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Firstly, this paper discusses the adverse effects of voltage unbalanced on the steady state performance of 3-Phase Induction Motor (3-0 IM). The characteristics of 3-Phase IM under the various conditions and degree of voltage unbalanced have been analyzed during its steady state condition. It is shown that the voltage unbalanced condition as well as degree of unbalanced produce the pulsation in torque and speed. Consequently, there is a reduction in the efficiency and increment in the copper loss of 3- 0 IM. Furthermore, the shortfalls of existing Power Quality (PQ) index, namely voltage unbalanced factor (VUF), used for the assessment of performance of 3- 0 IM under the voltage unbalanced condition, are highlighted. Finally, an index, namely Complex Voltage Sum (CVS) denoted by Vot, using symmetrical components of voltage, has been developed to overcome the shortfalls associated with VUE And it has been shown that Vot is sufficient to indicate both the degree and condition of voltage unbalanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Transplantation of stem cells for treating neurodegenerative disorders is a promising future therapeutic approach. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the neuronal differentiation of dental pulp-derived stem cells (DPSC) remains inadequately explored. The current study aims to define the regulatory role of KLF2 (Kruppel-like factor 2) during the neural differentiation (ND) of DPSC. Methods: We first investigated the transcriptional and translational expression of KLF2, autophagy, and mitophagy-associated markers during the ND of DPSC by using quantitative RT-PCR and western blot methods. After that, we applied the chemical-mediated loss- and gain-of-function approaches using KLF2 inhibitor, GGPP (geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate), and KLF2 activator, GGTI-298 (geranylgeranyl transferase inhibitor-298) to delineate the role of KLF2 during ND of DPSC. The western blot, qRT-PCR, and immunocytochemistry were performed to determine the molecular changes during ND after KLF2 deficiency and KLF2 sufficiency. We also analyzed the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and the extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) using the Seahorse XFe24 analyzer. Results: Our study demonstrated that the expression level of KLF2, autophagy, and mitophagy-associated markers were significantly elevated during the ND of DPSC. Next, we found that the KLF2 inhibitor, GGPP significantly reduced the ND of DPSC. Inversely, KLF2 overexpression accelerated the molecular phenomenon of DPSC's commitment towards ND, indicating the crucial role of KLF2 in neurogenesis. Moreover, we found that the KLF2 positively regulated autophagy, mitophagy, and the Wnt5a signaling pathway during neurogenesis. Seahorse XFe24 analysis revealed that the ECAR and OCR parameters were significantly increased during ND, and inhibition of KLF2 marginally reversed them towards DPSC's cellular bioenergetics. However, KLF2 overexpression shifted the cellular energy metabolism toward the quiescent stage. Conclusion: Collectively, our findings provide the first evidence that the KLF2 critically regulates the neurogenesis of DPSC by inducing autophagy and mitophagy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term "rapid prototyping" (RP) refers to a variety of methods for creating "physical models based on computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing". With the aid of RP technology, practically any variation of the surface and interior anatomical structure may be replicated in a medical model that is constructed layer by layer. To create the physical model, layer-by-layer construction is carried out using a variety of processes, including stereolithography, selective laser sintering, inkjet printing, and fused deposit modeling. Data for RP is received from magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography scans, which are then turned into digital images and then into standard triangulation language files. The use of this computerized programming in orthodontics incorporates "diagnosis and treatment planning", the creation of removable "orthodontic appliances", "impression trays" for indirect bonding, "3D printed occlusal splints and aligners", prototype models used in various orthognathic surgeries, and the production of a distractor for distraction osteogenesis. It increases a crucial understanding at the time of preoperative treatment planning and raises the effectiveness of the therapy, yet, clinical judgment is still essential. Applications of RP for an orthodontist vary, and if we utilize it creatively, the future appears more hopeful. This article briefly reviews key advancements, challenges, and prospects in the integration of rapid prototyping and 3D printing, shaping a promising future for orthodontics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial biofilm formation on implantable devices causes chronic infections that cannot be treated with existing antimicrobials. Quorum sensing inhibitors (QSIs) have recently emerged as novel antimicrobials for the prevention of biofilm formation. But blocking QS alone is insufficient to inhibit biofilm‐associated chronic infections. Herein, chitosan hollow nanospheres are capped by bacteria‐responsive β‐casein to form a synergistic antifouling nanosystem consisting of a QSI and bactericide. β‐casein is degraded by protease in a bacteria‐colonized microenvironment in situ thus, QSI and bactericide are released sequentially. The release of QSI sensitises bacteria effectively through reduction of surface hydrophobicity, eDNA content, and lipopolysaccharide production in biofilms, amplifying the chemotherapeutic action of the bactericide. Compared to the uncoated surface, the coated surface inhibits biofilm formation and removes preformed biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus by 1.8 logs and 1.9 logs of biomass inhibition, respectively. The coated catheters are found to stay clean for 30 days under artificial urine flow, while the uncoated catheters are clogged by bacterial biofilms within 5 days. Finally, the long term antifouling activity in vivo is confirmed. Overall, the nanosystem is devoted to making urinary catheters resistant to bacterial biofilm formation for the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Astrocytes have been implicated in the onset and complication of various central nervous system (CNS) injuries and disorders. Uncontrolled astrogliosis (gliosis), while a necessary process for recovery after CNS trauma, also causes impairments in CNS performance and functions. The ability to preserve astrocyte health and better regulate the gliosis process could play a major role in controlling damage in the aftermath of acute insults and during chronic dysfunction. Here in, we demonstrate the ability of dental pulp-derived stem cells (DPSCs) in protecting the health of astrocytes during induced gliosis. First of all, we have characterized the expression of genes in primary astrocytes that are relevant to the pathological conditions of CNS by inducing gliosis. Subsequently, we found that astrocytes co-cultured with DPSCs reduced ROS production, NRF2 and GCLM expressions, mitochondrial membrane potential, and mitochondrial functions compared to the astrocytes that were not co-cultured with DPSCs in gliosis condition. In addition, hyperactive autophagy was also decreased in astrocytes that were co-cultured with DPSCs compared to the astrocytes that were not co-cultured with DPSCs during gliosis. This reversal and mitigation of gliosis in astrocytes were partly due to induction of neurogenesis in DPSCs through enhanced expressions of the neuronal genes like GFAP, NeuN, and Synapsin in DPSCs and by secretion of higher amounts of neurotropic factors, such as BDNF, GDNF, and TIMP-2. Protein–Protein docking analysis suggested that BDNF and GDNF can bind with CSPG4 and block the downstream signaling. Together these findings demonstrate novel functions of DPSCs to preserve astrocyte health during gliosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Contrast sensitivity (CS) evaluation is very much necessary for the diagnosis and management of eye conditions. Several disadvantages seen in the traditionally used Pelli-Robson (PR) chart persuaded us to develop a novel digital device for the evaluation of CS at various levels of visual acuity (VA) for early detection of deteriorating vision. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The new chart was constructed on the Debian software. Letters were constructed at each level of VA from 6/60 to 6/6 with a contrast of 0-2.25 logCS. The newly constructed chart was validated against the PR chart. The data were analyzed on the SPSS software version 23. The Pearson's correlation test was used to find out the correlation between the digital CS chart (DCSC) and PR charts. RESULTS: On successful construction of a DCSC with varying VA, 56 participants were examined with a mean age of 20.43 ± 1.44 years. The mean CS with PR was 1.84 ± 0.13 logCS, whereas DCSC was 2.09 ± 0.14 logCS. The correlation between the two charts was moderate having r = 0.489 with P = 0 (confidence interval 95%). CONCLUSION: A newly developed CS chart is efficient in examining the CS in clinical practice and has good repeatability; it may help in the early detection and monitoring of ocular diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer, being a heterogeneous disease, includes an increased proliferation of breast cells, symptoms of which includelump in the breast, bloody discharge from the nipple area, and changes in the shape or texture of the nipple or breast. The types of breast cancer mainly encompass adenocarcinomas and angiosarcoma. The treatment of this disease depends on the stage. It incorporates local therapy like surgery and radiotherapy and systemic therapy like chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and biological therapy. Oestrogen and progesterone stimulate breast cells to grow and multiply. Hormone therapy is usually provided to patients whose tumors are hormone receptor-positive, meaning the hormones bind extensively to the surface receptors of the tumor cells and cause increased multiplication. Chemotherapy is usually more effective for patients with a high recurrence score, whereas hormone therapy is best used for low recurrence scores. Hormone therapy blocks the interaction of hormones with their specific receptors to prevent the development of tumors and is used in both adjuvant and metastatic cancers. In this our study focused on the course of action to treat breast cancer with hormone therapy is Selective estrogen receptor modulators such as Tamoxifen and raloxifene and other parameters with support of Nano-materials applications in preventing breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common and debilitating joint disorder that leads to progressive joint breakdown and loss of articular cartilage. Accompanied by a state of low-grade inflammation, its etiology extends beyond that of a wear-and-tear disease, and the immune system might have a role in its initiation and progression. Obesity, which is directly associated with an increased incidence of OA, alters adipokine release, increases pro-inflammatory macrophage activity, and affects joint immune regulation. Studying inflammatory macrophage expression and strategies to inhibit inflammatory macrophage phenotype polarization might provide insights into disease pathogenesis and therapeutic applications. In pre-clinical studies, the detection of OA in its initial stages was shown to be possible using imaging techniques such as SPECT-CT, and advances are made to detect OA through blood-based biomarker analysis. In this review, obesity-induced osteoarthritis and its mechanisms in inducing joint degeneration are summarized, along with an analysis of the current developments in patient imaging and biomarker use for diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalysis is recognized to be one of the most promising ways to address energy and environmental issues by utilizing visible light. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4), with a moderate band gap (∼2.7 eV) has been the flashpoint in environmental photocatalysis as it can work better under visible light, can be synthesized by a facile synthesis process using low-cost materials, thermally and chemically stable. Still the photocatalytic performance of g-C 3 N 4 is not satisfactory because of certain limitations such as insufficient visible light absorption capacity, low electron-hole separation efficiency, high recombination rate, poor surface area. Introduction of doping, band structure engineering, defecting and designing of heterojunction, composites etc. were investigated to amplify its applications. Among all these modifications, elemental doping is a suitable and successful alternative for the enhancement of the photocatalytic activity by changing the optical and electronic properties. This review emphasizes on advancement and trends of elemental doping and its application on photocatalytic organic pollutant remediation in aqueous medium. The fundamental photocatalytic activity of heterogeneous photocatalysis and specifically g–C 3 N 4 –based photocatalysis have been discussed. The benfits of non-metal doping, enhanced photocatalytic performance by doping element, mechanism invloved in doping, advantages of co-doping has been explained. Mono, bi, and tri non-metal doped g-C 3 N 4 and their application for the removal of organic pollutants from water medium by visible light photocatalysis has been summerized. Life cycle assessment (LCA) of photocatalytic system has been highlighted. Future research should focus on the large-scale application of the photocatalysis process considering the economic aspects. A rigorous life cycle assessment for deploying the non-metal doped g–C 3 N 4 –based photocatalysis technology for successful commercial application is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial polysaccharides (MPs) offer immense diversity in structural and functional properties. They are extensively used in advance biomedical science owing to their superior biodegradability, hemocompatibility, and capability to imitate the natural extracellular matrix microenvironment. Ease in tailoring, inherent bio-activity, distinct mucoadhesiveness, ability to absorb hydrophobic drugs, and plentiful availability of MPs make them prolific green biomaterials to overcome the significant constraints of cancer chemotherapeutics. Many studies have demonstrated their application to obstruct tumor development and extend survival through immune activation, apoptosis induction, and cell cycle arrest by MPs. Synoptic investigations of MPs are compulsory to decode applied basics in recent inclinations towards cancer regimens. The current review focuses on the anticancer properties of commercially available and newly explored MPs, and outlines their direct and indirect mode of action. The review also highlights cutting-edge MPs-based drug delivery systems to augment the specificity and efficiency of available chemotherapeutics, as well as their emerging role in theranostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies that prioritize verbal sources of information over other nonverbal sources to retrieve the past often overlook the entirety of what transpired. Documents do not encompass the lives of people, particularly those who were victims of traumatic events such as the insurgency of 1989 in the Kashmir valley. Minority communities from Kashmir were then forced to flee as a result of violence and brutal killings, and mute artifacts became their loyal companions and the last tangible connection to the lost homeland. In looking at the discourse of these silent artifacts, this article focuses on the objects that were carried by internally displaced Kashmiris, to show how these people have preserved their lost home, endangered culture, and identity by carefully carrying away such Kashmiri artifacts. We also examine how different generations of survivors perceive these objects and the memories held within them. By focusing on these tangible objects and the material memory they invoke, we highlight how alternate sources become reservoirs of untold histories and preserve fragments of the past that were not narrated earlier due to the marginalization of communities and the politics of publishing in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatocellular Carcinoma is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancer and highly refractory for chemotherapeutics agents. Therefore, the study aims to explore the new therapeutic agents for HCC. Phenolics rich fraction of leaves of P. lanceifolium was studied against hepatic cancer cell lines (HepG2) and NDEA-induced HCC rat model system. The obtained results showed that PLE induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and chromatin condensation in nucleus and, alters the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in HepG2 cell lines. The acridine orange/propidium iodide analysis and annexin-V FITC/PI analysis confirms that PLE induces apoptosis-mediated cell death in HepG2-cell lines. In In Vivo analysis, the administration of PLE in NDEA-induced rats declined the elevated biochemicals markers (ALT, AST, ALP, and GGT), interleukins, TNF-α, α-fetoprotein, carcinoembryonic antigen, and total bilirubin. PLE reinstated the level of antioxidant enzyme (GSH, GST, catalase, SOD, and GPX) and the expression of pro-apoptotic (p53, caspase-3, caspase-9, and Bax) and anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2) genes in a dose-dependent manner. The GC-MS analysis of Pterospermum lanceifolium fraction (PLE) represents the presence of palmitic acid, myristic acid, β-sitosterol, and catechin as major bioactive phytocompounds. The study discloses the new lead for HCC that can be further useful for development of new chemopreventive agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human digestive tract is the cottage to trillions of live microorganisms, which regulate health and illness. A healthy Gut Microbiota (GM) is necessary for preventing microbial growth, body growth, obesity, cancer, diabetes, and enhancing immunity. The equilibrium in GM's composition and the presence/absence of critical species enable specific responses to be essential for the host's better health condition. Research evidences revealed that the dietary plants and their bioactive phytochemicals (BPs) play an extensive and critical role in shaping the GM to get beneficial health effects. BPs are also known to improve gastrointestinal health and reduce the risk of several diseases by modulating GM-mediated cellular and molecular processes. Regular intake of BPs-rich vegetables, fruits, and herbal preparations promotes probiotic bacteria, including Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus species, while inhibiting unwanted gut residents' development Escherichia coli , and Salmonella typhimurium etc. Upon consumption, BPs contact the GM that gets transformed before being absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Biotransformation of BPs by GM is linked with the enhancement of bioactivity/toxicity diminishment of the BPs compared to parental phytochemicals. Therefore, the current review focuses on the role of BPs in shaping GM for the prevention and treatment of human diseases. [Display omitted] • GM is the complex of microorganisms that reside in humans and animals' digestive tracts. • BP play a vital role in preventing and reducing the risk factors. • Biotransformation of BPs by GM is linked with the enhancement of bioactivity diminishment. • The role of BPs in shaping GM for the prevention and treatment of human diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. is a mythical plant used in traditional Indian medicinal systems for the treatment of inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, and pain-related responses. However, its bioactive compounds and underlying mechanism of action have not been fully elucidated. This investigation aimed to study the anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects of the bioactive extract of N. arbor-tristis (NATE), both in vitro and in vivo, elucidate the possible mechanism of action, and determine its chemicals. We studied the anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities of NATE on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages, paw-ear edema, and acetic acid-induced pain in rats and analysed its chemical components using Liquid Chromatography Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometric (LC-ESI-MS). NATE efficiently reduced the production of various inflammatory mediators and factors, such as free radicals, lipid peroxidation, nitrous oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), and IL-10, as well as their corresponding mRNA expression in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells (p < 0.001). Furthermore, NATE inhibited the activation of a key signaling pathway, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB), as it caused a decrease in the degradation of inhibitor of kB alpha (IkBa). Administration of NATE significantly inhibited carrageenan-induced paw edema (p < 0.001), TPA-induced ear edema, and the production of inflammatory factors (p < 0.01). NATE revealed anti-nociceptive impacts in acetic acid-induced writhing and tail immersion experiments (p < 0.001) as well as no toxicity signs. A total of six compounds, namely iridoid glycoside (6,7-di-O-benzonylnyctanthoside), arborsides A, arborsides C, betulinic acid, kaempferol 3-O-glucoside, and kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside, were characterized through the examination of their mass spectra in correlation with those documented in a database of mass spectra. The present study furnishes scientific corroboration of the inhibitory potency of N. arbor-tristis as a promising herbal treatment for inflammation and pain responses without toxicity, offering a scientific basis for future drug development strategies aimed at ameliorating inflammatory diseases. [Display omitted] • The main compounds of NATE were identified by LC-ESI-MS. • NATE showed significant in-vitro antioxidant activity. • NATE significantly reduced inflammation via NF-kB signalling inhibition. • Oral administration of NATE exhibited anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities. • NATE did not induce toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activated microglial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) are the main contributors to neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Inhibiting their activation will help in reducing inflammation and oxidative stress during pathogenesis, potentially limiting the progression of the diseases. The immunomodulation properties of dental pulp-derived stem cells (DPSC) make it a promising therapy for neurodegenerative disorders. This study aims to determine whether secretory factors of DPSC (DPSC℗) inhibit inflammation and proliferation of microglial cells and define the molecular mechanisms. Our quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that the DPSC℗ reduced the markers of the inflammation and induced anti-inflammatory molecules in microglial cells. DPSC ℗ reduced the intracellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and mitochondrial membrane potential in microglial cells. In addition, DPSC ℗ decreased the cellular bioenergetics parameters related to oxygen consumption rate (OCAR) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR). We found that DPSC℗ inhibited microglial cell proliferation by activating a checkpoint molecule, Chk1 leading an arrest at the G1 phase of the cell cycle. To define the mechanism, we performed the western blot analysis and observed that the MAPK P38 pathway was inhibited by DPSC℗. Furthermore, a System biology analysis revealed that the BDNF and GDNF, secretory factors of DPSC, blocked at the phosphorylation site (Tyr 182) of the P38 molecule resulting in the inhibition of downstream signaling of inflammation. These data suggest that the DPSC℗ may be a potential therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative diseases. [Display omitted] • DPSC℗ reduced inflammatory markers, and induced anti-inflammatory markers in microglial cells. • DPSC ℗ reduced the intracellular and mitochondrial ROS production. • DPSC ℗ decreased the mitochondrial functions of cellular bioenergetics parameters. • DPSC℗ activated CHK1, arrested cells at the G1 phase, and inhibited P38MAPK pathway. • DPSC℗ BDNF and GDNF inhibited the P38 molecule to reduce cell proliferation and inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the inter‐temporal and spatial variation in credit access to women entrepreneurs in the unorganized sector using two latest rounds of nationally representative datasets on unorganized enterprises in India. The study applies a cross‐sectional distributional check to identify the variations. Probit model with reference category and average marginal effects is used to determine the predictors of access to formal credit (FC). A robustness test has been performed using a pooled probit method. Results are discussed in line with relevant literature as well as empirical findings. The analysis confirms the existence of regional disparities in credit access to women enterprises. Factors like engagement in diversified activities and maintenance of accounting records being registered with relevant authorities have an important bearing on the probabilities to access FC. It is alarming to observe the marginal improvement over 5 years in the credit share of women‐owned unorganized enterprises. Policy shortcomings are discussed on the basis of inferential statistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Photo-Fenton process was operated in a batch mode for decolorization of dye. • Co(II) adsolubilized on surfactant-modified alumina was the catalyst. • Methyl orange could be decolorized up to ˜94% under optimized condition. • Response surface methodology was applied to optimize the experimental parameters. • Four independent variables viz. dye concentration, dose, H 2 O 2 and pH were involved. In the present work, a novel approach has been made to prepare a new catalyst for Fenton-type degradation of dye. In the first step alumina is modified with sodium dodecyl sulfate (an anionic surfactant). Under suitable conditions the surfactant forms bilayer (admicelle) on alumina surface. The surfactant-modified alumina (SMA) can adsorb metal ions such as Co(II), Fe(II), Cu(II), Mn(II) and Ni(II) on its surface. Among all the metal ions Co(II) shows the best catalytic activity when supported on SMA. The newly formed catalyst is named as Co-SMA. In this report, we described the degradation of methyl orange (MO) under heterogeneous photo-Fenton condition by application of Co-SMA as the catalyst and in the presence of H 2 O 2 and visible light. Effect of various independent variables such as dose of catalyst, initial concentration of the dye, H 2 O 2 concentration, intensity of visible light, pH have been studied. The process parameters were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) approach. Under the optimum conditions of 30 mg/L MO, 29.92 g/L Co-SMA, 37.9 mM H 2 O 2 and pH 4.31, the maximum response for MO decolorization efficiency was 94.79%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the first report of a hybrid plasmonic nano patch antenna having metal insulator metal (HMIM) multilayer configuration. It is designed in a footprint area of 1.7 × 1.175 μm2 to resonate at 1.55 μm wavelength. The proposed antenna is inset fed by an HMIM plasmonic waveguide for achieving proper impedance matching. It is observed, through electromagnetic numerical simulation, that the proposed plasmonic nano patch antenna emits a directional beam with a bandwidth, gain, and efficiency of 0.194 μm, 8.3 dB, and 96% respectively, which are significantly higher than previously reported designs. Since inset-fed antennas are suitable for developing high-gain antenna array, hence further, we examined antenna performance by designing antenna array. The proposed antenna is practically realizable and can be fabricated using standard semiconductor fabrication process. Moreover, it could be used for numerous chip scale applications such as wireless interconnects energy harvesting, photoemission, photo detection, scattering, heat transfer, spectroscopy, and optical sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyanobacterial polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is preferred over bacteria for low-cost production due to its photoautotrophic nature and lower carbon requirement. Considering its impact on the environment and circular economy, the valorization of fruit waste is the need of the hour. In the present study, fruit peels of banana, orange, pea, jackfruit, watermelon and waste flowers were tried as carbon sources for mangrove-isolated cyanobacteria Limnothrix planktonica to accumulate PHB. Alterations in the ASN-III culture medium and the introduction of untreated and pre-treated (acid/alkali-treated) peels as carbon sources are tried to enhance PHB. Banana peel showed the maximum PHB accumulation potential of 25.73 mg/L on the 12th day of incubation, followed by jackfruit (22.46 mg/L) and watermelon peels (20.72 mg/L); whereas, commercial carbon sources showed lower PHB accumulation up to 19.26 mg/L and 18.21 mg/L with fructose and glucose respectively. PHB accumulation was boosted to 5-fold higher (39.39 mg/L) in NP deficiency medium along with banana peel supplement, as compared to photoautotrophic conditions (8.49 mg/L) after the 9th day of incubation. Additionally, the PHB obtained by using the fruit wastes has a higher molecular weight than the PHB accumulated during photoautotrophic conditions. Optimization of parameters using fruit wastes and characterization of PHB would lead to its potential use. [Display omitted] • Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) accumulation by cyanobacteria utilizing fruit waste • Higher PHB accumulation by banana and jackfruit peel than the commercial fructose • Banana peel boosted the PHB yield by 5-fold in combination with NP-deficiency. • Possibility of low-cost PHB production with high molecular weight from fruit waste [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engineered organic nanoparticle (ONP)-mediated co-delivery of genes and therapeutic agents is emerging as a powerful tool in the treatment of several genetic and non-genetic disorders. The ONP-based combinatory approach provides a technological platform that delivers genes with chemo/radio/photo/immunotherapies for the prevention or treatment of disease progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite several conventional potent antibacterial therapies, bacterial infections pose a significant threat to human health because they are emerging as the leading cause of death worldwide. Due to the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria, there is a pressing demand to discover novel approaches for developing more effective therapies to treat multidrug-resistant bacterial strains and biofilm-associated infections. Therefore, attention has been especially devoted to a new and emerging branch of science “nanotechnology” to design non-conventional antimicrobial chemotherapies. A range of nanomaterials and nano-sized carriers for conventional antimicrobial agents have fully justified their potential to combat bacterial diseases by reducing cell viability, by attenuating quorum sensing, and by inhibiting/or eradicating biofilms. This communication summarizes emerging nano-antimicrobial therapies in treating bacterial infections, particularly using antibacterial, quorum quenching, and anti-biofilm nanomaterials as new approaches to tackle the current challenges in combating infectious diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

• Environmentally friendly synthetic procedures were employed to synthesize new triazolidine 3-thione substituted beta aryl compounds. • Synthesized scaffolds were assessed for their in vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. • The scaffolds were proven to be potential antimicrobial and antioxidant agents. • Molecular docking studies with Staph gyrase B enzyme shown similar interaction of compounds as that of standard ligand. • The scaffolds may be considered for in vivo use as lead drug. As a tactic for the drug discovery and development framework to tackle resistance to antibiotics, the target triazolidine-3-thione substituted butanoic acid and butanoate derivatives were synthesized using an effective and environmentally friendly protocol. IR, NMR, and LC-MS spectroscopy were used to characterize the synthesized moieties and subjected to in vitro antimicrobial activity evaluation. Some of the molecules have shown promising results especially against C. albicans with lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The compounds have also shown very good DPPH radical scavenging ability when compared to the standard gallic acid. Further, the cytotoxicity evaluation of the molecules against HeLa cells associated with acetyl CoA enzyme assay with minimum inhibition of the enzyme have shown lower toxicity of the molecules. The molecular docking study against Staph gyrase B enzyme revealed excellent interaction of molecules with the enzyme's active site. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cause of serious effects and concern on the global environmental quality is the development of the urban environment through rapid industrial growth backed by increased and varied consumer preferences. Besides temperature, the urban environment affects many other climatologically parameters detrimental to life in planet. Saying this, Kamrup District is showing growth of small and medium industries which may impact on the environment leading ultimately to shrinkage of the spatial bases of diverse micro and macro ecosystems. The study is a multidisciplinary approach towards the understanding of coexistence of industry, pollution and its effects on environment and sustainability. Therefore the paper attempts to locate the manufacturing SMEs in Amingaon and Bamunimaidan Industrial estates in Kamrup district which may be correlated to ecology due to simultaneous release of large amounts of toxic liquid, solid and gaseous waste into the environment. These problems give rise to a host of complicated situations needing immediate attention and sustainable management. The study accounts for the application of environmental parameters and environmental accounting on balancing environment and industrial growth. It deals with sustainability of manufacturing organizations that can have positive impact on the society. To achieve such objective the study is carried out through distribution of structured questionnaires to all manufacturing enterprises with a comprehensive literature review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly porous MnO 2 nanosheets were prepared from MnCl 2 and KMnO 4 following a modified co-precipitation route. The material was characterized by XRD, FTIR, TEM, SEM, XPS and BET surface area analysis. The MnO 2 material is microporous having surface area 301 m 2 /g and pore diameter 0.364 nm, and is amorphous in nature. The SEM images show the formation of spherical assembly and TEM images indicate the presence of fine nanosheets within it. The porosity and surface area, as well as the oxidizing property of the as-prepared nano MnO 2 have made the material a powerful oxidant for tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) degradation in aqueous medium under ambient condition. The degradation under various operational conditions was studied and the effects of pH, initial TCH concentration, MnO 2 dose, air/O 2 , temperature, and scavengers were examined. At lower pH, the degradation was more favored. During the oxidative degradation of TCH, slight leaching of Mn 2+ was observed. The degradation followed first order rate model in unbuffered condition and second order model under buffered media. About 55% TCH degradation and ∼44% COD removal was observed on 20-min reaction, under unbuffered condition and at initial pH ∼ 4, with 50 mg/L TCH concentration and 1.0 g/L MnO 2 dose. However, under similar condition, ∼75% degradation was possible under controlled pH (∼3.48). The material could be reused for two consecutive cycles with significant efficiency. The pharmaceutical products (hostacycline and terramycine, which belongs to TC group of antibiotics) were successfully degraded by the as-prepared nano MnO 2 with good performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solvent system designing for chromatography is the most crucial point in pharmaceutical world. Designing and using certain systems with specific parameters can be done by optimization. “Eluotropic series” is not favourable tool for mobile phase optimization, as solvent proton acceptor, proton donor, dipole characteristic are not considerable while solvent strength plays a vital role in chromatographic separation which is used to estimate of a solvent's ability to cause migration of analyte Rf. This review gives a brief summary of solvent system designing via algorithm. The aim of optimizing the solvent composition is to achieve a more satisfactory separation of unknown structure & properties of uncharacterised polyherbal fraction that is essential for their ultimate identification. For instance, Trappe has given “Eluotropic Series” for column chromatography, where the solvents used can be based on accordance to their eluting effect. “Snyder triangle method'' is used for optimization of mobile phase. L.R. Snyder classified the frequently used solvents in separation science. Later explored “Seven point optimization” by J. L. Glajch and Prisma model by Nyiredy. But presently “Simplex Method” and “Genetic algorithm” methods are mainly used for optimization of the solvent system designing. This review reflects the artifact of the optimum solvent system design via-model to algorithom. Also explained the map of whole parameter space in the alignment of solvent strength, retention factor and capacity factor for optimal solvent system for unknown polyherbal fraction. This constructive review provides a proof of concept for the methodology and current status that provides a systematic approach for appropriate solvent selection and design method, model, algorithom for feasible separation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current challenges of multi-drug resistance development in human pathogenic microorganisms are engaging researchers in exploring the field of nanotechnology-derived approaches and products as new tools of key developments for manufacturing effective antimicrobials. But, the real contributions are still uncertain. Although there are several budding leads of nanotechnology and the growing trends in publications and patents, therapeutic microbiological applications have not yet made it to the market. Numerous reasons could explain the scarcity of commercial applications. These include high initial production investments, new nanotechnology regulation in the developed and developing countries, and public perception. The rapid progress of nanotechnology in other key areas may over time be transferred to therapeutic microbiological applications as well, and accelerate their development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Response inhibition is a process that enables a person to suspend an ongoing behavioral response in accordance with an unexpected event. Children with deficits in response inhibition therefore would find it difficult to process errors, incorporate feedback and modify their actions. Conduct disorder has been known to have poor prognosis and are associated with socio-occupational impairments, disorganized families and clashes with law and order. The facilities available to these children and family needs to be cost effective and hence a better understanding of the core nature of the problem would lead to building programs that shall prevent them from being burden to the prevailing system. The study examines Response Inhibition in children with conduct disorder in comparison with Typically Developing Children. The sample comprised of two groups-Children with Conduct Disorder & Typically Developing Children (n=13) aged 11-15 years were assessed on response inhibition using Stroop type of tests-Word & Picture and Stop Signal Test (SST). The resulting data was analysed using Mann Whitney U Test and Spearman's rho. Significant group differences were noted between the two groups in a subtest ofWord Stroop Test. Findings support provision for Inhibition Training as part of management of children with Conduct Disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I offer an autoethnographic inquiry into the process of finding one's way out of the maze of mental illness; it is an examination of how in the course of creating music to express my suffering from bipolar disorder, 1 found a poetic and musical expression for my soul. Making music gradually moved my focus away from illness toward imagination and creativity and brought about a major shift in my positioning in terms of my identity, helping me to construct the selfhood of an artist rather than that of an ill person. This transformation is explored in the context of India's music and spiritual tradition and the Western framework of resource-oriented music therapy, an approach that prioritizes participant empowerment and uses music for self-care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The study identifies three lead CSMs against SARS-CoV-2. • Marchantin E and Zeorin potentially block the catalytic site of 3CLpro and RBD of SGP. • Marchantin E exhibits excellent pharmacokinetic properties. • Identified CSMs could be proposed as promising inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2. The unprecedented quick spreading of newly emerged SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 has put the whole world in vast crisis. Several prophylactic interventions are being performed to discover the effective anti-COVID-19 agent. Thus, the present study aims to identify the cryptogamic secondary metabolites (CSMs) as potent inhibitors of two major targets of SARS-Cov2, namely 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) and receptor-binding domain (RBD) of spike glycoprotein (SGP), by implementing a computational approach. Molecular docking was carried out on Autodock 4.2 software with the 3CLpro (PDB ID:6LU7) and RBD of SGP (PDB ID:6W41) of the virus. Lopinavir and Arbidol were taken as positive controls to compare the efficacy of randomly selected 53 CSMs. The drug-likeness and pharmacokinetics properties of all metabolites were accessed to discern the anti-COVID 19 activity acting well at the physiological conditions. The docking results predicted that Marchantin E and Zeorin would potentially block the catalytic site of 3CLpro with the interaction energy values of -8.42 kcal/mol and -9.04 kcal/mol, respectively. In addition, Usnic acid revealed its ability to combat the interaction of RBD of SGP to angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 in docking analysis. To certify the potent metabolites for both targets of SARS-CoV-2, MD analysis was performed for 100 ns. The results confirmed that Marchantin E could inhibit SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and RBD of SGP as well as reveals excellent pharmacokinetic properties. The present study suggests that the identified CSMs could be quickly positioned for further experimental validation to propose promising inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lichens are composite organisms, comprising of a fungus (mycobiont) and a blue-green alga (photobiont). Along with the mycobiont, numerous non-obligate microfungi live in lichen thalli. These microfungi are called endolichenic fungi (ELF). In recent years, the ELF are emerging as promising natural sources because of their capability to exert unique drug molecules. The current study aimed to isolate the ELF from the lichen, Usnea longissima Ach., to control of biofilm formation and quorum sensing phenomenon in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, an opportunistic multidrug resistance pathogen that uses quorum sensing network to produce an array of pathogenic agents. Therefore, inhibiting quorum sensing to manage the infection caused by PAO1 could be the paramount alternative approach to conventional antibiotics. The isolated ELF was identified by amplifying the long subunit region of the fungal genome. The extracted metabolites of ELF (MELE) using the acetone solvent was further investigated for anti-quorum sensing activity using the biomarker strain Chromobacterium violaceum 12472 which exerts violacein pigment via the AHL mediated quorum sensing signalling. Moreover, the effect of MELE was also evaluated on the production of virulence factors and biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa PAO1. The molecular identification revealed that ELF (accession number MN171299) exhibited 100% similarity with Aspergillus quandricinctus strain CBS 135.52. The MELE showed significant anti-quorum sensing activity at the concentration of 4 mg/mL without affecting the bacterial cell viability of P. aeruginosa PAO1. The MELE diminished the production of virulence factors, including pyocyanin, protease, elastase, rhamnolipids, and extracellular polysaccharides of P. aeruginosa PAO1 in a concentration-dependent manner. The MELE also disturbed biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa PAO1. The 3-D analysis of biofilm architecture showed that the thickness and surface area covered by microcolonies was decreased as the concentration of MELE was increased. The GC-MS analysis of MELE exhibited that organic acids and fatty acids are major constituents of the MELE. The present study reports first time that the ELF, A. quandricinctus possesses potential to inhibit quorum sensing and biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa and can be further exploited for hospital and healthcare facilities. • Aspergillus quandricinctus , an endolichenic fungi (ELF) from Usnea longissimia. • The acetone extract of A. quandricinctus (MELF) inhibits the quorum sensing-regulated production violacein pigment. • The MELF quenches the pathogenic determinants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. • The MELF inhibits the biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa. • The present study raises the possibility to utilize the ELF as hospital health-care facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria which has become one of the biggest challenges of the twenty-first century for the researchers to combat and in turn search for novel targets which could lead to the development of effective and sustainable therapies. Inhibition of biofilm formation and virulence of bacterial pathogens is an emerging approach to address the challenges related to bacterial infections. To suppress the virulence and biofilm formation by Escherichia coli O157:H7 (ECOH), we developed stable nanoemulsion (NE) of Gaultheria fragrantissima Wall. essential oil's (EO) bioactive compounds, viz., eugenol (E-NE) and methyl salicylate (MS-NE) that showed significantly higher anti-biofilm and anti-virulence activities as compared to eugenol and methyl salicylate without affecting ECOH planktonic cell growth. Transcriptional analysis showed that E-NE and MS-NE reduced the expression of genes, including curli, type I fimbriae, Shiga-like toxins, quorum sensing, and ler-controlled toxins, which are needed for biofilm formation, pathogenicity, and attachment. E-NE and MS-NE loaded hydrogel coatings showed superior anti-biofilm activity against ECOH on glass, plastic and meat surfaces as compared to eugenol and methyl salicylate loaded coatings. Conclusively, NE-loaded hydrogel coatings could be used in combating ECOH infection on solid surfaces through anti-biofilm and anti-virulence strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver-based nanostructures are suitable for many biomedical applications, but to be useful therapeutic agents, the high toxicity of these nanomaterials must be eliminated. Here, we biosynthesize nontoxic and ultra-small silver nanoclusters (rsAg@NCs) using metabolites of usnioid lichen (a symbiotic association of algae and fungi) that exhibit excellent antimicrobial activity against fluconazole (FCZ)-resistant Candida albicans that is many times higher than chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and FCZ. The rsAg@NCs trigger apoptosis via reactive oxygen species accumulation that leads to the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, DNA fragmentation, chromosomal condensation, and the activation of metacaspases. The proteomic analysis clearly demonstrates that rsAg@NCs exposure significantly alters protein expression. Most remarkable among the down-regulated proteins are those related to glycolysis, metabolism, free radical scavenging, anti-apoptosis, and mitochondrial function. In contrast, proteins involved in plasma membrane function, oxidative stress, cell death, and apoptosis were upregulated. Eventually, we also established that the apoptosis-inducing potential of rsAg@NCs is due to the activation of Ras signaling, which confirms their application in combating FCZ-resistant C. albicans infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agro-waste is the outcome of the under-utilization of bioresources and a lack of knowledge to re-use this waste in proper ways or a circular economy approach. In the Indian medicinal system, the root of Cyperus scariosus (CS) is used at a large scale due to their vital medicinal properties. Unfortunately, the aerial part of CS is treated as agro-waste and is an under-utilized bioresource. Due to a lack of knowledge, CS is treated as a weed. This present study is the first ever attempt to explore CS leaves as medicinally and a nutrient rich source. To determine the food and nutritional values of the neglected part of Cyperus scariosus R.Br. (CS), i.e. CS leaves, phytochemicals and metal ions of CS were quantified by newly developed HPLC and ICPOES-based methods. The content of the phytochemicals observed in HPLC analysis for caffeic acid, catechin, epicatechin, trans-p-coumaric acid, and trans-ferulic acid was 10.51, 276.15, 279.09, 70.53, and 36.83 µg/g, respectively. In GC–MS/MS analysis, fatty acids including linolenic acid, phytol, palmitic acid, etc. were identified. In ICPOES analysis, the significant content of Na, K, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, and Zn was observed. The TPC and TFC of the CS leaves was 17.933 mg GAE eq./g and 130.767 mg QCE eq./g along with an IC50 value of 2.78 mg/mL in the DPPH assay and better antacid activity was measured than the standard (CaCO3). The methanolic extract of CS leaves showed anti-microbial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (15 ± 2 mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12 ± 2 mm) and Escherichia coli (10 ± 2 mm). In silico studies confirmed the in vitro results obtained from the antioxidant, antiacid, and anti-microbial studies. In addition, in silico studies revealed the anti-cancerous and anti-inflammatory potential of the CS leaves. This study, thus, demonstrated the medicinal significance of the under-utilized part of CS and the conversion of agro-waste into mankind activity as a pharmaceutical potent material. Consequently, the present study highlighted that CS leaves have medicinal importance with good nutritional utility and have a large potential in the pharmaceutical industry along with improving bio-valorization and the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between nasal obstruction and obstructive sleep apnea has raised interest among otolaryngologists since years. There are studies that suggest that surgical correction of nasal obstruction improves sleep quality and reduces symptoms of sleep apnea. This lead to our study to understand the effect of nasal surgery on obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). Aim: To assess the effect of nasal surgery in improvement in Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Hypopnoea Syndrome in patients with nasal obstruction by Polysomnography (PSG). Material and methods: This study included 30 patients with nasal obstruction who underwent septoplasty and/or turbinate reduction procedure with pre and post operative assessment of respiratory distress index (RDI) including apnoea hypopnoea index (AHI), obstructive apnoea index (OAI), Snoring Index (SI) using polysomnography (PSG). Result: Nasal correction surgery showed statistically significant improvement (p-value < 0.001) in RDI from 13.66 to 6.66, OAI from 6.34 to 3.18 and Snoring Index from 161.77 to 62.23 as assessed by polysomnography. There was statistically significant improvement in minimal saturation levels (during sleep) and positional sleep apnoea. Conclusion: Isolated nasal surgery like septoplasty and/or turbinate reduction improved sleep parameters and alleviated OSA symptoms in patients with static nasal obstruction and obstructive sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome. However, patients with multilevel or dynamic airway obstruction may need further intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an analysis of the optimal control of speed and regenerative braking in an electric vehicle (EV). The presence of the continuous generating power is one of the major challenges for battery charging of electric vehicle. In order to meet the demand of continuous power, electric vehicles are driven by solar PV arrays. Initially, maximum power extraction (MPPT) is assessed from a solar photovoltaic (PV) array using the P&O method. The outputs of the solar PV array are integrated with electric vehicles. Such integration creates the problem of maintaining the power quality. The existing methods also address the issue of optimal speed and torque control with high transients and more settling time. In this article, an electric vehicle is modeled first and then operated in regenerative braking mode. To address the shortcomings of existing methods, the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) method is used; then, fuzzy logic controller (FLC)-based LQR is used for optimal speed and torque control during electric vehicle regenerative braking. In terms of reduced settling time and improved peak overshoot, optimal speed and regenerative torque of electric vehicles are better realized with LQR-based FLCs than with LQR controllers. In addition to this, stopping speed characteristics with various electrical parameters (voltage, current, and flux) have been analyzed with different methods in which LQR-based FLC shows its dominance to attain zero speed in regenerative mode with more sharp characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare refractive measurements of noncycloplegic photoscreener Plusoptix S12R with cycloplegic retinoscopy, noncycloplegic autorefractor, and cycloplegic autorefractor in children.Methods: The study population (200 eyes of 100 children) was divided into two groups: Group 1 (age 3-7 years) and Group 2 (age 8-15 years). In Group 1, Plusoptix was compared with cycloplegic retinoscopy. In Group 2, Plusoptix was compared with cycloplegic retinoscopy and autorefraction. The second group was made because the younger group was found to be uncooperative for autorefraction. Paired t-test and Pearson's correlation were used for statistical analysis.Results: The mean difference in sphere (DS), spherical equivalent (DSE), and cylinder (DC) between cycloplegic retinoscopy and Plusoptix in Group 1 was 0.68 ± 0.55 (P < 0.001), 0.77 ± 0.61 (P < 0.001), and 0.18 ± 0.28 (P < 0.001), respectively. In Group 2, DS, DSE, and DC between cycloplegic retinoscopy and Plusoptix were 0.86 ± 0.49 (P < 0.001), 0.97 ± 0.51 (P < 0.001), and 0.23 ± 0.28 (P < 0.001); between cycloplegic autorefractor and Plusoptix were 0.69 ± 0.47 (P < 0.001), 0.74 ± 0.49 (P < 0.001), and 0.10 ± 0.31 (P = 0.002); and between noncycloplegic autorefractor and Plusoptix were - 0.25 ± 0.39 (P < 0.001), -0.19 ± 0.41 (P < 0.001), and 0.11 ± 0.31 (P < 0.001), respectively. Pearson's correlation coefficients of S, SE, and C between Plusoptix and cycloplegic retinoscopy were 0.948, 0.938, and 0.924 in Group 1 and 0.972, 0.972, and 0.946 in Group 2, and these values were statistically significant. Bland-Altman plots showed good agreement between cycloplegic retinoscopy and Plusoptix in both groups. Plusoptix gave axis values within 10° of cycloplegic retinoscopy in 81.56% of eyes in Group 1 and in 71.44% of eyes in Group 2.Conclusion: Plusoptix photoscreener can be used for prescription of axis of cylinder in children; however, other refractive measurements must be refined by cycloplegic retinoscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract During biotic stress, plants use several mechanisms to protect themselves that include the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), induction of pathogenesis-related proteins and cell death. Some plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are known to act as bio-control agents that protect crops against pathogens. The biocontrol activity of PGPR Paenibacillus lentimorbus (B-30488) against Sclerotium rolfsii showed previously where several defense-related genes were upregulated with ROS induction in tomato. We further evaluate the other possibility, i.e. role of autophagy in enhancing defense in tomato using PGPR. Confocal microscopy revealed the presence of an acidotropic dye Mono Dansyl Cadaverine (MDC) stained autophagosomes in B-30488 treated healthy and infected plants. These autophagosomes almost disappeared in plants treated with an autophagy inhibitor chloroquine. The results were also confirmed by ultrastructural analysis of leaf tissues using transmission electron microscopy. Enhanced expression of autophagy-related genes was also monitored in B-30488 primed fungal infected tissues as compared to control by qRT-PCR. Results of ROS accumulation, fluorescence, confocal and transmission electron microscopy and gene expression analysis revealed induction of autophagy using B-30488 as a biocontrol agent suggesting a role in enhancing disease resistance in tomato. Overall, the present study indicated a role of B-30488 as a biocontrol in enhancing disease resistance in tomato and also assists a better understanding of fungal pathogenesis that is expected to be useful in developing new strategies for disease control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation for the first time explains the anti biofilm and anti virulence potential of Kaffir lime oil (KLO) and its major constituent, Citronellal (3,7-dimethyloct-6-enal) against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae , causal organism of bacterial blight disease of rice. KLO at 500 ppm showed potential activity against X. oryzae pv. oryzae . Among the major components identified, citronellal (CIT) at 75 μM concentration was found to significantly inhibit biofilm along with the swimming and swarming potential of X. oryzae pv. oryzae . In contrary, CIT did not affect the metabolic status and growth kinetics of the bacterial cells. Gene expression analysis showed down regulation in motA, cheD, cheY, flgF, gumC, xylanase, endogluconase, cellulose, cellobiosidase, virulence and rpfF transcript levels by citronellal treatment. However, an insignificant effect of 75 μM CIT treatment was observed on motB, flgE, pilA, estY, pglA , protease and lytic genes expression. Finally, the observations recorded were in confirmity with the virulence leaf clip test as lesion length was significantly decreased (39%) in CIT treatment as compared to the control leaves inoculated with only X. oryzae pv. oryzae . Overall, the findings obtained advocate the use of CIT for promising anti biofilm and anti virulence activity which in turn can be used for managing the blight disease in rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A letter to the editor is presented in response to the article "Bilateral monosymptomatic optic neuritis following Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection: A case report and literature review" by W.Y. Chiang and others which appeared in a 2014 issue of the periodical.