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This article reviews the implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Kyoto Protocol, a 1997 agreement to develop carbon emissions trading frameworks and reduce emissions. The authors discuss the technical and political failures of the Kyoto Protocol including financial abuses of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). The CDM created financial incentives to create pollutants in order to acquire credits for the destruction of those pollutants. The authors suggest that a variety of pollution mitigation technologies need to be developed because of limitations in the understanding of climate change. This thesis is expanded in the essay "The Wrong Trousers: Radically Rethinking Climate Policy" published on the website www.martininstitute.ox.ac.uk/jmi/.

In this article, the author discusses an essay by professor Warleigh-Lack regarding the environmental aspects of the European Union (EU) and Europe 2010. The author says that a colleague from the EU told him that the commission arrived at its target of 20% cut in carbon dioxide by 2020 through spin-meisters who noticed that 20:20 vision is perfect vision. He adds that former British Environment Minister David Miliband suggested that people must aim on making E in EU stand for Environment Union.

The link between HIV/AIDS and ‘security’ is said by many to be well understood, particularly that between the movement and activities of uniformed services and the epidemic. There are strong opinions widely asserted. But recent research undertaken for UNAIDS by LSEAIDS (which brings together leading social scientists at the LSE to confront the social and economic implications of HIV/AIDS), reveals that this is not at all the case. The evidence base is patchy—strikingly so. It has been over-interpreted and even misinterpreted in the rush to respond to a perceived threat by asserting generalizations that do not stand up. In this article the arguments and some of the evidence are reviewed, as are the forces advocating a precipitate response based on poor evidence. The article describes the principles that should underlie an empirically more robust approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article suggests that the Annan High Level Panel that reported in December 2004 has produced the most important strategic document to be published by the UN since 1945, eclipsing the now distinctly dated Millennium Development Goals. It documents how it is unusually cogent and candid for a Blue Ribbon exercise. This article starts by describing both the long wave and the immediate events within which the Panel's work exists. The world is now plainly moving through the biggest change of course since the late eighteenth century, which the Panel also discusses, and which was punctuated in 2002–3 by a specific crisis over Iraq. The aftermath of that crisis was the occasion for the secretary-general of the United Nations to establish a High Level Panel with a wide mandate, to describe the new environment of international peace and security and to recommend changes to refurbish the United Nations in order to face new threats, challenges and change. The article analyses the Panel's strategy to obtain action on its key recommendations. These are to make routine the exercise of the responsibility to protect individuals at risk in failed or collapsed states by‘full spectrum’ UN interventions embracing peace-enforcement, -keeping, -making and -building. The mechanisms recommended are described and the judgement made that the shrewd presentation of the brokerage of different interests gives a modest but real chance of success. The Panel also addresses the matter of membership of the Security Council but in a way which will enable the likely deadlock over that question later this year to be contained so as not to impede action on other matters. In sum, the High Level Panel promises to be Kofi Annan's best legacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AIDS has been medically visible for 30 years; but only in the last five have the security implications of the pandemic begun to be discussed seriously. This debate has been in many ways unsatisfactory to date. The purpose of this article is to begin to rectify this at the moment when the first major efforts to combat the pandemic are beginning to take effect. It records therefore the history of that debate and ascertains in what useful and defensible senses AIDS can be described and managed as a security issue. It argues that there are, indeed, several that meet these criteria. The article describes the first three engagements with the disease from the time of its discovery and then suggests three newer ones and, it argues, more fruitful approaches that have advanced since 2000 of which the security dimension is one. The others are the geo-politics of the human immune system and analysis through the prism of political economy. The scope of the next waves of AIDS after the southern African one, is depicted. Its coming intersection with oil and Great Power politics is noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents three books that are useful in the development of a well-grounded critical approach to globalization. 'Globalization and the Postcolonial World: The New Political Economy of Development,' 2nd edition by Ankie Hoogvelt; 'Inequity in the Global Village: Recycled Rhetoric and Disposable People,' by Jan Knippers Black; 'Predatory Globalization: A Critique,' by Richard Falk.

An essay is presented on the response of the U.S. government to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. The author emphasizes that the government should bear in mind that the injury caused by the attacks does not justify its unconstrained by the normal application of national and international law. He also claims that the administration of U.S. President George W. Bush committed two major strategic errors when it strived to manage its response to the terrorist attacks.

Offers an account of the stages through which the study of military security has passed since the end of the Second World War. Stimuli shaping postwar international security; The influence of economic pressures; The transformation of war.

Presents a framework within which the common characteristics underlying global security problem are examined. Decline in influence of traditional instruments of power since the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989; Importance of negotiation to the achievement of global security; Prospects for global security studies.

The article comments on the Kyoto Protocol, which is an agreement made under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The author stresses that this agreement did not produce demonstrable reductions in emissions or even in anticipated emissions growth. It is cited that Kyoto Protocol has failed not only in achieving success in slowing global warming, but also because this agreement has concealed discussion of alternative policy approaches that could contend climate change and adapt to its unavoidable consequences.

A literary criticism of the book "Global Warming Gridlock: Creating More Effective Strategies for Protecting the Planet," by David G. Victor is presented. It examines the alternatives presented by the author on the approach for discussing the anthropogenic effects of carbon emissions. It evaluates the author's views of the United Nations' role in global warming particularly in terms of controlling carbon emissions.

The article advises renewed attention on adaptation to Climate change. An overview of the adaptation as policy of the society, which did not help reducing pollution since 1980, and the importance of adaptation in climate change policy along with greenhouse-gas mitigation, is presented. New ways of thinking and acting on climate change are reported to be necessary for the policy makers if a changing society is to adapt to changing climate and understand the limitations of mitigation.

A letter to the editor is presented in response to the article regarding the need of radical considerations and reviews for the climate-change policy in the 2008 issue.