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Molting and metamorphosis are important physiological processes in insects that are tightly controlled by ecdysone receptor (EcR) through the 20‐hydroxyecdysone (20E) signaling pathway. EcR is a steroid nuclear receptor (SR). Several FK506‐binding proteins (FKBPs) have been identified from the mammal SR complex, and are thought to be involved in the subcellular trafficking of SR. However, their roles in insects are poorly understood. To explore whether FKBPs are involved in insect molting or metamorphosis, we injected an FKBP inhibitor (FK506) into a lepidopteran insect, Spodoptera litura, and found that molting was inhibited in 61.11% of the larvae, and that the time for larvae to pupate was significantly extended. A total of 10 FKBP genes were identified from the genome of S. litura and were clustered into 2 distinct groups, according to their subcellular localization, with FKBP13 and FKBP14 belonging to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) group and with the other members belonging to the cytoplasmic (Cy) group. All the CyFKBPs were significantly upregulated in the prepupal or pupal stages, with the opposite being observed for the ER group members. FK506 completely blocked the transfer of EcR to the nucleus under 20E induction, and significantly downregulated the transcriptional expression of many 20E signaling genes. A similar phenomenon was observed after RNA interference of 2 CyFKBPs (FKBP45 and FKBP12b), but not for FKBP13. Taken together, our data indicate that the cytoplasmic FKBPs, especially FKBP45 and FKBP12b, mediate the nuclear localization of EcR, thereby regulating the 20E signaling and ultimately affecting molting and metamorphosis in insects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multicellular organisms are composed of many tissue types that have distinct morphologies and functions, which are largely driven by specialized proteomes and interactomes. To define the proteome and interactome of a specific type of tissue in an intact animal, we developed a localized proteomics approach called Methionine Analog-based Cell-Specific Proteomics and Interactomics (MACSPI). This method uses the tissue-specific expression of an engineered methionyl-tRNA synthetase to label proteins with a bifunctional amino acid 2-amino-5-diazirinylnonynoic acid in selected cells. We applied MACSPI in Caenorhabditis elegans, a model multicellular organism, to selectively label, capture, and profile the proteomes of the body wall muscle and the nervous system, which led to the identification of tissue-specific proteins. Using the photo-cross-linker, we successfully profiled HSP90 interactors in muscles and neurons and identified tissue-specific interactors and stress-related interactors. Our study demonstrates that MACSPI can be used to profile tissue-specific proteomes and interactomes in intact multicellular organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The linear instability analysis of liquid jets with periodic velocity modulation in the ambient gas is carried out. Utilizing the viscous potential theory and the Floquet theory, an analytical dispersion relation for the perturbation growth can be obtained. Due to the parametric resonance caused by velocity modulation, the oscillatory Kelvin–Helmholtz instability (OKHI) can be triggered in the short-wavelength region, leading to the competition between the OKHI and the intrinsic Rayleigh–Plateau and Kelvin–Helmholtz instability (RP-KHI). The parametric study shows that the increase in the velocity oscillation amplitude can enhance the jet instability and lead to the transition of the instability mechanism from the RP-KHI to the OKHI. The velocity oscillation frequency mainly affects the growth of the OKHI. Specifically, the maximum growth rates of perturbation vary with the oscillation frequency at moderate frequencies due to the competition between the RP-KHI and the OKHI, whereas they converge to constant values as the frequency either increases or decreases continuously. The increase in the Weber number promotes the RP-KHI and the OKHI simultaneously, and the jet breakup is dominated by the axisymmetric perturbation of the RP-KHI consistently. The increase in the Reynolds number enhances the jet instability, but hardly affects unstable wavenumber regions. By comparing the maximum growth rates of axisymmetric and non-axisymmetric perturbations, the predominant mode of the jet instability can be identified. Considering variations in the velocity oscillation amplitude and frequency, the transition between the RP-KHI and the OKHI can be predicted by a phase diagram. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linear temporal instability analysis of a liquid jet emerging into a stationary gas environment under a radial thermal field is carried out in this work. The basic temperature profiles are obtained by solving the heat conduction problem between the liquid jet and the surrounding gas. The normal mode method is utilized to solve the temporal evolution of small disturbance, and an analytical dispersion relation on the growth of disturbance is derived. The inviscid asymptotic solution for the liquid jet is further obtained, which shows the explicit form of disturbance growth rate and also decouples the contribution of surface tension and Marangoni stress on the jet instability. The effects of various controlling parameters on the growth of disturbance for an inviscid liquid jet are investigated through a parametric study. Theoretical results show that the jet instability can be suppressed by increasing the temperature ratio between the liquid jet and the surrounding gas, enhancing the Marangoni stress on the surface, weakening the thermal conduction and decreasing the surface tension. The physical mechanisms of Rayleigh-Plateau instability and Marangoni instability which are responsible for the growth of disturbance are distinguished. Through comparing the inviscid asymptotic solution to the disturbance growth of the viscous jet, the applicable situation for the inviscid asymptotic solution is identified, which gives the Reynolds number ranges of Re ≥ O(102). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly active and stable electrocatalysts are essential to facilitate the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) during alkaline water splitting. Herein, a titanium dioxide supported NiFe-based OER electrocatalyst (NiFe/TiO 2) was developed through simple impregnation reduction method. The introduction of TiO 2 support not only enhances the catalyst stability, but also induces the formation of NiFe alloy pre-catalyst layer on the oxide surface. In situ Raman revealed that the NiFe alloy was partially transformed into highly active NiOOH species in OER process. In situ infrared and theoretical calculations confirm the promoted formation of *OOH intermediate on NiFe/TiO 2 surface and thus accelerates the OER. The NiFe/TiO 2 catalyst achieves excellent OER activity delivering 10 mA cm−2 at low overpotential of 240 mV in 1.0 M KOH. The anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer with NiFe/TiO 2 achieves 500 mA cm−2 with cell voltage of 1.72 V, and good stability is maintained for 300 h. This study advances the effort of developing efficient and durable alkaline OER catalysts. [Display omitted] • Titanium dioxide supported NiFe alloy OER catalyst is prepared. • The NiFe/TiO 2 exhibits excellent OER activity and stability in 1.0 M KOH. • Dynamical evolution of NiFe/TiO 2 was studied by in situ Raman and ATR-FTIR analysis. • AEMWE has a cell voltage of 1.72 V at 500 mA cm−2 and long-term stability. • OER mechanism of NiFe/TiO 2 was researched by DFT calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structural and digestive properties of indica rice starch-fatty acid complexes and the effects of lipoxygenase on the structural and digestive properties of the complexes were examined in this study. The complexes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The results showed that indica rice starch had the highest molecular chain order and the highest crystallinity, and the crystallization disappeared after gelatinization, and the formation of indica rice starch-fatty acid complexes promoted the transformation of starch crystal structure from A-type to V-type. Lipoxygenase reduced the regularity of starch molecular crystal structure in the complexes, while enzyme protein improved the order of starch molecular structure in the complexes. The regularity of starch crystal structure in the complexes could improve with the increase of composite temperature and the increase of fatty acid unsaturation. In vitro digestibility and in vitro digestion kinetics showed that the formation of indica rice starch-fatty acid complexes reduced the digestibility of indica rice starch to a certain extent. The RDS content of indica rice starch was 66.42 ± 0.39 %, and lipoxygenase reduced the reduction of rapidly digested starch content during complexes digestion, while enzyme protein increased the content of resistant starch. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structural and digestive properties of indica rice starch-fatty acid complexes and the effects of lipoxygenase on the structural and digestive properties of the complexes were examined in this study. The complexes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The results showed that indica rice starch had the highest molecular chain order and the highest crystallinity, and the crystallization disappeared after gelatinization, and the formation of indica rice starch-fatty acid complexes promoted the transformation of starch crystal structure from A-type to V-type. Lipoxygenase reduced the regularity of starch molecular crystal structure in the complexes, while enzyme protein improved the order of starch molecular structure in the complexes. The regularity of starch crystal structure in the complexes could improve with the increase of composite temperature and the increase of fatty acid unsaturation. In vitro digestibility and in vitro digestion kinetics showed that the formation of indica rice starch-fatty acid complexes reduced the digestibility of indica rice starch to a certain extent. The RDS content of indica rice starch was 66.42 ± 0.39 %, and lipoxygenase reduced the reduction of rapidly digested starch content during complexes digestion, while enzyme protein increased the content of resistant starch. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The breakup dynamics of coaxial liquid interfaces into compound droplets in a co-flow focusing process is studied systematically. In experiments, the jetting and dripping modes downstream the focusing orifice are identified within the parametric regime where a coaxial liquid cone can be established steadily, and the phase diagram is plotted under different flow rates of inner, outer, and driving liquids. The force balance for the jet interface is analyzed numerically to explore the critical conditions for the jetting-dripping transition. It is found that the instability of the inner interface is much easier to trigger the modes transition, and the transition criterion is decided by the balance of inertia force, shear stress, and interfacial tension at the local inner jet. The linear spatiotemporal instability analysis is further carried out to study the convective and absolute instabilities of the coaxial jets. The effects of main process parameters on jet instability are accessed, and the boundary between the absolute/convective instabilities is further compared with the experimental and numerical results, which achieves good agreement. Finally, the energy budget analysis of the instability of coaxial liquid jets is performed to provide more understanding of physical mechanisms for the mode transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temporal linear instability of viscous coaxial jets under a radial thermal field is carried out by considering axisymmetric and non-axisymmetric disturbances. The interfacial tensions of different fluids are taken to be temperature dependent. The para-sinuous, para-varicose, and helical unstable modes are identified in the Rayleigh regime. The energy budget is also employed to explore the relative importance of thermal-induced stresses on the jet instability at the most unstable wavenumber by changing the dimensionless parameters. It is shown that decreasing the temperature ratio of inner fluid to surrounding fluid (T13) promotes the jet instability. For coaxial jets at T13 > 1, the Marangoni flow makes coaxial jets more stable, and increasing the fluid thermal conductivity suppresses the jet instability. For coaxial jets at T13 < 1, however, their influences on the jet instability are opposite. Compared with the thermal-induced stresses at the inner and outer interfaces, the inner interfacial tension is the main factor dominating the flow. Increasing either inner interfacial tension or outer surface tension and decreasing viscosity of any fluid can promote the instability of coaxial jets. The variations of thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity of either inner or surrounding fluids apparently influence the jet instability of the para-varicose mode, but hardly influence that of the para-sinuous mode. This work would provide great insight into the physical mechanism of thermal jet instability in various applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

External sinusoidal actuation is employed in the axisymmetric flow focusing (AFF) for generating uniform droplets in the jetting mode. The perturbations propagating along the meniscus surface can modulate the rupture of the liquid jet. Experiments indicate that the jet breakup length and the resultant droplet size can be precisely controlled in the synchronized regime, which are further confirmed by the scaling law. The finding of this study can help for better understanding of the underlying physics of actuation-aided AFF, and this active droplet generation method with fine robustness, high productivity, and nice process control would be advantageous for various potential applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linear instability analysis of an inviscid coaxial swirling jet is carried out by deriving an analytical dispersion relation of perturbation growth. The azimuthal Rankine vortex and the axial discontinuous velocity distribution are utilized as the jet basic flow. Due to the existence of double interfaces, the instability mechanisms of the coaxial swirling jet are much more complex than those of the single-layered swirling jet. The effects of control parameters (including the swirling ratio, the Weber number, the jet radius ratio, the velocity ratios between different fluids, and the azimuthal velocity jump at the inner interface) on the temporal instability of coaxial swirling jet with different azimuthal modes are studied. By comparing the growth rate of different azimuthal modes, the predominant mode that determines the jet breakup is identified. The results indicate that an increase in the swirling ratio, the Weber number, and the radius ratio can lead to predominant mode transition to larger azimuthal wavenumbers. The velocity ratio between the inner jet and the annular jet and that between the surrounding fluid and the annular jet mainly affect the axial Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) instability. An enhancement of the KH instability leads to the jet breakup with smaller azimuthal wavenumbers. The azimuthal velocity jump affects the azimuthal KH instability, the centrifugal instability, and the Coriolis instability simultaneously, thus leading to a multiple influence on modes transition. The phase-diagram of the predominant modes is further given, showing that the relative importance between the centrifugal force and the interfacial tension plays a significant role on the transition of predominant modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The industrialization of lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries is largely hindered by the low cycle performance stemming from the polysulfide shuttle effect and slow reaction kinetics. In order to address these problems, an advanced design strategy for multifunctional sulfur cathode with core-shell structure is proposed by embedding transition metal-based porous carbon composites derived from metal-organic framework (MOF) within covalent organic framework (COF). The inner carbon/metal core within the composite serves both as sulfur trapping and catalyst for promoting sulfur reaction kinetics. The COF shell, rich in micropores and polar functional groups, further mitigates lithium polysulfide (LiPS) shuttling through its sieving effect. This strategy is demonstrated by fabricating Co-decorated MIL-125-NH 2 -derived Co/Ti-NC composite coated with a layer of TpPa-1 COF. Based on these advantages, the S/Co/Ti-NC@TpPa cathode delivers an outstanding cycling performance. The battery shows a high initial specific capacity of 1135 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C, and the capacity decay rate is 0.05% per cycle at 1 C after 500 cycles. The area capacity of the cell reaches 3.6 mAh cm−2 at a high sulfur loading of 4.46 mg cm−2. The MOF in COF core-shell design provides a promising strategy for developing practical sulfur cathode. [Display omitted] • COF-coated core-shell sulfur host design was proposed. • Microporous TpPa-1 COF shell migrate the penetration of polysulfides. • N-doped carbon matrix ensures fast electronic conduction. • MOF-derived Co and TiO 2 act as lithium polysulfides catalytic and trapping center. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Process parameters affect the cone instability and profile in flow focusing process • Recirculation flow inside the cone occurs as the viscosity ratio between the focusing and focused liquid is high • Balance of tangential shear force on cone interface dominate the size of the recirculation flow • Process parameters manipulate the size of recirculation flow A parametric study on the stability and morphology of the liquid cone in a flow focusing process is carried out through experimental and numerical methods. For the numerical simulations, we solve the Navier-Stokes equations coupled with a diffuse interface method. A scaling analysis which considers the competition between the viscous shear stress and the interfacial tension force is proposed, showing the effect of flow rates, geometrical parameters and liquid physical properties on the cone instability. The experimental and numerical results validate the scaling law and further show the effects of parameters on the cone morphology. We study the flow fields inside the liquid cone, with emphatic focus on the recirculation flow pattern which occurs at relatively high viscosity ratio between the focusing and the focused liquids. The occurrence of recirculation flow is close related to the tangential velocity distribution at both sides of the cone interface, and the change of flow rates and geometrical parameters is found to significantly affect the size of the recirculation flow. This study is expected to give a guidance to the optimization of process parameters in flow focusing system, which would contribute to the formation of a stable cone-jet structure and the production of microdroplets with high throughput. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past two decades, the escalating prescription of opioid medications for pain management has culminated in a widespread opioid epidemic, significantly impacting public health, social dynamics, and economic stability. The urgent need for improved treatments for opioid addiction necessitates a deeper understanding of its biological underpinnings, with genetic variations playing a crucial role in individual susceptibility to opioid use disorder (OUD) and influencing clinical practices. In this study, we leverage the genetic diversity of four rat strains (ACI/N, BN/NHsd, WKY/N, and F344/N) to examine the contribution of genetic factors to oxycodone metabolism and addiction-like behaviors. We used the extended access to intravenous oxycodone self-administration procedure (12 h/day, 0.15 mg/kg/injection) to comprehensively characterize oxycodone-related behaviors and pharmacokinetics. We measured escalation of oxycodone self-administration, motivation for drug consumption, tolerance to the analgesic effects of oxycodone, withdrawal-induced hyperalgesia, and oxycodone-induced respiratory depression. Additionally, we examined oxycodone-seeking behavior after four weeks of withdrawal by reintroducing the animals to environmental and cue stimuli previously associated with oxycodone self-administration. The findings revealed notable strain differences in several behavioral measures, including oxycodone metabolism. Intriguingly, BN/NHsd and WKY/N strains exhibited similar drug intake and escalation patterns but displayed significant disparities in oxycodone and oxymorphone metabolism. Minimal sex differences were observed within strains, primarily relating to oxycodone metabolism. In conclusion, this study identifies strain differences in the behavioral responses and pharmacokinetics associated with oxycodone self-administration in rats, providing a robust foundation for identifying genetic and molecular variants associated with various facets of the opioid addiction process. • Strain differences impact oxycodone metabolism and behavior, including cue seeking. • Sex influences oxycodone pharmacokinetics. • There are complex relationships between different oxycodone-related behaviors. • Development of tolerance can differ across behavioral assays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bile acids (BAs), which are synthesized in the liver and cycled in the enterohepatic circulation, have been recognized as signaling molecules by activating their receptors in the intestine and liver. Serum taurine-conjugated BAs have been shown to be elevated after bariatric surgeries although the postoperative BA profiles within the enterohepatic circulation have not been investigated. Clarification of these profiles could help explain the mechanisms by which bariatric surgery leads to BA profile alterations and subsequent metabolic effects. We performed duodenal-jejunal bypass (DJB), sleeve gastrectomy (SG), and sham procedures in an obese diabetic rat model induced by high-fat diet and streptozotocin. The weight loss and antidiabetic effects were evaluated postsurgery. BA profiles in the systemic serum and within the enterohepatic circulation were analyzed, together with the expression of related BA transporters and enzymes at week 12 after surgery. Compared with sham, SG induced sustained weight loss, and both DJB and SG significantly improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity with enhanced glucagon-like peptide 1 secretion. Similar to changes in the serum, BAs, especially taurine-conjugated species, were also elevated in the enterohepatic circulation (bile and portal vein) after DJB and SG. In addition, the expression of key BA transporters and conjugational enzymes was elevated postoperatively, whereas the enzymes responsible for BA synthesis were decreased. In conclusion, DJB and SG elevated BA levels in the systemic serum and enterohepatic circulation, especially taurine-conjugated species, which likely indicates increased ileal reabsorption and hepatic conjugation rather than synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a novel demodulation algorithm, we demonstrate a square wave dithering algorithm for active phase locking in the laser coherent beam combination. We investigate theoretically and experimentally the phase-locking performances. The numerical simulation shows that the square wave dithering algorithm possesses a high control bandwidth and a low residual phase error for active phase control. In the experiment, we achieve a stable phase-locking operation of a 7-channel tiled aperture array with a corresponding residual phase error of λ/22 rms. The square wave dithering algorithm shows superiority on the power scaling and the channel scaling in the laser coherent beam combining system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposed a social discovery service model aimed to protect location privacy. The model divided user's data into index message and data message in order to separate location coordinates from location data, adopted multi-authority attribute based encryption method to encrypt index message and encrypted location data by symmetric encryption method. The analysis indicates that the model is both flexible on supporting stranger discovery and group management, and good at protecting social privacy, so it can be applied very well to social discovery service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The owner often entrusts multiple contractors to construct in parallel due to the linear distribution of a long-distance water diversion project (LDWDP). However, multiple contractors with more information are more likely to engage in opportunistic behaviors harming the project and the public interest. The tournament incentive mechanism is considered to be one of the most effective measures to solve this issue. There are few studies on tournament incentive in construction project management, and the heterogeneous characteristics of psychological preference and the differences in tournament form are ignored. Therefore, to bridge these gaps, the tournament theory is introduced in this study to design multicontractor incentive mechanisms considering fairness preferences and self-interest preferences in a LDWDP contract. The primary contributions of this study are (1) to develop multicontractor tournament incentive models considering the preference heterogeneity based on the Lazear-Sherwin (LR) tournament incentive model and the Fehr–Schmidt fairness preference model, thus remedying the lack of a multicontractor incentive mechanism in the construction project field; (2) to explore the impact of tournament grouping arrangement on the incentive structure and incentive effect under three scenarios to help the owners improve practical guidance for formulating an incentive mechanism; and (3) to design the incentive intensity associated with each contractor's relative ranking and absolute output performance to provide a theoretical basis for the transaction governance of large projects involving multiple contractors. This study not only improves the optimal incentive contract for LDWDP theoretically but also enriches and promotes the development of behavioral contract theory in various fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nicotine use produces psychoactive effects, and chronic use is associated with physiological and psychological symptoms of addiction. However, chronic nicotine use is known to decrease food intake and body weight gain, suggesting that nicotine also affects central metabolic and appetite regulation. We recently showed that acute nicotine self-administration in nicotine-dependent animals produces a short-term increase in food intake, contrary to its long-term decrease of feeding behavior. As feeding behavior is regulated by complex neural signaling mechanisms, this study aimed to test the hypothesis that nicotine intake in animals exposed to chronic nicotine may increase activation of pro-feeding regions and decrease activation of pro-satiety regions to produce the acute increase in feeding behavior. FOS immunohistochemistry revealed that acute nicotine intake in nicotine self-administering animals increased activation of the pro-feeding arcuate and lateral hypothalamic nuclei and decreased activation of the pro-satiety parabrachial nucleus. Regional correlational analysis also showed that acute nicotine changes the functional connectivity of the hunger/satiety network. Further dissection of the role of the arcuate nucleus using electrophysiology found that putative POMC neurons in animals given chronic nicotine exhibited decreased firing following acute nicotine application. These brain-wide central signaling changes may contribute to the acute increase in feeding behavior we see in rats after acute nicotine and provide new areas of focus for studying both nicotine addiction and metabolic regulation. • Acute nicotine increases activation of pro-feeding brain regions in dependent rats. • Acute nicotine increases functional connectivity of nicotine and feeding regions. • Chronic and acute nicotine oppositely alter POMC neuron firing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Mn–Ni mixed hydroxide was synthesized by a facile co-precipitation method and the catalytic performance in the aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol using molecular oxygen was examined. The Mn/Ni molar ratio played an important role and the sample with Mn/Ni molar ratio of 6:4 showed the best catalytic activity. High specific activity of 8.9mmol/(gh) along with the benzaldehyde selectivity of 99% was achieved at 100°C within 1h. Characterizations of X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption and hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction suggested that co-precipitation method afforded the formation of Mn-in-Ni(OH)2 solid solution without phase segregation. Excess amounts of Mn resulted in segregated Mn3O4 crystalline phase, which showed low surface area and poor catalytic activity. The synergistic interactions between Mn(III) and Ni(II) cations through oxygen bonding were suggested to enhance the activity of Mn–Ni mixed hydroxide catalysts for benzyl alcohol oxidation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Major infrastructure projects (MIPs) possess significant strategic positions in the national economy and social development. However, recently, the rent-seeking behavior between supervision units and project contractors has intensi- fied in project construction. This paper aims to study the behavior decision-making of stakeholders in rent-seeking behavior supervision system of MIPs. In the complex and uncertain environment of MIPs, game players have cognitive bias and value perception preference. Therefore, this study introduced prospect theory and constructed the perceived return matrix and evolutionary game model of MIP rent-seeking behavior supervision among project owners, supervision units, and project contractors. From the perspective of risk perception theory, the reasons for the behavioral tendencies of game participants and the conditions for the steady state of strategy selection were explored through system dynamics simulations. The results showed that the stable state of the optimal strategy in the rent-seeking behavior supervision system of MIPs is related to the cognitive bias of the game players and is influenced by the level of regulation cost, the intensity of punishment and the size of accident losses. The contribution of this study lies in providing theoretical basis and decision support for constructing a long-term preventive mechanism for rent-seeking activities in MIPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From environmental and economic points of view, it is highly desirable to develop a clean and efficient catalytic process to produce epoxides. An attractive approach is to use a solid, recyclable catalyst and molecular oxygen as the oxidant without any sacrificial reductant or other additives. Nonetheless, the catalysts reported up to now still cannot balance with epoxide selectivity. It is of great importance to explore novel catalysts with both high activity and selectivity for the . In this work, cobalt(II) acetylacetonate (Co(acac)2) was covalently bonded to the silica surface of SBA-15 molecular sieve by multi-step grafting using 3-aminopropytrimethoxysilane (APTS) as coupling agent. Characterizations with nitrogen physisorption, X-ray diffraction, transmission , Fourier transform and thermogravimetric analysis suggested that the metal complex was successfully immobilized on the aminosilane-modified SBA-15 surface and the channel structure remained intact. The synthesized Co(acac)2APTS@SBA-15 catalyst was used in the of trans-stilbene (TS) with molecular oxygen. Compared to the sample prepared by the impregnation method as well as Co(acac)2 solutions under the same reaction conditions, the Co(acac)2 immobilized catalyst exhibited remarkably higher TS conversion and trans-stilbene oxide (TSO) selectivity. An increase in TS conversion with Co content was observed when the Co loading was lower than 0.70% and the 0.70Co(acac)2APTS@SBA-15 sample exhibited the best catalytic performance. Up to 50.1% of TS conversion could be achieved within 6 h, affording TSO selectivity as high as 96.7%. The superior catalytic performance of this particular catalyst is attributed to the high activity of the immobilized Co(acac)2 species on SBA-15. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the original paper, the fourth author's professional designation was incorrect. To preserve the published version of record, this detail has been corrected only in this erratum. [Extracted from the article]

New ENSO indices were developed and the spatial variability and temporal evolution of ENSO were analyzed based on the new indices and modeling experiments, as well as multiple data resources. The new indices, after being defined, were validated with their good diagnostic characteristics and correlation with wind and SST. In the analysis after the definition and validation of the new indices, ENSO feedbacks from wind, heat fluxes, and precipitation were spatially and temporally examined in order to understand ENSO variability and evolution with some emphasized points such as the interaction among the feedbacks, the role of westerly wind bursts and the transformation between zonal and meridional circulations in an ENSO cycle, and the typical pattern of modern ENSO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water oxidation by cobalt complexes of flexible tetrapyrines was studied in alkaline solutions and the complex with a seven-member ring exhibited a better activity. • Synthesis and characterization of tetrapyridyl cobalt complexes. • Redox properties of tetrapyridyl cobalt complexes. • Electrocatalytic water oxidation by tetrapyridyl cobalt complexes. Effective, robust, and low-cost catalysts are highly demanded for water oxidation reaction (WOR) which is the bottleneck of water splitting. Herein reported is water oxidation catalysis of two cobalt complexes [Co(tpbn)](ClO 4) 2 (1) and [Co(tpen)](ClO 4) 2.3CH 3 CN (2) of tetrapyridyl ligands N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridyl-methyl)-1,4-butanediamine (tpbn) and N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridyl-methyl)-1,2-ethanediamine (tpen). 1 was a stable molecular electrocatalyst for WOR in alkaline solutions with a rate constant (k cat) of 0.97 s−1. A turnover number (TON) was estimated to be 10. Complex 2 was a much weaker catalyst than 1. The difference in the catalytic activity of 1 and 2 could be due to the flexibility of the coordination sphere of the Co center. The Co-N bonds in 1 were longer than those in 2. In comparison to the five-membered ring (N-C 2 -N-Co) in 2 , a seven-membered ring (N-C 4 -N-Co) in 1 was more flexible and easily adaptive for the incoming H 2 O or OH– groups to access the Co center, which was vital for the formation of O 2. A nucleophilic attack catalytic mechanism was proposed for WOR. This work demonstrated that the flexibility of the organic ligands and the adaptability of the coordination configuration of the metal center had a great impact on the catalytic properties of metal complexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) can reprogram a somatic nucleus to a totipotent state. However, the re-organization of 3D chromatin structure in this process remains poorly understood. Using low-input Hi-C, we revealed that, during SCNT, the transferred nucleus first enters a mitotic-like state (premature chromatin condensation). Unlike fertilized embryos, SCNT embryos show stronger topologically associating domains (TADs) at the 1-cell stage. TADs become weaker at the 2-cell stage, followed by gradual consolidation. Compartments A/B are markedly weak in 1-cell SCNT embryos and become increasingly strengthened afterward. By the 8-cell stage, somatic chromatin architecture is largely reset to embryonic patterns. Unexpectedly, we found cohesin represses minor zygotic genome activation (ZGA) genes (2-cell-specific genes) in pluripotent and differentiated cells, and pre-depleting cohesin in donor cells facilitates minor ZGA and SCNT. These data reveal multi-step reprogramming of 3D chromatin architecture during SCNT and support dual roles of cohesin in TAD formation and minor ZGA repression. • Hi-C analysis of 3D chromatin architecture during somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) • TADs and compartments exhibit remarkable reprogramming during SCNT • Cohesin represses minor ZGA genes in mESCs and differentiated cells • Cohesin pre-depletion in donor cells facilitates minor ZGA and SCNT Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) can reprogram a somatic nucleus to a totipotent state. By applying sisHi-C, Zhang et al. revealed a multi-step reprogramming of 3D chromatin architecture during SCNT. Surprisingly, they also found that pre-depleting cohesin in donor cells facilitates minor zygotic genome activation (ZGA) and SCNT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]