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This paper describes the design, implementation and results of a formative action with 61 students for primary education teachers, oriented to the development of the competence of analysis of the didactic suitability of educational videos about percentages. The a priori analysis of the video made by the researchers revealed important deficiencies in the different facets of didactic suitability, being especially relevant those detected in the epistemic dimension. Most of the students for teacher made quite relevant global assessments of the didactic suitability (70.49% considered it between low and medium) basing their judgment on the precision or degree of fulfillment of the suitability indicators in the different components. However, although the suggestions for improvement indicated are quite timely, not all students who identify weaknesses in the videos are able to explicitly make changes to the resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of a research based on the process of reflection on school mathematics of middle school teacher. For this purpose, a three-component theoretical model was configured, articulated with the Socioepistemological Theory. Specifically, it shows how the process takes place: what and how awareness is acquired, what knowledge is constructed and what is transformed. For the analysis we considered a category of meanings and another on the forms of argumentation related to direct proportionality; both categories allowed us to understand the state of the teacher's knowledge at the beginning and at the end of the ref lective process. Among the results we have that the ref lection of school proportionality gives evidence that the change of relationship to this mathematical knowledge promotes the awareness of responsibility for mathematical education and the development of autonomy over mathematical knowledge (both related to proportionality), two aspects that characterize the professionalization of mathematics teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over four sections, the paper approaches the biomedical and biopolitical production of COVID-19 by linking the discourse of the pandemic and the discourse of war. The first section considers the drift and imposition of martial language, discourses and analogies in relation to framing and conceptualizing the pandemic. The second section describes the military territorialization and martial genealogy of K'jipuktuk (Halifax) to think through the pandemic. The third section considers how the object of population is shared by military counterinsurgency methods and pandemic public safety measures in relation to the idea of proportionality and acceptable losses. The fourth section ends by engaging with notions of biopolitical pre-existing conditions in advance of COVID-19 to consider the provision and production of safety in a post-pandemic recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to study the ecology of the knowledge proportionality on the curricular references from the state of Pernambuco (Brazil), in elementary school and in high school. Qualitative research of documents, which allows for the analyses of the institutional approach to the knowledge proportionality under the Anthropologic Theory of Didatics. Therefore, we have identified the existence of an institutional approach between the knowledge proportionality and the reference analyzed. We have found different places that constitute the habitats of this knowledge and have identified its activities on different niches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of mathematical knowledge in different contexts has acquired relevance due to the current interest in students' ability to use mathematics in solving real life problems. Thus, the purpose of this research is to characterize the knowledge in use in the measurement of inaccessible distances in Johann Stöffler's Elucidatio Fabricoe Ususque Astrolabii, published in 1513. The theoretical model used considers the study of the constitution of knowledge through the analysis of its genesis, development and transversality. The results reveal in the analyzed work an episteme of the measurement of inaccessible distances that includes both the search for a suitable reason to carry out the measurement and the dynamic analysis of the behavior of the shadows or the visual rays in the estimation of inclinations. This episteme is critical for the understanding of this mathematical knowledge in problem solving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most modern legal systems recognize right of self-defense as justifying fact, although it requires that the defense respects strict conditions, namely that it is current, necessary and proportionate to the attack. These conditions are then not respected, so we might observe that there is an exceeding of the limits of self-defense, and this is why the action becomes punishable. In the absence of proper provisions of exceeding the limits of self-defense text, we use the general rules. Thus, if the act is voluntary, the excess is too, if it is in good faith due to carelessness or negligence, then we invoke an involuntary offense, we call on an intentional offence, if there is a criminal qualification to the fault; or if we are unable to estimate the circumstances of the facts, we considerer that there is no fault, and finally whether the excess is based on an error according to the law, there will be no punishable fault because the causes of defense were objective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of multiple offence sentencing is both common and perplexing. It has recently attracted the attention of several leading sentencing scholars, but a principled response still seems elusive. A totality approach ought not to undermine proportionality. Perhaps the answer will require different approaches for different categories of problems. High end offences, attracting long sentences, can be distinguished as one category. For this group, totality is the sentencing driver, not a limit. Restraint is the key. For non-high end offences, it is valuable to consider them in relation to higher levels of culpability to maintain both proportionality and restraint. Here, totality is a limit, not the driver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of the arithmetical proportion is unquestionable from two points of view: school mathematics and its practical application. Its importance is reflected in a series of works in the Mathematics Education field, which is our main topic. In this article we show an historical review of some of the main concepts related to the arithmetical proportion, such as ratio and proportion. Besides its importance, as an historical study, we believe that the conclusions that follow this research may be useful in order to improve the teaching of ideas, concepts and techniques involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasingly, risk assessments are being adopted throughout the criminal justice system in Canada, and they are playing a significant role in the preparation of pre-sentence reports. Over the past five years, nine of Canada's jurisdictions have adopted the use of risk assessments for the preparation of youth pre-sentencing reports (PSR). While ample theoretical knowledge about risk exists, there are noticeably fewer empirical studies of how risk frameworks (re)shape and (re)organize local institutional decision-making practices or of what the socio-political effects of these processes are. Drawing on interviews, case law review, and analyses of risk-assessment documents, this article considers the implications of using risk assessments in the preparation of youth pre-sentencing reports (PSRs). In particular, attention is paid to the tensions between emerging risk practices and the emphasis on proportional sentencing under the Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]