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The objectives of this research were to predict the ADMET, docking, and investigate the cytotoxicity activity of 4-nitrobenzoyl-3-allylthiourea (BATU-11) on MCF7 and MCF7/HER2 cells. The docking was carried out through the interaction of ligands into the binding site of EGFR and HER2, to predict their affinity for this target with PBD codes: 1M17 and 3PP0. The docking simulation resulted in Rerank Score on EGFR and HER2 of -90.6421 kcal/mol and - 91.0365 kcal/mol, respectively. The cytotoxicity activity of the BATU-11 on cell lines MCF7 and MCF7/HER2 was determined by MTT assay. The BATU-11 had a higher antiproliferative effect on MCF7/HER2 cells than on MCF7 cells, with IC50 values of 85 uM and 225 uM, respectively. In the meanwhile, the CC50 value is 1097 uM. The result of the in silico study are in line with the in vitro results, as well as good ADMET prediction results from the BATU-11. Based on this study, 4-nitrobenzoyl-3-allylthiourea is potential as a breast cancer drug candidate with EGFR/HER2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efforts to develop urea derivatives as anticancer agents thrive due to their proven anticancer activities. N-(4-tertbutylphenylcarbamoyl) benzamide was synthesized by Schotten Baumann reaction, rendering 59%. To determine the purity, a thin-layer chromatography method in 3 different mobile phases was adopted, indicating a stain with distinguishing Rf. Structure identification indicating the compound was N-(4-tert-butylphenylcarbamoyl)benzamide. To predict cytotoxic activity, molecular docking with Autodocks Program was used by supplementing CHK1 enzyme (code PDB: 2YWP) against HeLa cells. The prediction score was confirmed by Molecular Docking Simulation (MDS). N-(4-tert-butylphenylcarbamoyl)benzamide (-4.41) has a smaller docking score compared to that of hydroxyurea (-2.69), suggesting higher cytotoxicity. MDS score highlighting this compound with (-13.1223±4.6818) total energy, smaller than the one in reference compound, (-0.0446±0.3621). This new compound indicated properties with favorable anticancer activity in the ADMET prediction, due to the toxicity displayed against the organ. On the cytotoxic activity test against HeLa cells, the IC50 of-(4-tertbutylphenylcarbamoyl) benzamide is 3.78 nM, smaller than that of hydroxyurea, IC50 9.91 nM. The data suggest that the synthesized N-(4-tert-butylphenylcarbamoyl) benzamidedisplays higher cytotoxic activity compared to hydroxyurea. This synthesized compound allows further study in drug development, serving as a new anticancer agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The general objective of this research is to discover the characteristics of Indonesian language structures in thinking styles. This study uses a descriptive approach. Random Abstract thinking style (AA) was found to be the most dominant in this study and followed by Sequential Thinking style (SK) as the second dominance. They process information in an orderly and linear manner. For this mindset student, the reality is what can be absorbed through the physical senses namely vision, contact, and pronunciation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was done to observe effect of agroclimate on milk production and prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis of local Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle in Indonesian small holder dairy farms. The research side were located in Region of <1000 masl and ≥1000 m above sea level (asl) in west Java. Data were obtained from 133 small holder dairy farms included 336 dairy cows in normal lactation period. Parameters observed were agro-climate condition, feed consumption, milk production and milk quality, and sub-clinical mastitis prevalence. Result sowed that THI at <1000 m asl had a range of 76.1- Agroclimatic Effects 76.7 leads to mild heat stress, while THI at ≥1000 m asl had a range of 66.2 - 66.8 which makes comfort environment to the dairy cow. Differences in feed consumption (P<0.01), milk production and quality (P<0.05) were found among two altitude study location. Milk production at ≥1000 m asl was 2.3 kg higher than at <1000 m asl. The udder health status was also different, a 51% of total sample at <1000 masl was detected sub-clinical mastitis (SCM) as high criteria, while 42% samples that were collected at ≥1000 m asl detected sub-clinical mastitis as middle criteria. In conclusion, agro-climate condition (THI) affect animal's comfort, milk production and sub-clinical mastitis prevalence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to determine the sustainability status of smallholder dairy farms applying Low External Input Sustainable Agriculture (LEISA) pattern, and to formulate sustainable model. Eight smallholder dairy farms located in livestock business area (KUNAK) were purposive selected with criteria was they had 11 heads dairy cows, planted an elephant grass, dispose the manure to grassland, did not use chemicals fertilizer, 4250 m2 land area of dairy farming. Data were analyzed by: 1) attribute determination, 2) ordinal scale determination based on sustainability criteria; 3) data analysis (Rap Dairy software); 4) assessment of index and sustainability status; 5) review sensitive attributes (leverage analysis) and 6) validation model (Monte Carlo and Square Correlation (SQR) analysis). Attributes and ordinal scale on ecological sustainability were density of dairy cow, carrying capacity, supply water, drainage cages, soil fertility, topography, rainfall, humidity, temperature and altitude. Results of Rap Dairy analysis showed that smallholder dairy farms who apply LEISA pattern ecologically was quite sustainable with index of 57.95. The index could be increased to 88.39 (sustainable) through model simulation with respect to sensitive attributes. The results of Leverage analysis showed that topography, density of dairy cow, carrying capacity, supply water availability were sensitive attributes. Analysis Monte Carlo and SQR showed that model could explain data well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of present study were to formulate development strategies for dairy goat' farms that capable of supporting goat's milk agribusiness. Three medium scale dairy goat farms located in Bogor Regency which has population of more than 100 heads and has established more than 10 years were purposively selected for the study. Data were collected during February to May 2014. The design of this study was based on descriptive qualitative approach (rapid appraisal approach). Data were analized using internal factors evaluation (IFE) and external factors evaluation (EFE), strategic position and action evaluation (SPACE) matrix, and grand strategy matrix. It was revealed that dairy goat farms in Bogor Regency were located in quadrant I in SPACE matrix, which was on the aggressive strategy. Dairy goat farms have many resource advantages, despite facing various threats. The Grand Strategy Matrix analysis showed that dairy goat farms were in quadrant I. Dairy goat farms were in an excellent position to take advantage of the opportunities, overcome internal weaknesses and avoiding multiple external threats. The best strategies to be selected for dairy goat farms were market penetration and product development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was designed to evaluate factors affecting goat's milk quality, consumer's satisfaction to goat's milk, and technical responses associated with goat's milk quality. Three farms having more than 100 dairy goats were purposively selected for the study. Thirty consumers were determined by using judgement sampling techniques to assess the satisfaction of consumer to goat's milk quality. Data were analyzed by using fishbone diagram and House of Quality matrix. The study revealed that milk quality produced by dairy goat farms met the standard quality of milk composition namely; specific gravity, total solid, fat, protein, and total solid non-fat. The main factors affecting goat milk quantity and quality were the quality of does, pregnancy status, number of kids per birth, shape and size of the udder, lactation length, and the health status of the goat. The attributes of goat's milk that were able to achieve customer's satisfaction targets were nutritional content, packaging size, and goat milk color. Technical responses that were major concern in ensuring goat's milk quality included goat breed quality and health conditions, skills and performances of farmers and employees, feed quality, farm equipment hygiene and completeness, cleanliness, and hygiene of livestock housing and environment. Technical response on livestock health condition was the first priority to be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research was to analyze the air temperature distribution in a closed house system for broiler in wet tropical climate by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to figure out the comfort level of the broiler in that system. The dimension of the experimental house was 100 m x 10 m x 2.4 m which could be occupied by 12,000 to 16,000 broiler chickens. The wall was made from expose mercy brick and curtain, plafond was made from galvanize, ventilation system used 6 fans with 1.27 m diameter and cooling pad and in-house lighting system used 60 units of 8 Watt lamps. The analysis of temperature distribution using CFD had high precision as was shown by the small number of average percentage of deviation (6.39%) between analyzed and measured results. Horizontally, the temperature distribution near the cooling pad was lower than others and continued to increase until near the position of the fan. In vertically, the air temperature in the area near the husks and the plafond were higher than the other mesurement points. At that height, the effective temperatures which were still comfort for the broiler were 20.07 °C, 19.81 °C and 20.04 °C at 12:20 h, 13:55 h and 15:20 h, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this research were to: 1) design the stocking density of broiler reared at a closed house system in wet tropical climates based on the heat released by broiler, 2) design broiler harvesting system based on the housing heat load, and 3) design required housing area based on the broiler age. The housing design used to determine the broiler stocking density was based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) with Solid Works Flow Simulation software. The method had good validation shown by small number of average percentage of deviation (6.07%). Simulation was carried out by changing the number of broilers i.e. 16, 18, 20, 21 and 22 birds/m2. According to the CFD simulation result, total heat load inside the house was 233.33 kW at 21 birds/m2 at weight 1.65 kg/bird. At that stocking density the housing can be occupied by 27,224 birds until 22 days of age. The highest total weight was produced by daily harvesting started from 22 to 32 d. It can be concluded that the stocking density of closed house for broiler is 34.65 kg/m2, total production is 45,717 kg per period and the required area for 27,224 broilers is 248.63 m2 (1 to 7 days of age broiler), 562.52 m2 (8 to 14 days of age broiler) and 1,000 m2 (15 to 22 days of age broiler). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tropical peatlands are areas of high carbon density that are important in biosphere-atmosphere interactions. Drainage and burning of tropical peatlands releases about 5% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, yet there is great uncertainty in these estimates. Our comprehensive literature review of parameters required to calculate GHG emissions from burnt peat forests, following the international guidelines, revealed many gaps in knowledge of carbon pools and few recent supporting studies. To improve future estimates of the total ecosystem carbon balance and peatfire emissions this study aimed to account for all carbon pools: aboveground, deadwood, pyrogenic carbon (PyC) and peat of single and repeatedly burnt peat forests. A further aim was to identify the minimum sampling intensity required to detect with 80% power significant differences in these carbon pools among long unburnt, recently burnt and repeatedly burnt peat swamp forests. About 90 Mg C ha−1 remains aboveground as deadwood after a single fire and half of this remains after a second fire. One fire produces 4.5 ± 0.6 Mg C ha−1 of PyC, with a second fire increasing this to 7.1 ± 0.8 Mg C ha−1. For peat swamp forests these aboveground carbon pools are rarely accounted in estimates of emissions following multiple fires, while PyC has not been included in the total peat carbon mass balance. Peat bulk density and peat carbon content change with fire frequency, yet these parameters often remain constant in the published emission estimates following a single and multiple fires. Our power analysis indicated that as few as 12 plots are required to detect meaningful differences between fire treatments for the major carbon pools. Further field studies directed at improving the parameters for calculating carbon balance of disturbed peat forest ecosystems are required to better constrain peatfire GHG emission estimates. Unlabelled Image • Lack of data for the parameters to estimate emissions from peat fires in the literature • Contribution of deadwood to peatfire emissions is not properly accounted. • Deadwood accounts for 50–60% of aboveground carbon in recently burnt peat forests • PyC accounts for 12% of aboveground carbon in repeatedly burnt peat forests [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]