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In the modern era, breast cancer (BC) is one of the most prevalent diseases affecting the lifespan of women. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) elucidates an enormous proportion of the hazard in women with a solid family history. Different types of human disorders have been analyzed using Machine Learning methods to locate the vital SNP. The identification of an optimal feature set is the primary constraint in the existing methods owing to the ill effects of multidimensionality. Thus, a novel Bio-Inspired Ensemble Feature Selection (BIEFS) technique has been proposed in this paper to identify the most relevant SNP for accurate classification of BC. An initial feature subset is generated from each base feature selector such as Membership Weight Salp Swarm Algorithm (MWSSA), Crossover Horse Herd Optimization (CHHO), and Levy Mutation Manta-Ray Foraging Optimization (LMMRFO). Then the proposed BIEFS technique obtains the optimized weight of each feature subset through the mutation operator. Finally, the Self-Organizing Deep Auto-Encoder (SODAE) is employed for BC classification. A Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset is used to assess the proposed methodology. Simulation results validate that the proposed methodology attains a maximum accuracy of 98.75% as compared to the conventional techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy demand on a global measure grows continuously due to increased population, industrialization and economic growth. Fossil fuel resources that are currently available are definitely not sufficient to meet the growing demand. In addition, the continuous emissions from automobiles and industrial sectors should be attended to so that a complete remedial and sustainable alternative for fossil fuels is obtained. The appropriate replacement for fossil fuel is biofuel, as they are renewable and eco-friendly. First generation and second generation biodiesel derived from various sources are extensively researched and experimented practically by the past researchers. This article summarizes a continuous and comprehensive assessment of different feedstocks needed for third and fourth generations of biodiesel. Various sources of feedstock, steps for biodiesel production, yield of biodiesel obtained through different methods, properties of biodiesel like fatty acid profile, density, viscosity, cetane number, flash point, cloud point, economic feasibility and considerations are also discussed. Third generation biodiesel like microalgae can be widely used in CI engines. It is observed that their performance and combustion analysis in a CI engine is determined by the physico chemical properties of obtained biodiesel and nature of feedstock. Species selection and cultivation methods of microalgae, future perspectives of cultivating techniques and lipid production are summarized in detail. Fourth generation biodiesel like solar fuels and synthetic biomass production are covered, though their application in various energy fields is still not revealed. The type of transesterification that best suits the free fatty acid profile of fuel is selected and other reaction parameters like reaction time, reaction temperature, catalyst quantity and oil methanol molar ratio are explained individually for third generation feedstocks. Proper adoption of suitable methods would help in yielding the maximum biodiesel. Future energy demand can be dealt with by the combination of various third and fourth generation oil feedstocks. [Display omitted] • Exploring new possibilities of replacing first and second-generation biofuels, so that there is no food crisis and adverse effect on the ecological cycle. • Sources, production methods, economic consideration and implementation feasibility of third and fourth generation biodiesel. • Application of biodiesel in CI engines and effect of their properties on engine analysis such as combustion, performance and emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this work was to utilize the winery biomass waste as a useful feedstock for CI engines, which otherwise would have been disposed as solid waste, leading to environmental pollution. Maximum utilization of this fuel in CI engines with reduced emissions was the motivation of this study. In this work, grapeseed oil derived from winery biomass waste was used. The trans-esterified methyl ester was blended with varying dosage of nanofluid additives to improve the engine performance characteristics and reduce the emission parameters. Zinc oxide (ZnO) and cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoemulsions were prepared by mixing them with water at concentration levels of 50 and 100 ppm each. Five percent of nanoemulsion and 1% Span 80 surfactant were mixed with grapeseed biodiesel to obtain biodiesel nanoemulsion blends. The test fuels were neat diesel, grapeseed biodiesel (GSBD), GSBD ZnO50, GSBD ZnO100, GSBD CeO250 and GSBD CeO2100, respectively. Analysis of experimental results shows an improvement in brake thermal efficiency of 29.34% and 29.23% for GSBD ZnO100 and GSBD CeO2100, respectively. Combustion phenomena and emission values were satisfactory for GSBD ZnO100. Peak pressure attained and heat release rate were better than GSBD fuel due to the improved thermophysical properties, however lesser than that of neat diesel. NOx emissions were slightly reduced by 10.8% due to fast evaporation rate of water particles in the nanoemulsion. HC and CO emissions were reduced by 13% and 4.6% for GSBD ZnO100 blend. Summary of results shows that GSBD produced from winery waste is suitable for use in CI engines, and the additives helped in improving the combustion efficiency and reducing the exhaust emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • We have successfully synthesized TCZnO-NPs via green synthesis route using aqueous fruits extract of T. chebula. The formation of TCZnO-NPs is confirmed by XRD, FE-SEM, EDX, FT-IR, UV–Vis spectra and measurements. The photo catalytic study shows an effective photo degradation of thiocyanate by the green-synthesized TCZnO NPs. Thus, the eco-friendly and non-toxic green-synthesized TCZnO-NPs can be employed as a good adsorbent for practical applications in wastewater treatment. A typical procedure has been established for the remediation of thiocyanate ion in contaminated water sources by using zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) developed in greener way. However, the ZnO NPs are synthesised by employing Terminalia Chebula fruit extract as a green source. The prepared Terminalia Chebula fruit extract coated ZnO NPs (TCZnO NPs) are confirmed by vivid spectral and microscopic methods. The characteristic absorption peak of TCZnO NPs is obtained at 323 nm. The various functional groups of biomolecules and their capping on the ZnO nanoparticles is proved by FTIR analysis. The X-ray diffraction pattern reveals the crystallinity of TCZnO NPs. The formed TCZnO NPs were spherical and in the nanorange, according to the pictures obtained from the SEM and TEM studies. The crystallite size obtained by XRD is in good agreement with the size calculated by TEM analysis. The surface area analysis of TCZnO NPs has been studied by using BET technique. The obtained TCZnO NPs effectively remove thiocyanate ions from the toxic water as an adsorbent, which can depend on various factors like pH, thiocyanate concentration, contact time, and adsorbent dosage. The results showed that a pH of 6 and a contact duration of 50–60 min were ideal for thiocyanate adsorption onto TCZnO NPs. With optimum findings and a maximum removal effectiveness of 92 %, the results thus confirm that TCZnO NPs can be employed as a promising adsorbent for thiocyanate removal from waste water. The current study demonstrates a novel way to produce ZnO NPs with a significant environmental treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single-phase bismuth layered structure ferroelectromagnet (BLSFEM) LaGdxB5-xFe2Ti3O18of composition (x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8), novel ceramics were prepared by solid state route. Electrical and impedance measurements were made on the ceramics. Complex Impedance spectroscopic plots showed the signature of magnetic ion (Gd) and the results were corroborated to the Debye and Gaussian fitting curves. The variation of dielectric and modulus with temperature plots were used to explain dielectric phenomenon. An attempt is made to understand the effect of magnetic (Gd) ion on A site of (Bi2O2)2+(LaGdxBi3-xTi3Fe2O16)2−, layered perovskite (title) compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Production of biodiesel from safflower to use as an alternate fuel for compression ignition engine. • Improve the performance for safflower oil biodiesel fueled compression ignition engine by hydrogen gas enrichment. • Reduction of smoke, HC and CO except NOx emissions with hydrogen addition. • Improvement in brake thermal efficiency with hydrogen gas enrichment which is limited to 12% energy share. Inducting hydrogen with biodiesel in a compression ignition (CI) engine contributes to improvising the performance characteristics of the engine and minimize long-term issues. Combustion of hydrogen along with intake air impacts positively in air quality by preventing the formation of toxic emissions like hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). The benefits of hydrogen such as good diffusion rate, lesser ignition energy and fast flame propagation rate promotes a more homogenously mixed air fuel ratio. This experimental work focuses on enhancement of the performance and combustion characteristics of a direct injection compression ignition (DICI) engine by enriching the biodiesel with various levels of hydrogen gas supplement at the intake manifold. The brake thermal efficiency of the engine with safflower oil biodiesel is 31.15 % which is far inferior to that of diesel with 34 %. As an effort to improve the performance characteristics of the CI engine, hydrogen gas is inducted at 4 %, 8 % and 12 % energy share. HC, CO and smoke emission decreases by 15.09 %, 34.6 % and 18 % respectively compared to neat biodiesel at full load of 5.2 kW. An opposite trend is observed in NOx emissions which are raised from 1650 ppm to 1852 ppm. A 12.2 % increase in NOx emissions are realized due to homogenous flammable mixture that combusts closer to Top dead center (TDC). The hydrogen enrichment with safflower oil biodiesel influences the combustion characteristics in a positive vein except for the NOx emissions, which could be minimized through the use of retrofit devices like selective catalytic reducer, diesel oxidation catalyst etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Production of biodiesel from safflower to use as an alternate fuel for compression ignition engine. • Improve the performance for safflower oil biodiesel fueled compression ignition engine by hydrogen gas enrichment. • Reduction of smoke, HC and CO except NOx emissions with hydrogen addition. • Improvement in brake thermal efficiency with hydrogen gas enrichment which is limited to 12% energy share. Inducting hydrogen with biodiesel in a compression ignition (CI) engine contributes to improvising the performance characteristics of the engine and minimize long-term issues. Combustion of hydrogen along with intake air impacts positively in air quality by preventing the formation of toxic emissions like hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). The benefits of hydrogen such as good diffusion rate, lesser ignition energy and fast flame propagation rate promotes a more homogenously mixed air fuel ratio. This experimental work focuses on enhancement of the performance and combustion characteristics of a direct injection compression ignition (DICI) engine by enriching the biodiesel with various levels of hydrogen gas supplement at the intake manifold. The brake thermal efficiency of the engine with safflower oil biodiesel is 31.15 % which is far inferior to that of diesel with 34 %. As an effort to improve the performance characteristics of the CI engine, hydrogen gas is inducted at 4 %, 8 % and 12 % energy share. HC, CO and smoke emission decreases by 15.09 %, 34.6 % and 18 % respectively compared to neat biodiesel at full load of 5.2 kW. An opposite trend is observed in NOx emissions which are raised from 1650 ppm to 1852 ppm. A 12.2 % increase in NOx emissions are realized due to homogenous flammable mixture that combusts closer to Top dead center (TDC). The hydrogen enrichment with safflower oil biodiesel influences the combustion characteristics in a positive vein except for the NOx emissions, which could be minimized through the use of retrofit devices like selective catalytic reducer, diesel oxidation catalyst etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experimental work aims to address the challenges of waste management. Biomass waste is converted into useful fuel and considered as a replacement to conventional fuel in CI engines. In this context, the grape marc and grape pomace are crushed and further processed to produce grapeseed oil. The grapeseed oil is further trans esterified to produce grapeseed seed oil methyl ester. The present study aims in examining the effect of varying piston shapes and nozzle profile on energy and exergy rates of a CI engine run with grapeseed oil methyl ester (GSME) blended with cerium oxide nano particles. The CeO 2 nano particles were suspended in the base fuel at a concentration of 100 ppm and stability tests were conducted. The experiments were performed on a single cylinder, water cooled diesel engine with rated power of 5.2 kW. The research work includes two additional piston shapes namely, toroidal and shallow deep and two additional nozzle profiles viz. 4 hole and 5-hole nozzle. The hemispherical shape and 3-hole nozzle were considered as the standard one. Energy and exergy analysis were done on the experimental data to understand the exergy associated with cooling water, exhaust gas and unaccounted losses. The energy and exergy rates show that increase in nozzle hole number, decreases the destructive availability of the system. The exergetic efficiency of 32.8% is higher proving that toroidal shape and 5-hole nozzle profile is comparatively better and suitable for effective engine operation. HC, CO and smoke emissions reduced considerably by 14.4%–30% by the engine modification. Brake thermal efficiency was improved from 28.2% to 31.02% for CI engine with biodiesel. The paper addresses the gap in fuel modification clubbed with engine modification using biomass waste derived fuel. Exergy and energy analysis further add value to this current experimental work. [Display omitted] • This article provides information on impact of varying piston shapes and nozzle profile in a CI engine. • Exergy and energy analysis of the engine system. • Improvement in BTE for toroidal shape piston geometry and 5 hole nozzle type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This article provides information on conversion of waste biomass from winery industry as a useful biodiesel for CI engines. • Simultaneous diminution in NO and smoke emissions to attain a safe green environment. • Effect of EGR rates on nano emulsive blends of grapeseed biodiesel combined with combustion chamber modification. This research work investigates the effect of Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) in a CI engine fueled with Grapeseed oil biodiesel derived from winery biomass waste. As the brake thermal efficiency of any biodiesel are generally lesser compared to diesel, fuel modification and design changes in combustion chamber geometry are made to improve the thermal efficiency. The above strategy not only decrease fuel consumption, but also reduces the engine emissions like HC, CO and NO. To further reduce NO emission that is formed due to high combustion pressure and temperature, EGR technique is used at four different rates, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% and the optimum rate is decided based on NO soot tradeoff. Engine tests were conducted at various loads to study the performance of nanoemulsive grapeseed biodiesel with modified combustion chamber shape. NO emissions were noticed to increase at high loads. Nano blends of grapeseed oil biodiesel injected at 23°bTDC at 5% EGR rate was found to reduce NO emissions from 8.07 g/kWh to 5.5 g/kWh with a slight compromise in smoke. UBHC and BSCO emissions were reasonably reduced at this EGR rate by 20.7% and 6.2% compared to diesel. The novel finding of this investigation is that biomass derived from winery waste could be a viable fuel for CI engines with suitable engine modifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ascidians are rapidly emerging biofouling organisms that generally occur on the natural and artificial substratum of the marine environment. However, very few studies have been reported on their species diversity and distribution patterns. This present investigation focuses on the seasonal impact on ascidians diversity. The distributions of ascidians were recorded by the collection of samples in six sampling stations from Andaman and Nicobar Islands. A total of 43 species of ascidians (32 colonial, 11 solitary) were recorded and most of the species are under the Didemnidae family. Various diversity indexes were utilized to examine the diversity, richness and evenness of species and to look at the assorted variety among tests and their likeness regarding species composition. The greatest (3.227) individuals were observed during summer season in Pigeon Island and the lowest (2.063) number of species were recorded during the monsoon season in Haddowharf harbour. The Margalef richness (d) fluctuated between in the range of 2.033 and 5.53 during the monsoon in Haddowharf harbour and Carbyns Cove beach in summer seasons. The Pielou's evenness record (J′) changed from 0.7409 to 0.9713. Diversity indexes were recorded as followed the order of 0.9642, 0.9552, 0.9482 and 0.9292 at Carbyns Cove shoreline, Burmanella, Pigeon Island and Campbell Bay individually during summer season. Present findings in the cluster examination uncovered that the species at various stations have framed four gatherings. Most elevated species rates were spread in summer. Field observation shows that species distribution is able to tolerate temperature ranges of 26.9–30.3°C and salinity of 32.1–34.64 ppt. Occasional examples of space occupation by colonial ascidians corresponded with seasonal changes in seawater temperature and salinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research shows tremendous improvements in the business marketing processes because some problems are long‐term bond yields and macroeconomic data handling at a minimum level. Any industry can revolutionize business marketing processes if it takes a specific business marketing model to eliminate such deficiencies, examines the various elements that occur in them, and finds out how to fix them. As a result, some factors have to be controlled for in this research. Innovations and advancements in signal processing techniques on business processes occur spontaneously in business processes that are managed like this. In the below‐mentioned business improvement success factors, score, learning best, future creation, people involvement, goals setting, plan and develop is the most essential factor. The elimination of these factors causes some disruption in business marketing processes. These gaps cause problems in the field of science and technology‐based business marketing. The problem caused by these factors is the excess usage of two‐wheeler, which generates more vehicular crises. The smart helmet business is the only solution to this automotive crisis. But because some of the above problems occur to this business process marketing. Considering that some sensors to make smart helmets will develop the business in the name of this imperative, considering the factors of production are land, labour, capital, and entrepreneurship as the centre, this research introduces signal processing technology to make a helmet. The signal processing‐based helmet proposed here is constructive for business. This research suggests a smart helmet business with signal‐processing technology. This study highlights how adopting the smart helmet product might improve corporate marketing procedures. According to the results of our research, when people use this smart helmet product, depending on how well they can use it, that specific business rises to the top and falls to the bottom. These business marketing methods operate at a greater level and are profitable whenever their capacity rises. The effectiveness of this smart helmet declines as accidents increase and corporate marketing procedures degrade. Since our production now depends on whether the intelligent helmets are beneficial or harmful and destructive. The analytical technique described below can be used to find them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]