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The COVID‐19 pandemic has significantly disrupted research activities globally. Researchers need safe and creative procedures to resume data collection, particularly for projects evaluating infant mental health interventions. Remote research is uniquely challenging for psychophysiological data collection, which typically requires close contact between researchers and participants as well as technical equipment frequently located in laboratory settings. In accordance with public health guidance, we adapted procedures and developed novel protocols for a "virtual assessment" in which women and infants provided behavioral and psychophysiological data from their own homes while researchers coordinated remotely. Data collected at virtual visits included video‐recorded parent–child interactions and autonomic nervous system data. Adaptations were designed to optimize safety and data quality while minimizing participant burden. In the current paper, we describe these adaptations and present data evaluating their success across two sites in the United States (University of Delaware and University of Utah), focusing specifically on autonomic nervous system data collected during the well‐validated Still‐Face Paradigm (SFP). We also discuss advantages and challenges of translating traditional lab procedures into the virtual assessment model. Ultimately, we hope that disseminating these procedures will help other researchers resume safe data collection related to infant mental health during the COVID‐19 pandemic and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hintergrund: Herzratenvariabilitäts-Biofeedback (HRV-BF) zeigt erste Wirksamkeitshinweise bei Depressionen, Angststörungen oder funktionellen somatischen Syndromen. Bei der somatischen Belastungsstörung (SBS) stehen diese noch aus. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, eine neu entwi-ckelte HRV-BF-Kurzintervention vorzustellen und die HRV detailliert zu analysieren sowie die Anwendbarkeit und Ak-zeptanz bei der SBS zu überprüfen. Methoden: Analysiert wurden hier die Daten der Teilstichprobe einer randomisiert kontrollierten Pilotstudie (22 Personen mit SBS nach DSM-5), die ein HRV-BF über 4 Sitzungen erhielt. Erhoben wurden die HRV (SDNN: "standard deviation of the NN interval", RMSSD: "root mean square of successive differences between NN interval", LF: "low frequency"), die Bewertung und Akzeptanz der Intervention auf subjektiver Ebene. Ergebnisse: HRV-Analysen innerhalb der Therapiesitzungen zeigten, dass die Personen lernten, ihre HRV signifikant während der Biofeedbackeinheiten zu erhöhen und diese in Selbstregulationsphasen ohne Feedback aufrechtzuerhalten (SDNN, RMSSD, LF: 5,7 ≤ Ft ≤ 11,1). Zudem zeigte sich eine Verbesserung der HRV über die Sitzungen hinweg (SDNN). Die Intervention wurde durch die Mehrheit der Teilnehmer*innen sehr positiv bewertet (u.a. Zufriedenheit, Verbesserung der Stimmung und des körperlichen Befindens). Schlussfolgerungen: HRV-BF kann in 4 Sitzungen gut erlernt werden und zeigt positive Effekte bei Patient*innen mit SBS. Die Hinzunahme des HRV-BF zu bestehenden Interventionen, z.B. Psychotherapie, scheint vielversprechend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to review the study of emotions from evolutionary psychology. The article is critical of the first evolutionary approach of emotions and their explanatory limitations. The current evolutionary model proposed here that is not limited itself to emotions that have a communicative function or does not seek to find the same emotions in all species. The authors have answered two types of questions for such an approach. On the one hand, the why: to understand which problems were solved stemming from a particular emotion. On the other hand, the how: to understand the psychophysiological mechanisms and the neural regions involved in a particular emotion. Emotions relevant to psychology were addressed, such as: disgust, liking, search for novelty, fear, aggression, happiness, sadness, guilt and shame. It was concluded that what emotions have in common is being fast coordinators of the other information processing mechanisms. That is why emotions occupy a central place in behavior and cognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effect of physical fitness level (Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 [Yo-Yo IR 1]) and initial stress level (salivary cortisol [SC]) on salivary immunoglobulin A secretion rate (SIgA rate), and the influence of physical fitness on accelerations (external training load; eTL) and training impulse (TRIMP; internal training load; iTL), in 20 elite youth male basketball players (14.5 ± 0.5 years; height, 177 ± 10 cm; body mass, 69 ± 13 kg) following a short-term training stress (two daily consecutive basketball-training sessions). Saliva samples were collected before and after the experimental period. A multiple linear regression analysis was conducted using the Yo-Yo IR 1 and SC as independent variables, and changes in SIgA rate as dependent variable. The Yo-Yo IR 1 was the only statistically significant variable (R = 0.73; P = 0.001). Participants were divided a posteriori into high fitness (HFG) and low fitness (LFG) groups according to the median-split technique, taking the Yo-Yo IR 1 performance into account, to compare the eTL and iTL. HFG performed a higher total eTL (34 ± 13 vs. 17 ± 7 accelerations; t = 3.4; P = 0.003) but no difference between fitness groups was observed for TRIMP (t = 0.33; P = 0.74). The results suggest that physical fitness level may play a role on mucosal immunity responses from short-term training stress in youth basketball players. Players with greater level of physical fitness are likely to perform a higher training load without inducing higher stress levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary The aim of this study was to determine the main methods used to analyse the soccer players movement during games. Data were collected at three databases (PubMed, Medline and SPORTDiscus) from 2010 to 2015, using the match terms: “perceived exertion” AND “fatigue” AND “soccer”. The data criteria inclusion considered articles with match terms in titles and abstracts; studies purposes assessed central or peripheral fatigue in soccer players; psychological, physiological or psychophysiological variables; research design as a descriptive or experimental models. Studies that evaluated children, adults and recreational soccer practitioners were excluded. The studies quality was assessed by three PhD professors using the PEDro scale. Twenty-two studies were initially located; following the application of the eligibility criteria, 11 studies were selected for our analysis. Data showed that the main methods used to determine psychophysiological fatigue in athletes were ergoespirometry, but mainly indirect methods to identify aerobic power. For anaerobic power, the studies used mainly indirect tests (sprint and jump test). The Profile of Mood States and Illinois Agility Test were used to identify mood states and agility, respectively. For psychophysiological assessments were used mainly perceived exertion scales (Borg 6–20 and CR-10), Felt Arousal Scale, Feeling Scale, Hooper's Index and the SFMS questionnaire for the detection of early signs of overtraining, while for metabolic assessments were used the heart rate identified by heart monitor and blood lactate identified by lactimeter. Thus, this study concludes that indirect and cheap methods were reported to identify fatigue and psychophysiological changes during soccer matches and training session. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Objectifs Dans les suites de la publication des actes du colloque « Le bipolaire » et la psychanalyse, organisé par l’Espace analytique en mars 2012 à Paris, les auteurs proposent une analyse des raisons qui peuvent être à l’origine d’incompréhensions et de malentendus entre psychiatres et psychanalystes. Méthode Sont tour à tour évalués le flou du concept de « trouble bipolaire », la tendance au sur-diagnostic pouvant induire des attitudes thérapeutiques inappropriées pour les uns et l’oubli de la polysémie des mots « manie », « dépression » à l’origine de contre-sens sémantiques et prétention thérapeutique excessive à certains égards pour les autres. Résultats À la lumière de l’itinéraire intellectuel de Freud, les auteurs proposent d’ouvrir une réflexion sur la connaissance actuelle de la maladie bipolaire dont la physiopathologie cérébrale est aujourd’hui beaucoup mieux appréhendée. Discussion En recourant à la fonction « méta », les auteurs en appellent à une redécouverte des propositions de Jean Delay (la psychophysiologie) et d’Henri Ey (l’organodynanisme). Conclusion Enfin, ils plaident pour une juste place des thérapies analytiques chez les patients souffrant d’une maladie bipolaire stabilisée d’un point de vue psychiatrique. Background Following the publication of the proceedings from the conference on bipolar disorders and psychoanalysis organized in March 2012 in Paris, the authors propose deepening the discussion regarding the diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorders given recent advances in the scientific understanding of this disease and its etiology. It could be argued that the term “bipolar” has become a source of confusion for the medical community and the general public alike. As Jean Delay emphasized, mood is by nature bipolar and is “a fundamental affective disposition, rich with all the emotional and instinctual aspects, which gives each of our moods a pleasant or unpleasant tone, oscillating between the two extremes of pleasure and pain.” While the pathophysiology of the bipolar disorder is now much better known and understood, the “extended bipolar spectrum” as a nosological concept may be ill-defined in that certain personality disorders or neurotic problems may be mis-diagnosed within this spectrum. In many cases, this may inhibit further medical exploration as well as lead to inappropriate therapeutic management. Moreover, this is a troublesome development in that the bipolar disorder has seen a significant diagnostic inflation over the past 20 years, most noticeably in the United States but as well as in Europe. Within the context of modern science and current medical understanding, the authors reflect on the role of psychoanalysis as a potential therapeutic treatment for this disorder? Method The authors go on to explain that within the intellectual itinerary of Freud, and then later with Melanie Klein, psychoanalytical concepts emerged using the term “manic” within the meaning of manic defences, and “depressive” for the depressive position to explain certain intra-psychic dynamics (object relations) in the early developmental stages. However, given the development of similar historical terminology by Baillarger, Kraepelin and subsequent psychiatry for use in medical disorders, the words “manic” and “depressive” have inevitably led to further confusion. Freud wrote in “Introduction to Psychoanalysis” that psychoanalysis is to psychiatry “what anatomy is to histology: One examines the external forms of the organs, while the other examines the tissue and the cells in which these bodies are made.” Nonetheless, we should not forget that Freud himself, in his unfinished book “Outline of Psychoanalysis”, admits that there are organic and biological aspects to consider above and beyond the purely psychological components, and that advances in science would no doubt bring new biological understanding that psychoanalysis cannot ignore. On the one hand, Freud assigns a common root for the manic and depressive states, linking them closely to the action of the superego and the passing of the Oedipal stage of development. Melanie Klein, on the other hand, attributes the psychogenesis of the manic-depressive states to an earlier stage of psychological development of the child, during the first year of life when “the oscillation between the depressive position and the manic position is an essential part of normal development”. For Klein, the manic defense is an attempt to repair internalized objects with regards to their potential loss, while both the depressive and manic defensive positions are not polarities of the same phenomenon. Thus, the authors suggest that there should be a clear differentiation between manic defenses, which are found in children and healthy adults in response to anxiety or depression – and the manic state, in the psychiatric sense. Results Nevertheless, the authors argue that the “age of science” has not sounded the death knell of metaphysics. Similarly, the current boom in neuroscience does not erase the interest of metapsychology for the understanding of mental fun [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Objectifs Le progrès des techniques d’imagerie in vivo révèle combien la clinique de la conscience comporte désormais plusieurs niveaux d’activité. Mais ces différences d’activité sont-elles autant des dimensions de la conscience ou ne faut-il pas distinguer la conscience de son éveil par les techniques d’activation ? L’article démontre la différence entre l’éveil par l’activation de la conscience de la conscience par représentation de soi pour étendre le domaine de la clinique au corps vivant. Méthode La méthode distingue successivement les quatre niveaux de la conscience en allant de la conscience représentationnelle à l’activité d’éveil du cerveau : l’analyse décrit l’automaticité des niveaux d’inconscience afin de préciser les possibilités d’une activation du vivant. À travers des tableaux nous mesurons les différences de degré dans ce domaine global de la conscience. Résultats Les résultats distinguent l’émersiologie de la neuroamélioration en utilisant l’activation exogène seulement comme un signe d’activité du vivant. La différence entre awareness et consciouness est démontrée ici dans un espace global de conscience dont la clinique de l’éveil est le nouveau domaine d’analyse des cas limites comme celui du coma. Discussion La discussion porte sur les conséquences éthiques de cette clinique de l’éveil conformément à l’avis n°122, rendu public le mercredi 12 février 2014 du Comité consultatif national d’éthique (CCNE) qui a examiné les enjeux du « recours aux techniques biomédicales en vue de “neuro-amélioration” chez la personne non malade ». Il convient de distinguer un éveil clinique du champ de conscience de la neurostimulation intrusive et invasive . Conclusions La clinique de l’éveil est une extension du champ de la conscience et la prise en compte des états d’inconscience comme le signe d’une activité. La difficulté d’interpréter cette activité, même si nous parvenons à la localiser, nous oblige à considérer le sujet dans toutes ses dimensions psychophysiologiques. Objectives The progress of in-vivo imaging techniques reveals to what extent the clinic of consciousness now includes several levels of activity. However, are these differences in activity so many dimensions of the consciousness, or should one not distinguish the consciousness of awareness through the techniques of activation? This paper demonstrates the difference between the awareness through representation of oneself and hence to extend the clinical domain to that of the consciously experienced body. Method The method distinguishes successively four levels of consciousness from representational consciousness to awareness of the brain: the analysis describes the automaticity of the levels of non-consciousness to specify the possibilities of an activation of the consciously experienced body. Using tables we measured the differences in degree in the global domain of consciousness. Results The results distinguish the “emersiology” of the brain enhancement by using the exogenous activation only as a sign of activity of the consciously experienced body. The difference between awareness and consciousness is demonstrated here in a global space of consciousness: the clinic of awareness that is the new domain of analysis of borderline cases such as comas. Discussion The discussion concerns the ethical consequences of this clinic of awareness according to the decree n o 122, made public on Wednesday, February 12th, 2014 of the National Consultative Committee of Ethics who examined the stakes in the use of biomedical techniques with the aim of “brain enhancement” of the non-sick person. It is advisable to distinguish a clinical awareness of the field of consciousness from an intrusive and invasive neuro-stimulation. Conclusions The clinic of awareness is an extension of the field of the consciousness and the consideration of the states of unconsciousness as the sign of an activity. The difficulty in interpreting the activity, even if we succeed in locating it, obliges us to consider the subject in all its psycho-physiological dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Die wissenschaftliche Beschäftigung mit der Psychophysiologie des Gastrointestinaltrakts hat mittlerweile eine lange Tradition und hat zu beachtlichen Ergebnissen geführt. Dabei haben sich die Grundkonzepte und Forschungsansätze in den letzten 50 Jahren erheblich gewandelt, weisen dabei aber doch eine bemerkenswerte Konvergenz auf. Der Gastrointestinaltrakt reagiert auf unterschiedliche Stressoren mit unterschiedlichen Motilitätsmustern; verschiedene Abschnitte des Gastrointestinaltrakts können dabei in unterschiedlicher, gegebenenfalls auch gegensinniger Weise reagieren. Es gibt Hinweise, aber keine zweifelsfreien Belege dafür, dass unterschiedliche Emotionen mit unterschiedlichen Reaktionsmustern assoziiert sind. Entgegen der ursprünglichen Annahme gibt es keinen eindeutigen Zusammenhang zwischen Motilitätsmustern und gastrointestinalen Beschwerden. Das Reizdarmsymdrom, die funktionelle gastrointestinale Störung mit der größten klinischen Bedeutung, ist mit einer intestinalen Hyperalgesie, Hypersensitivität und Hypervigilanz assoziiert. Dies hängt unmittelbar mit der zentralnervösen Reizverarbeitung zusammen: Bei Reizdarmpatienten werden bei intestinalen Schmerzreizen vermehrt Kerngebiete aktiviert, die mit der Schmerzwahrnehmung und der Stressverarbeitung zusammenhängen. Es lässt sich auch zeigen, dass an der viszeralen Hyperalgesie die Hypothalamus-Hypophysen-Nebennierenrinden (HPA)-Achse und insbesondere die Corticotropin-Releasing-Factor-1 (CRF1)-Rezeptoren beteiligt sind. Entgegen früheren Annahmen sind auch immunologische Prozesse beim Reizdarmsyndrom involviert, und auch diese sind von psychologischen Faktoren abhängig. Stress nimmt über verschiedene Wege Einfluss auf die immunologische Reaktion. Diese Entzündungsvorgänge entstehen dabei in Auseinandersetzung mit der bakteriellen Besiedelung des Darms, insbesondere des Colons. Stress nimmt Einfluss auf die qualitative und quantitative Zusammensetzung unseres «Mikrobioms», und die Zusammensetzung des Mikrobioms moderiert wiederum die Stressantwort. Offensichtlich erfordert ein vollständiges Verständnis funktioneller gastorintestinaler Beschwerden auch die Einbeziehung des Mikrobioms und der damit verbundenen immunologischen Vorgänge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of wheeling experience on efficiency, metabolic cost, and differentiated ratings of perceived exertion (RPEs) during synchronous and asynchronous hand-rim propulsion with varying arm frequencies. Fourteen able-bodied (AB) male participants and 8 male wheelchair sportsmen (WS) performed tests of peak oxygen consumption for both propulsion modes. Subsequently, 2 series of five 4-min sub-maximal exercise bouts were completed at an individualized velocity (60% of peak oxygen consumption). Arm frequencies consisted of the freely chosen frequency (FCF), followed by 4 counter-balanced paced trials pushing at 60%, 80%, 120%, and 140% of the FCF. Efficiency indices (gross, GE; work, WE) were determined and peripheral (RPE-P), central (RPE-C), and overall (RPE-O) RPEs were recorded. The GE (6.4% vs. 8.4%) and WE (11.3% vs. 15.1%) were significantly higher in WS than in AB (p = 0.001). Trends in the oxygen consumption, GE, and WE data were similar in both groups, propulsion mode, and arm frequency. Data suggest that 80% FCF resulted in improved efficiency for both propulsion mode and group, although the differences between those arm frequencies immediately above and below were non-significant. Lower RPE scores corresponded with higher efficiency values. Regardless of group there were significant differences (p = 0.001) between the differentiated RPE measures, whereby RPE-P was on average always the highest score (13.1) and RPE-C the lowest (11.1; RPE-O was 12.2). In conclusion, despite the anticipated differences in efficiency between the WS and AB participants, this study confirmed that psycho-physiological measures produce similar trends to physiological measures with manipulations of both arm frequency and propulsion mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The section presents abstracts on medical topics which include the societal burden of untreated sleep apnea, polysomnographic patterns related to the main risk factors of childhood obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, and the epidemic of obesity in children.