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This study investigated effects of the different emittance-mode protocols from three light curing units (LCUs): (i) a Laser (Monet); (ii) a quad-wave (PinkWave); (iii) a conventional LED (Elipar S10) on the temperature rise (ΔT) and degree of conversion (DC) when photo-curing fast or conventional bulk-fill resin-based composites (RBC). The aim was to correlate ΔT and DC, and the radiant exposure delivered to RBC specimens. A 3D-printed resin mold of 4 mm depth was filled with two bulk-fill RBCs: Tetric PowerFill® (fast photo-polymerised composite) (TPF) or Tetric EvoCeram® Bulk-Fill (EVO). Three LCUs were used: (i) Monet laser for 1 s and 3 s (MONET-1 s, MONET-3 s); (ii) PinkWave quad-wave used for 3 s in Boost mode (PW-3 s) and for 20 s in standard mode (PW-20 s); (iii) Elipar S10 for 5 s (S10–5 s) and for 20 s in standard mode (S10–20 s). 2-dimensional temperature maps were obtained before, during and for 60 s after the LCU had turned off using a thermal imaging camera. Thermal changes were analysed at five depths: (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 mm from the top surface of the RBC). The maximum temperature rise (T max) and the mean temperature rise (ΔT) were determined. Cylindrical-shaped specimens were prepared from each material using a stainless-steel split mold (4 × 4 mm) and light-cured with the same protocols. The DC was measured for 120 s and at 1 h after LCU had turned off using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Data were analysed using Three-way ANOVA, One-way ANOVA, independent t-tests, and Tukey post-hoc tests (p < 0.05). Radiant exposures delivered by the various irradiation protocols were between 4.5–30.3 J/cm2. Short exposure times from MONET-1 s and PW-3 s delivered the lowest radiant exposures (4.5 and 5.2 J/cm2, respectively) and produced the lowest ΔT and DC. The longer exposure times in the standard modes of PW-20 s, S10–20 s, and MONET-3 s produced the highest T max , ΔT, and DC for both composites. The ΔT range among composites at different depths varied significantly (31.7–49.9 °C). DC of TPF ranged between 30–65% and in EVO between 15.3–56%. TPF had higher T max, ΔT for all depths and DC compared to EVO, across the LCU protocols (p < 0.05), except for PW-20 s and MONET-3 s. The coronal part of the restorations (1–2 mm) had the highest ΔT. There was a positive correlation between ΔT and DC at 4-mm depth after 120 s Longer, or standard, exposure times of the LCUs delivered greater radiant exposures and had higher DC and ΔT compared to shorter or high-irradiance protocols. The fast photo-polymerised RBC had comparatively superior thermal and conversion outcomes when it received a high irradiance for a short time (1–5 s) compared to the conventional Bulk-Fill RBC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of five brands of radiometers in reporting the irradiance (mW/cm2) from twelve brands of LCUs compared to a 'Gold Standard' (GS) reference obtained from a hand‐held laboratory‐grade radiometer. Materials and Methods: The irradiance was measured from two examples of twelve brands of previously used LCUs on two examples of five brands of dental radiometers. The emission spectrum was also obtained. Irradiance data from each brand of LCU against each meter was analyzed using the Shapiro–Wilk test for normality. The irradiance values were subjected to a two‐way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni tests for each LCU brand. Finally, a descriptive analysis was made using a 95% confidence interval around the mean irradiance. Results: The power output from the LCUs ranged from 271 mW to 1005 mW. Among the tested radiometers, only the Bluephase Meter II could accurately report the irradiance from 11 out of the 12 brands of LCU evaluated in this study. When measured using the "GS" system, the mean irradiance values from the two examples of nine brands of previously used LCU were not always within ±10% of the irradiance values stated by the manufacturer. Conclusions: The mean irradiance values from 9 of the 12 brands of used LCUs were beyond ±10% of the irradiance values stated by the manufacturer. Only the Bluephase Meter II could accurately report the irradiance from 11 out of the 12 brands of LCU evaluated in this study. Clinical Significance: There was a wide range in the power output from the LCUs tested. It was impossible to accurately measure the irradiance from all the LCUs using the dental radiometers examined. However, dental radiometers should still be used in dental offices to monitor the light output from LCUs and verify that they are working correctly before they are used on patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Around the same time, the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) issued a series of recommendations regarding the rights of Maroons and Indigenous peoples, including the need for the state to recognize their collective rights to their traditional territories. Indeed, in 2023, Suriname still retains the shameful distinction of being, as the Forest Peoples Programme put it back in 1998, "the only state in the western hemisphere in which Indigenous Peoples and Maroons live that does not in some way legally recognize their rights to own their ancestral territories." Maroons and Indigenous Peoples versus the State in Suriname: Since independence, extractive industries and government corruption have threatened traditional territories and autonomy. The official restoration of peace in 1992 came at a price, as the Maroons were forced into signing a treaty giving up their rights to land, minerals, and other natural resources - all of which are now claimed unambiguously by the Suriname state. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the use of cariprazine as a maintenance treatment for bipolar I disorder. The authors express their disagreement with a previous study that concluded cariprazine was not superior to placebo in preventing relapse. They argue that individualized dosing is crucial for optimizing the effects of cariprazine, as lower doses are effective for bipolar depression while higher doses are needed for mania and psychosis. The authors also highlight the long half-life of cariprazine's active metabolites, which allows for intermittent dosing and potentially long-lasting effects. They criticize the design of the previous study and suggest that a more effective design would have allowed for dose titration and adjustments based on individual needs. Overall, the authors believe that cariprazine can provide durable relapse prevention for bipolar I disorder when used in the appropriate dosing regimen. [Extracted from the article]

Background and Objective: In our outpatient pediatric and adult psychiatry centers, we reserve psychostimulants for predominantly inattentive attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) due to the potential for appetite and growth suppression, insomnia, wear off, exacerbation of mood, anxiety, and tics, or misuse. We utilize extended-release (ER) alpha-2 agonists primarily for hyperactivity/impulsivity but find them less effective for inattention, and they can cause sedation and hypotension. Oftentimes, we need to combine an alpha-2 agonist for behavior with psychostimulants for inattention. We employ atomoxetine or viloxazine ER (VER) for combined ADHD. However, our patients' insurers mandate a trial of generic atomoxetine prior to covering branded VER. The objective of this study was to determine whether pediatric and adult patients taking atomoxetine for DSM-5-TR ADHD combined type would experience improvement in ADHD symptoms following voluntary, open-label switch to VER. Methods: 50 patients (35 children) received mean doses of atomoxetine 60 mg (25–100 mg once daily) followed by VER 300 mg (100–600 mg once daily) after a 5-day atomoxetine washout. Both atomoxetine and VER were flexibly titrated according to US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines. The pediatric ADHD-Rating Scale-5 (ADHD-RS-5) and the Adult Investigator Symptom Rating Scale (AISRS) were completed prior to starting atomoxetine, and 4 weeks after treatment with atomoxetine or upon earlier response or discontinuation due to side effects, whichever occurred first; the same protocol was used after treatment with VER. We conducted a blinded, de-identified, retrospective review of charts from these 50 patients in the regular course of outpatient practice. Statistical analysis was performed using a within-subject, 2-tailed t-test with significance level of p < 0.05. Results: From the baseline total ADHD-RS-5 mean score (40.3 ± 10.3), improvements were greater on VER (13.9 ± 10.2) than atomoxetine (33.1 ± 12.1; t = − 10.12, p < 0.00001) in inattention (t = − 8.57, p < 0.00001) and in hyperactivity/impulsivity (t = − 9.87, p < 0.00001). From the baseline total AISRS mean score (37.3 ± 11.8), improvements were greater on VER (11.9 ± 9.4) than atomoxetine (28.8 ± 14.9; t = − 4.18, p = 0.0009) in inattention (t = − 3.50, p < 0.004) and in hyperactivity/impulsivity (t = − 3.90, p < 0.002). Of patients on VER, 86% reported positive response by 2 weeks versus 14% on atomoxetine. A total of 36% discontinued atomoxetine for side effects, including gastrointestinal (GI) upset (6 patients), irritability (6), fatigue (5), and insomnia (1), versus 4% who discontinued VER due to fatigue. A total of 96% preferred VER over atomoxetine, with 85% (22 out of 26) choosing to taper psychostimulants following stabilization on VER. Conclusions: Pediatric and adult ADHD patients who have experienced less than optimal response to atomoxetine demonstrate rapid improvement in inattention and in hyperactivity/impulsivity with greater tolerability on extended-release viloxazine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the in vitro pulpal temperature rise (ΔT) within the pulp chamber when low‐ and high‐viscosity bulk‐fill resin composites are photo‐cured using laser or contemporary light curing units (LCUs). Materials and Methods: The light output from five LCUs was measured. Non‐retentive Class I and V cavities were prepared in one upper molar. Two T‐type thermocouples were inserted into the pulp chamber. After the PT values reached 32°C under simulated pulp flow (0.026 mL/min), both cavities were restored with: Filtek One Bulk Fill (3 M), Filtek Bulk Fill Flow (3 M), Tetric PowerFill (Ivoclar Vivadent), or Tetric PowerFlow (Ivoclar Vivadent). The tooth was exposed as follows: Monet Laser (1 and 3 s), PowerCure (3 and 20 s), PinkWave (3 and 20 s), Valo X (5 and 20 s) and SmartLite Pro (20 s). The ΔT data were subjected to one‐way ANOVA followed by Scheffe's post hoc test. Results: Monet 1 s (1.9 J) and PinkWave 20 s (30.1 J) delivered the least and the highest amount of energy, respectively. Valo X and PinkWave used for 20 s produced the highest ΔT values (3.4–4.1°C). Monet 1 s, PinkWave 3 s, PowerCure 3 s (except FB‐Flow) and Monet 3 s for FB‐One and TP‐Fill produced the lowest ΔT values (0.9–1.7°C). No significant differences were found among composites. Conclusions: Short 1‐ to 3‐s exposures produced acceptable temperature rises, regardless of the composite. Clinical Significance: The energy delivered to the tooth by the LCUs affects the temperature rise inside the pulp. The short 1–3 s exposure times used in this study delivered the least amount of energy and produced a lower temperature rise. However, the RBC may not have received sufficient energy to be adequately photo‐cured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: CD4/CD8 ratio is a marker of immune activation in HIV infection and has been associated with neurocognitive performance during chronic infection, but little is known about the early phases. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between blood CD4/CD8 ratio and central nervous system endpoints in primary HIV infection (PHI) before and after antiretroviral treatment (ART). Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of the Primary Infection Stage CNS Events Study (PISCES) cohort. We longitudinally assessed blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers of inflammation, immune activation and neuronal injury, and neuropsychological testing performance (NPZ4, an average of three motor and one processing speed tests, and a summarized total score, NPZ11, including also executive function, learning and memory) in ART‐naïve participants enrolled during PHI. Spearman correlation and linear mixed models assessed the relationships between the trajectory of CD4/CD8 ratio over time and neurocognitive performance, blood and CSF markers of immune activation and neuronal injury. Results: In all, 109 PHI participants were enrolled. The mean CD4/CD8 ratio decreased with longer time from infection to starting treatment (p < 0.001). Every unit increase in NPZ4 score was independently associated with a 0.15 increase in CD4/CD8 ratio (95% CI: 0.002–0.29; p = 0.047), whereas no correlation was found between CD4/CD8 ratio and NPZ11. Among the cognitive domains, only a change in processing speed was correlated with CD4/CD8 ratio over time (p = 0.03). The trajectory of the CD4/CD8 ratio was negatively correlated with change in CSF neurofilament light chain (p = 0.04). Conclusions: The trajectory of CD4/CD8 ratio was independently associated with motor/psychomotor speed performance, suggesting that immune activation is involved in brain injury during the early stages of the infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the ability of a laser, and a 'quad-wave' LCU, to photo-cure paste and flowable bulk-fill resin-based composites (RBCs). Five LCUs and nine exposure conditions were used. The laser LCU (Monet) used for 1 s and 3 s, the quad-wave LCU (PinkWave) used for 3 s in the Boost and 20 s in the Standard modes, the the multi-peak LCU (Valo X) used for 5 s in the Xtra and 20 s in the Standard modes, were compared to the polywave PowerCure used in the 3 s mode and for 20 s in the Standard mode, and to the mono-peak SmartLite Pro used for 20 s. Two paste consistency bulk-fill RBCs: Filtek One Bulk Fill Shade A2 (3 M), Tetric PowerFill Shade IVA (Ivoclar Vivadent), and two flowable RBCs: Filtek Bulk Fill Flowable Shade A2 (3 M), Tetric PowerFlow Shade IVA (Ivoclar Vivadent) were photo-cured in 4-mm deep x 4-mm diameter metal molds. The light received by these specimens was measured using a spectrometer (Flame-T, Ocean Insight), and the radiant exposure delivered to the top surface of the RBCs was mapped. The immediate degree of conversion (DC) at the bottom, and the 24-hour Vickers Hardness (VH) at the top and bottom of the RBCs were measured and compared. The irradiance received by the 4-mm diameter specimens ranged from 1035 mW/cm2 (SmartLite Pro) to 5303 mW/cm2 (Monet). The radiant exposures between 350 and 500 nm delivered to the top surface of the RBCs ranged from 5.3 J/cm2 (Monet in 1 s) to 26.4 J/cm2 (Valo X), although the PinkWave delivered 32.1 J/cm2 in 20 s 350 to 900 nm. All four RBCs achieved their maximum DC and VH values at the bottom when photo-cured for 20 s. The Monet used for 1 s and the PinkWave used for 3 s on the Boost setting delivered the lowest radiant exposures between 420 and 500 nm (5.3 J/cm2 and 3.5 J/cm2 respectively), and they produced the lowest DC and VH values. Despite delivering a high irradiance, the short 1 or 3-s exposures delivered less energy to the RBC than 20-s exposures from LCUs that deliver> 1000 mW/cm2. There was an excellent linear correlation (r > 0.98) between the DC and the VH at the bottom. There was a logarithmic relationship between the DC and the radiant exposure (Pearson's r = 0.87-97) and between the VH and the radiant exposure (Pearson's r = 0.92–0.96) delivered in the 420-500 nm range. • The spectral radiant powers and the radiant exposures delivered to the RBCs from the LCUs ranged from 5.3 J/cm2 to 32.1 J/cm2. • The effect of high irradiance and short exposure times was material dependant. • There was an excellent correlation (r > 0.98) between both the DC and the VH at the bottom and the radiant exposure. • There was little correlation between the irradiance and the DC or the VH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human Empire: Mobility and Demographic Thought in the British Atlantic World, 1500-1800 by Ted McCormick He asserted the primacy of providential design and shifted demographic governance away from the secular basis that had been an implicit part of political arithmetic, re-centering individuals over the collective as the key to demographic transformation. Human Empire: Mobility and Demographic Thought in the British Atlantic World, 1500-1800. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Given the increasing use of photo-activated resins in dentistry, dentists and researchers need a user-friendly dental radiometer to measure the power output from dental light-curing units (LCUs). Objective: Our goal was to measure the accuracy of two brands of dental radiometers in reporting the power (mW) from twelve brands of contemporary LCUs compared to a 'gold standard' (GS) reference value obtained from an integrating sphere attached to a fiberoptic spectroradiometer. Methods: The power output was measured from two units of 12 brands of LCUs, five times on the "GS" system, five times on two Bluephase Meter II dental radiometers, and five times on two Mini Gig hand-held spectroradiometers. The emission spectrum was also recorded using the 'GS' integrating sphere. The power values reported by each meter were subjected to t-tests to compare the two examples of each LCU, and 3-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's post-hoc tests. Regression analyses were also performed to determine the relationship between the data from the hand-held radiometers and the 'GS' integrating sphere. Results: There was a large difference in the power values (mW) and the emission spectra from the 12 brands of LCUs on their standard-settings (p<0.001). Except for one LCU (Dental Spark @ 15.1%), the differences between the two LCUs of the same brand were less than 5.3% when measured using the 'GS' integrating sphere. Regression analyses showed a highly significant agreement between the power values reported from the two brands of radiometers and the 'GS' integrating sphere (R2 > 98%). Conclusion: We concluded that the power values reported from both brands of dental radiometers we tested were accurate, provided that the light source did not emit wavelengths of light that were beyond the radiometer's detection limit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals with disabilities remain underrepresented in the workforce compared to those without disabilities. It has been explored that employer perceptions of their employees with disabilities directly impact this participation in the workforce, specifically hiring and retention. However, the use of primarily quantitative methods in demand-side research to date may limit the development of a fuller understanding of the hiring practices of employers. This study aimed to explore the hiring and retention practices of employers who are successful in hiring and retaining individuals with disabilities within their companies. Four exemplary employers were interviewed, utilizing semi-structured interviews. Analysis of the interviews was done following a qualitative phrenetic iterative analysis. Analysis revealed eight themes: empowering hiring managers, career development and advancement, community relationships, trainings that go beyond awareness, universal design of accommodations, responsive practices, disability as a diversity, and confidence to fail. These findings highlight the crucial role employers play in cultivating an inclusive work environment and employers’ potential to address aspects of systemic inequalities by integrating individuals with disabilities into their organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microglia are critical responders to amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Therefore, the therapeutic targeting of microglia in AD is of high clinical interest. While previous investigation has focused on the innate immune receptors governing microglial functions in response to Aβ plaques, how microglial innate immune responses are regulated is not well understood. Interestingly, many of these microglial innate immune receptors contain unique cytoplasmic motifs, termed immunoreceptor tyrosine‐based activating and inhibitory motifs (ITAM/ITIM), that are commonly known to regulate immune activation and inhibition in the periphery. In this review, we summarize the diverse functions employed by microglia in response to Aβ plaques and also discuss the innate immune receptors and intracellular signaling players that guide these functions. Specifically, we focus on the role of ITAM and ITIM signaling cascades in regulating microglia innate immune responses. A better understanding of how microglial innate immune responses are regulated in AD may provide novel therapeutic avenues to tune the microglial innate immune response in AD pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on Caveat emptor when purchasing dental products online.

Les législateurs provinciaux canadiens en tant que serviteurs de leur circonscription A partir de données cueillies par la poste auprès des législateurs provinciaux canadiens qui n'occupent pas de fonctions exécutives, les auteurs vérifient empiriquement la validité de trois hypothèses concernant la proportion de temps consacré par le législateur à desservir sa circonscription électorate, cette proportion étant supposée varier selon (1) la perception qu'a le législateur de son rôle de représentation, (2) le degré de compétition politique dans son comté et (3) l'orientation « locale » ou « cosmopolite » du législateur. Les données révèlent que si la grande majorité des législateurs provinciaux consacrent beaucoup de temps à desservir leurs électeurs, cette période de temps varie considérablement selon les partis et les provinces sans qu'il soit possible d'expliquer ces variations par regroupements culturels ou géographiques. Quant aux hypothèses à vérifier, il appert (1) que plus les législateurs se perçoivent comme des mandataires, plus ils consacrent de temps à leurs électeurs, (2) que le degré de compétition politique dans le comté n'influe en rien sur le service à l'électorat et (3) que les législateurs « locaux » (i.e. ceux qui résident depuis longtemps dans de petites communautés rurales) desservent davantage leurs électeurs que les législateurs « cosmopolitains » (i.e. ceux qui résident depuis moins longtemps dans les comtés fortement urbanisés). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article, the author discusses developments in the Rural Housing Service (RHS) rental housing program administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). Also cited are the strategies for USDA's RHS multifamily direct loan portfolio, and the efforts by Congress to preserve the portfolio by enacting the Emergency Low Income Housing Preservation Act of 1987 (ELIHPA).

We recognize that a paradigm shift of this magnitude takes time, as psychostimulants have been the mainstay of pharmacologic ADHD treatment for generations, but we are grateful to the editor for giving us this forum to share the experiences of our patients and their families from which we can learn. Comment on "Extended-Release Viloxazine Compared to Atomoxetine for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder" Following the 5-day washout period of atomoxetine, post-treatment scores were compared with baseline pretreatment scores to confirm that baseline scores were re-established prior to initiating viloxazine extended release (VER). [Extracted from the article]

In a recent paper, Price, Moss, and Gay have given a simple explanation of a paradox in the flight of a football, why the long axis of the football, contrary to intuition but in good agreement with experience, turns so that it is tangent to the path of the football. Here, we add to the analysis the assumption of only first-order differences between the direction of the velocity, the orientation of the long axis, and the direction of the total angular momentum. The result is a closed-form solution that is particularly useful in revealing the way in which nutation and precession are mixed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An American football is a rotationally symmetric object, which, when well-thrown, spins rapidly around its symmetry axis. In the absence of aerodynamic effects, the football would be a torquefree gyroscope and the symmetry/spin axis would remain pointing in a fixed direction in space as the football moved on its parabolic path. When a pass is well-thrown through the atmosphere, however, the symmetry axis remains--at least approximately--tangent to the path of motion. The rotation of the symmetry axis must be due to aerodynamic torque; yet, that torque, at first glance, would seem to have precisely the opposite effect. Here, we explain the action of aerodynamics on the ball's orientation at second glance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the effect of time on the Vickers microhardness (VH) at the top and bottom surfaces of six conventional resin-based composites (RBCs) up to twelve weeks after light curing. Five specimens of Filtek Supreme Ultra, Herculite Ultra, Mosaic Ultra, Tetric EvoCeram, TPH Spectra HV, and Venus Pearl were packed into opaque molds that were 2.3 mm in diameter and 2.5 mm deep. The uncured RBC specimens were covered by a polyester strip and photo-cured with an Elipar DeepCure-S light-curing unit (LCU) according to the manufacturer's instructions. After irradiation, the polyester strip was removed, and the Vickers microhardness was measured immediately at top and bottom surfaces. The hardness measurements were repeated after 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 24 h, 1 week, 4 weeks, and 12 weeks. In between, the specimens were stored in dry and dark conditions at 37 °C. Two-way ANOVA (α = 0.05) followed by Tukey–Kramer post hoc multiple comparison tests were used to determine where statistically significant differences existed. The micro-hardness values at the top surface always exceeded those at the bottom surface. A significant logarithmic increase of the micro-hardness due to post-irradiation curing took place between 30 min and 24 h (p < 0.05). There was no significant increase in the VH after 24 h. Depending on the RBC, compared to the immediate values the hardness 24 h post-irradiation had increased by 11–27% at the top surface and by 21–58% at the bottom. Even after 12 weeks, the bottom hardness values never reached the top microhardness values. The results of studies that wait 24 h or longer before measuring the properties of RBC specimens will be significantly enhanced by the impact of post-irradiation curing. Especially within the first 4 h, the time when specimens are measured is critical information and should be reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

10.1119/10.0001299.1 In introductory physics courses, simple arguments based on traveling waves on a string are used to relate the frequency of standing waves to boundary conditions, e.g., the fixed ends of the string. Here, we extend that approach to two-dimensional waves such as the oscillations of a rectangular membrane with edges fixed at the boundary. This results in a graphical method that uses only simple geometry and is suitable for explaining two-dimensional standing-wave oscillations to non-science majors, e.g., in a physics of sound and music class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HIV cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) escape is defined by a concentration of HIV-1 RNA in CSF above the lower limit of quantification of the employed assay and equal to or greater than the plasma HIV-1 RNA level in the presence of treatment-related plasma viral suppression, while CSF discordance is similarly defined by equal or higher CSF than plasma HIV-1 RNA in untreated individuals. During secondary CSF escape or discordance, disproportionate CSF HIV-1 RNA develops in relation to another infection in addition to HIV-1. We performed a retrospective review of people living with HIV receiving clinical care at Sahlgrenska Infectious Diseases Clinic in Gothenburg, Sweden who developed uncomplicated herpes zoster (HZ) and underwent a research lumbar puncture (LP) within the ensuing 150 days. Based on treatment status and the relationship between CSF and plasma HIV-1 RNA concentrations, they were divided into 4 groups: i) antiretroviral treated with CSF escape (N = 4), ii) treated without CSF escape (N = 5), iii) untreated with CSF discordance (N = 8), and iv) untreated without CSF discordance (N = 8). We augmented these with two additional cases of secondary CSF escape related to neuroborreliosis and HSV-2 encephalitis and analyzed these two non-HZ cases for factors contributing to CSF HIV-1 RNA concentrations. HIV-1 CSF escape and discordance were associated with higher CSF white blood cell (WBC) counts than their non-escape (P = 0.0087) and non-discordant (P = 0.0017) counterparts, and the CSF WBC counts correlated with the CSF HIV-1 RNA levels in both the treated (P = 0.0047) and untreated (P = 0.002) group pairs. Moreover, the CSF WBC counts correlated with the CSF:plasma HIV-1 RNA ratios of the entire group of 27 subjects (P = <0.0001) indicating a strong effect of the CSF WBC count on the relation of the CSF to plasma HIV-1 RNA concentrations across the entire sample set. The inflammatory response to HZ and its augmenting effect on CSF HIV-1 RNA was found up to 5 months after the HZ outbreak in the cross-sectional sample and, was present for one year after HZ in one individual followed longitudinally. We suggest that HZ provides a 'model' of secondary CSF escape and discordance. Likely, the inflammatory response to HZ pathology provoked local HIV-1 production by enhanced trafficking or activation of HIV-1-infected CD4+ T lymphocytes. Whereas treatment and other systemic factors determined the plasma HIV-1 RNA concentrations, in this setting the CSF WBC counts established the relation of the CSF HIV-1 RNA levels to this plasma set-point. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some have argued for the relevance for normative ethics of empirical research in international relations on the origins and role of moral norms. Building on such arguments, the paper considers the relevance of contemporary research in moral psychology and neuroscience for the ethics of war. Research in those fields has implications for our understanding of the sources and nature of moral beliefs and judgement, and thus may shed light on efforts to morally bound violence. In this chapter I consider how such research helps us understand the norm of non-combatant immunity, and explore the implications for understanding the effectiveness of such norms and for normative practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Acoustic cavitation of diaromatic compounds. • Production of partially oxidised graphene platelets. • One-pot synthesis and functionalisation of platelets. • Scale-up potential via hydrodynamic cavitation. The transient cavitation of diaromatic components such as 1-methylnaphthalene has been used to produce graphene platelets in a 'bottom-up' synthesis via the high temperature (>5000 K) conditions that are generated inside collapsing bubbles. Acoustic cavitation produced yields of 5.7 × 10−11 kgJ−1 at a production rate of 2.2 × 10−9 kgs−1. This can be improved by generating cavitation hydrodynamically, thus making commercial scale production viable. Hydrodynamic cavitation produced platelets with larger lateral dimensions (≥2 µm) than those formed by acoustic cavitation (10–200 nm). The partially oxidised nature of the platelets enables their covalent chemical functionalisation, which was achieved by combining suitable molecules in the reaction medium to affect a one-pot formation and functionalisation of graphene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnification loupes are not disposable and must be cleaned and disinfected between each patient. In this pilot study, the authors determined the efficacy of infection-control procedures used by dental students between patients. Visibly clean loupes owned and used by 25 dental students were swabbed for bacteria using a standard microbiology method at baseline and then cleaned with surface disinfectant before they were returned. The students then used and disinfected their loupes for 5 days as they treated patients, after which time the loupes were retrieved and swabbed again. After the samples had been cultured, the numbers of aerobic and anaerobic colony-forming units (CFUs) were enumerated. The authors report the contamination levels at baseline, after cleaning, and after being used for 5 days. At baseline, the number of CFUs ranged from 0 through more than 100. When used according to the manufacturers' instructions, the disinfectant reduced the count to no more than 2 CFUs. After the loupes were used for 5 days, 20% of loupes were highly contaminated (> 100 CFUs), 20% were moderately contaminated (20-100 CFUs), and 60% had less than 20 CFUs. Students who performed a restoration on day 5 were 12 times more likely (P <.01) to have loupes contaminated with aerobic bacteria than those who had not performed a restoration on day 5. The recommended prophylaxis and disinfection protocol worked well when used correctly, but it was likely that the protocol often was not followed properly or consistently. Visibly clean loupes may be a source of cross-contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pounamu Ultramafic Belt is an elongate zone of serpentinites and associated rocks within the Alpine Schist of north Westland, New Zealand. It includes metamorphosed pyroxenite-peridotite or boninite, gabbro and a breccia dominated by clasts of basalt and gabbro, overlain by pelagic sediments, a mid-Cretaceous tuff (108-105 Ma), and quartzofeldspathic turbidites with Cretaceous (< 105 Ma) detrital zircon minimum age populations. Rare earth element geochemistry indicates metabasites are similar to fractionated normal mid-ocean ridge basalt (N-MORBs), with minor enriched mid-ocean ridge basalt (E-MORB). However, because high field strength element concentrations of these metabasites are depleted relative to N-MORB, they have affinities to fore-arc magmas. The Pounamu ophiolite is likely, therefore, to have formed in a supra-subduction zone setting. Formation of oceanic crust and sedimentation during the Cretaceous is most likely in the re-entrant plate boundary zone between northwest and southeast Zealandia. Subsequent (c. 70 Ma) metamorphism occurred during accretion, subduction and interfolding of this exotic Pounamu Terrane with Rakaia Terrane-derived Otago Schist beneath western southeast Zealandia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Bipolar depressed patients show improved mood on cariprazine versus aripiprazole. • Cariprazine patients demonstrate reduced weight gain. • Direct switch from aripiprazole to cariprazine is well tolerated. • Cariprazine patients maintain stability beyond resolution of the depressed phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In introductory general relativity courses, free particle trajectories, such as astronomical orbits, are generally developed via a Lagrangian and variational calculus, so that physical examples can precede the mathematics of tensor calculus. The use of a Hamiltonian is viewed as more advanced and typically comes later if at all. We suggest here that this might not be the optimal order in a first course in general relativity, especially if orbits are to be solved with numerical methods. We discuss some of the issues that arise in both the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) likely persists in the central nervous system (CNS) in treated individuals. We examined anti-HIV antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood as markers of persistence. Methods. Human immunodeficiency virus antibodies were measured in paired CSF and serum before and after long-term treatment of chronic (n = 10) and early infection (n = 12), along with untreated early infection (n = 10). Results. Treatment of chronic infection resulted in small reductions of anti-HIV antibodies in CSF and serum despite >10 years of suppressive ART. In untreated early infection, anti-HIV antibodies emerged in blood by day 30, whereas CSF antibodies reached similar levels 2 weeks later. Compared with long-term treatment of chronic infection, early ART initiation reduced CSF antibodies by 43-fold (P > .0001) and blood antibodies by 7-fold (P = .0003). Two individuals receiving pre-exposure prophylaxis and then ART early after infection failed to develop antibodies in CSF or blood, whereas CSF antibodies were markedly reduced in the Berlin patient. Conclusions. To the extent that differential CSF and blood antibodies indicate HIV persistence, these data suggest a relative delay in establishment of the CNS compared with the systemic HIV reservoir that provides an opportunity for early treatment to have a greater impact on the magnitude of long-term CNS infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the challenge to the chemical weapons (CW) taboo in Syria, from research on the status of international norms. It focuses on the assessment of norm contestation and robustness, with conflict claimed responsibility for the attack of absarin rockets in the Ghouta suburbs of Damascus. It focuses on the absence of justifications offered by the violator that can outright reject the norm.

Background: The prevalence of neurocognitive deficits are reported to be high in HIV-1 positive patients, even with suppressive antiretroviral treatment, and it has been suggested that HIV can cause accelerated aging of the brain. In this study we measured phosphorylated tau (p-tau) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as a potential marker for premature central nervous system (CNS) aging. P-tau increases with normal aging but is not affected by HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Methods: With a cross-sectional retrospective design, p-tau, total tau (t-tau), neopterin and HIV-RNA were measured in CSF together with plasma HIV-RNA and blood CD4+T-cells of 225 HIV-infected patients <50 y of age, subdivided into 3 groups: untreated neuroasymptomatic (NA) (n = 145), on suppressive antiretroviral treatment (cART) (n = 49), and HIV-associated dementia (HAD) (n = 31). HIV-negative healthy subjects served as controls (n = 79). Results: P-tau was not significantly higher in any HIV-infected group compared to HIV-negative controls. Significant increases in t-tau were found as expected in patients with HAD compared to NA, cART, and control groups (p < 0.001). Conclusions: P-tau was not higher in HIV-infected patients compared to uninfected controls, thus failing to support a role for premature or accelerated brain aging in HIV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A literary criticism of the book "Éloge de la créolité" by Jean Bernabe, Patrick Chamoiseau, and Raphael Confiant. It outlines the use of business linguistics terms including Créolisation, Créolité, and Creolization. It analyses the philosophical and quasi-utopian concept of the terms with reference to the migration of people from Caribbean region.

The article focuses on limited development of state constitutional law of Oregon and foundation and guidance to their lawyers in developing a new state constitutional path. It also mentions importance of giving primary attention to state constitutional rights claims and decision making is thus interdependent because justices' ability to have majority opinions. It also mentions actions in the form of public opinions on equal protection legal frame.

An obituary of English historian Asa Briggs is presented.

Objective: This study compared the effects of mold material and diameter on the thickness of cured composite remnants and depth of cure (DOC) of resin-based composites (RBC). Material and methods: One Polywave® curing light was used to photo-cure two shades of the same 'bulk-fill' RBC in 4, 6, or 10-mm internal diameter metal or white Delrin® molds. For 60 specimens, the uncured RBC was manually scraped away as described in the ISO 4049 depth of cure test. The remaining 60 specimens were immersed in tetrahydrofuran for 48 hours in the dark. Maximum lengths of remaining hard RBC and their DOC values were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey-Kramer post hoc multiple comparison tests (α = 0.05). Results: Specimen thickness and DOC were always greater using the white Delrin® molds compared to metal molds ( p < 0.001). Increase in mold diameter significantly increased specimen thickness and DOC when made in the metal molds and in the 6-mm diameter Delrin® molds ( p < 0.01). Increasing the diameter of the Delrin® molds to 10-mm did not increase specimen thickness or DOC. Sectioning and staining of specimens revealed an internal, peripheral transition zone of porous RBC in the solvent-dissolved specimens only. Conclusion: Mold material and internal diameter significantly influenced cured composite remnant thickness as well as depth of cure. The existence of an outer region of RBC that is hard, yet susceptible to solvent dissolution, requires further investigation. Clinical relevance: The depth of cure results obtained from a 4-mm diameter metal mold may not represent the true potential for evaluating composite depth of cure. A universally acceptable mold material and diameter size need to be established if this type of testing is to be useful for evaluating the relative performance of a given type of LCU and RBC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Powerful blue-light emitting dental curing lights are used in dental offices to photocure resins in the mouth. In addition, many dental personnel use magnification loupes. This study measured the effect of magnification loupes on the “blue light hazard” when the light from a dental curing light was reflected off a human tooth. Loupes with 3.5x magnification (Design for Vision, Carl Zeiss, and Quality Aspirator) and 2.5x magnification (Design for Vision and Quality Aspirator) were placed at the entrance of an integrating sphere connected to a spectrometer (USB 4000, Ocean Optics). A model with human teeth was placed 40 cm away and in line with this sphere. The light guide tip of a broad-spectrum Sapphire Plus (Den-Mat) curing light was positioned at a 45° angle from the facial surface of the central incisor. The spectral radiant power reflected from the teeth was recorded five times with the loupes over the entrance into the sphere. The maximum permissible cumulative exposure times in an 8-hr day were calculated using guidelines set by the ACGIH. It was concluded that at a 40 cm distance, the maximum permissible cumulative daily exposure time to light reflected from the tooth was approximately 11 min without loupes. The weighted blue irradiance values were significantly different for each brand of loupe (Fisher's PLSD p < 0.05) and were up to eight times greater at the pupil than when loupes were not used. However, since the linear dimensions of the resulting images would be 2.5 to 3.5x larger on the retina, the image area was increased by the square of the magnification and the effective blue light hazard was reduced compared to without the loupes. Thus, although using magnification loupes increased the irradiance received at the pupil, the maximum cumulative daily exposure time to reflected light was increased up to 28 min. Further studies are required to determine the ocular hazards of a focused stare when using magnification loupes and the effects of other curing lights used in the dental office. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The belief that curved spacetime gravity cannot be simply and correctly presented results in such misleading presentations as elastic two-dimensional sheets deformed as they support heavy objects. This article attempts to show that the conceptual basis of curved spacetime gravity can be simply and correctly presented, and that the spatial curvature of a deformed elastic sheet is very different from the spacetime curvature underlying gravity. This article introduces the idea of a "splittable" spacetime that has spatial curvature, but is missing most of the manifestations of gravity. A section in which no mathematics is used is directed at students who have studied no more than introductory physics. A separate section, for students who have taken only an introductory course in general relativity, gives mathematical arguments centering on splittable spacetimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses the geochemistry and petrology of xenoliths to constrain the evolutionary pathways of host magmas at two adjacent andesitic volcanoes in New Zealand’s North Island. Egmont (Mt. Taranaki) is located on the west coast of the North Island and Ruapehu lies 140 km to the east at the southern end of the Taupo Volcanic Zone, the principal locus of subduction-related magmatism in New Zealand. Xenoliths are common in the eruptives of both volcanoes but the xenoliths suites are petrographically and geochemically different. Ruapehu xenoliths are predominantly pyroxene–plagioclase granulites derived from Mesozoic meta-greywacke basement and the underlying oceanic crust. The xenolith population of Egmont Volcano is more complex. It includes sedimentary, metamorphic and plutonic rocks from the underlying basement but is dominated by coarse grained, mafic and ultramafic igneous rocks. Gabbroic xenoliths (Group 1) are composed of plagioclase, clinopyroxene and amphibole whereas ultramafic xenoliths are dominated by amphibole (Group 2) or pyroxene (Group 3) or, in very rare cases, olivine (Group 4). In Group 1 xenoliths plagioclase and clinopyroxene and in some cases amphibole show cumulate textures. Amphibole also occurs as intercumulate poikilitic crystals or as blebs or laminae replacing pyroxene. Some Group 2 xenoliths have cumulate textures but near monomineralic amphibole xenoliths are coarse grained with bladed or comb textures. Pyroxene in Group 3 xenoliths has a polygonal granoblastic texture that is commonly overprinted by veining and amphibole replacement. Group 1 and most Group 2 xenoliths have major, trace element and Sr, Nd and Pb isotope compositions indicating affinity with the host volcanic rocks. Geochemical variation can be modelled by assimilation fractional crystallisation (AFC) and fractional crystallisation (FC) of basaltic parents assuming an assimilant with the composition of average crystalline basement and Group 1 xenoliths have compositions approximating the solid material extracted during these processes. Some Group 2 xenoliths have relatively unevolved Sr and Nd isotopic compositions and they are interpreted to have derived as crystal cumulates from a more primitive parental basalt or through metasomatic alteration of other xenolith types by isotopically less evolved fluids or melts. Some Group 3 xenoliths could have originally been pyroxene cumulates but the granoblastic textures of others are more consistent with an origin as restites generated during anatexis of amphibolite. Group 4 xenoliths have textures similar to those of mantle-derived peridotite xenoliths found in intraplate basalts. The geochemical variation is consistent with a system fed by mantle-derived magmas that underplated and intruded the lower crust. At this level AFC and FC and crustal anatexis generated cumulates and pyroxene restite represented by the mafic and ultramafic xenoliths. The magmas segregating at these deep levels moved higher into the crust where a complex dispersed magma storage and plumbing system formed. Here magmas evolved further through AFC and FC with the formation of cumulates and crystal mushes that are represented by some Group 1 and Group 2 xenoliths. Xenoliths were further modified by interaction with host magmas or by alteration at the side walls of magma storages and conduits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To elucidate the mechanism(s) responsible for the profound impact germanium has on the setting reaction of zinc silicate glass ionomer cements (GICs). Methods Five <45 μm glass powder compositions (0.48- x SiO 2 , x GeO 2 , 0.36 ZnO, 0.16 CaO; where x = 0.12, 0.24, 0.36, 0.48 mol. fraction) were synthesized. Glass degradation was assessed under simulated setting conditions using acetic acid from 0.5 to 60 min, monitoring the concentrations of ions released using ICP-OES. Subsequently, GICs were prepared by mixing fresh glass powders with polyacrylic acid (PAA, Mw = 12,500 g/mol, 50 wt% aq. solution) at a 1:0.75 ratio. Cement structure and properties were evaluated using ATR-FTIR and rheology (for 60 min), as well as 24 h biaxial flexural strength. Results Reduced Si:Ge ratios yielded faster degrading glasses, yet contrary to expectation, the corresponding ATR-FTIR spectra indicated slower crosslinking within the GIC matrix. Rheology testing found the initial viscosity cement pastes reduced with decreased Si:Ge, and Ge containing cements all set significantly slower than the Si based GIC. Interestingly, biaxial flexural strength remained consistent regardless of setting behavior. Significance This counter-intuitive combination of behaviors is attributed to the presence of a chemical complex species specific to Ge-containing glasses that delays, but does not hinder, the formation of the GIC matrix. These findings embody chemical complex species as a mechanism to decouple glass reactivity from cement setting rate, a mechanism with the potential to enhance the utility of GICs in both dental and orthopaedic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The progress of judicial federalism, the independent interpretation of state constitutions, has generally been limited. This article explores how lawyers have contributed to the development of state constitutional rights law in the search and seizure context. Through a comparative study of lawyers in New York, Ohio, Oregon, and Washington, I argue that the ideational support provided by lawyers in the form of constitutional arguments has varied widely across the states in response to the legal signals sent by their high courts and the United States Supreme Court. In essence, the argument is that lawyers need law and in the area of judicial federalism have largely waited for their state courts to provide some measure of leadership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]