spp. and on L. helicina. We conclude that animals display DVM in the Arctic during autumn if they need to feed in food-rich surface waters. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The seasonal patterns of phytoplankton biomass and production were determined in the North Water, located between Greenland and Ellesmere Island (Canadian Arctic), in August 1997, April-July 1998, and August-September 1999. The patterns differed among the four defined regions of this large polynya, i.e. North (> 77.5°N), East (> 75°W), West (<75°W), and South (<76°N). Phytoplankton biomass and production were low during April throughout the North Water. Biomass first increased in the East during April. From there, the biomass spread north- and westwards during May-June, when the bloom culminated (chlorophyll a concentrations up to 19.8 mg m[sup -3]). The large-sized (> 5 µm) fraction dominated the biomass and production during the bloom. During July, August, and September, biomass and production decreased over the whole region, with the highest biomass, dominated by large cells, occurring in the North. The annual particulate and dissolved phytoplankton production were the highest ever reported for the high Arctic, reaching maximum values of 254 and 123 g C m[sup -2] yr[sup -1], respectively, in the East. Rates in the North and West were considerably lower than in the East (ca. two- and three-fold, respectively). The f-ratios (i.e. ratio of new to total production), derived from the size structure of phytoplankton, were high north of 76°N (0.4-0.7). Regionally, this indicated a high potential export of particulate organic carbon (E[sub POC]) from the phytoplankton community to other trophic compartments and/or downwards in the East (155 g C m[sup -2]yr[sup -1]), with lower values in the North and West (i.e. 77 and 42 gCm[sup -2]yr[sup -1], respectively). The seasonal and spatial patterns of E[sub POC] were consistent with independent estimates of potential carbon export. Phytoplankton biomass and production were generally dominated by the large size fraction, whereas Eeoc seemed to be dominated by the large size fraction early in the... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]