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This paper presents a novel methodology for modeling hydropower plants (HPPs) with and without pumping capability in resource adequacy assessment studies. The proposed method is based on the premise that HPPs should maximize their contribution to system adequacy within their technical constraints by using the energy reserves in their upper reservoirs without significantly deviating from their market schedule. The approach of this paper differs from the conventional operating policies for incorporating HPPs into resource adequacy assessment studies, which either adhere to a fixed market schedule or perform peak shaving, and are inelastic to real-time events or do not resort to realistic temporal correlations between natural water inflows on upper reservoirs and the water discharge needs to cover demand peaks, respectively. The modeling approach focuses on large-reservoir HPPs with natural inflows and is generic enough to deal with both stations incorporating pumping capabilities and those without. It utilizes the state-of-the-art Monte Carlo simulation technique to form the availability of system assets and determine the loss of load incidents. The market schedule and level of reservoir fulfillment for the HPPs are retrieved from a cost-optimal power system simulation algorithm executed offline before the application of the resource adequacy assessment. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is demonstrated through its implementation in a case study of a power system experiencing different levels of adequacy, comparing the obtained results with various traditional HPP modeling methods from the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of new battery technologies has become a focal point for distribution utilities, driven by decreasing costs and the need for fast responsiveness. Transportable battery energy storage systems (TBESSs) offer additional flexibility, allowing connection at multiple substations or grid feed points. However, concerns remain regarding their impact on distribution systems (DSs), particularly on protection devices (PDs). This study addresses these concerns by investigating the influence of TBESSs on the protection systems of a real-world distribution network. Given the lack of studies in the current literature on this topic, this research aims to fill this gap by examining the potential effects of TBESS integration on PDs, such as reclosers and fuses, within a DS. Utilizing a model based on real data from a Brazilian utility, we conducted simulations to analyze the effects of TBESSs in both charging and discharging modes on the protection systems of three feeders. The methodology involved assessing variations in the operation times and coordination of PDs to determine if TBESS integration would necessitate adjustments to existing protection configurations. The results demonstrated that TBESS integration resulted in only minor variations in PD operating times, typically within hundredths of a second, indicating a negligible impact on protection performance. Consequently, no significant modifications to the protection system are required to accommodate TBESSs. These findings suggest that TBESSs can be seamlessly integrated into existing distribution networks, maintaining system reliability and operational integrity. This study provides valuable insights and a robust procedure for utilities to analyze the integration of TBESSs, supporting the effective deployment of modern energy storage solutions in DSs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From time to time, a series of unpredictable and conflicting contingencies can lead to angular instability of the power system and even blackouts if not adequately handled by an out-of-step (OOS) protection system. The key contribution of this research work, to the theory of out-of-step protection, is the identification and isolation after a given disruption of many unstable swings. This paper presents a proposed method to avoid false operation for distance function by out-of-step blocking to improve the system stability by using optimally placed PMUs for the fast detection of system analogue quantities. The studies were performed on a modified Eskom transmission network in the Western Cape with 765 kV and 400 kV voltage levels. The aim is to investigate the IEC 61850-90-5 standard for predictive dynamic stability maintaining systems using PMUs for out-of-step conditions of synchronous generators. The power system modelling and simulation are performed in the RSCAD-FX for the proposed multi-area power system network. An experimental lab-scale implementation is built to test the proposed out-of-step algorithm in a real-time digital simulator. Software-based PMU is incorporated to test and validate the IEC 61850-90-5 standard sampled values. Simulation and experimental results are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The deployment of Electrically Trace Heated Pipe-in-Pipe (ETH-PiP) brings the challenges of reliable protection selection and setting. This paper presents a study of relays and protection function optimization for ETH-PiP systems. The study is based on the developed simulation model of a typical ETH-PiP system. The paper presents simulation studies of physical phenomena occurring during electrical disturbances in the ETH-PiP system and offers detailed analyses applicable to system protection, including detection of disturbances, location, and elimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A systematic definition of an aircraft generator's "available power" (used to supply loads on its DC bus) is given, which is defined in the context of constraints on transient and steady‐state performance. Using a geometric, data‐driven approach, such a characterisation has been achieved, and a new method, called Power availablE Estimation Tool (PEET), has been developed to determine in real‐time whether a given load can be fulfilled at a given time while maintaining power quality. This is an important problem, especially for safety critical electrical systems such as more electric aircraft, for which it is imperative to know a priori whether an added load will result in voltage variations outside of allowed values. PEET is introduced and its conceptual framework is formalised. Lastly, it provides simulation results that illustrate its performance. The results show that the PEET method produces reliable a priori estimates of power availability, and that this can be achieved within time frames that make it applicable in a real‐time implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper sets out to develop an efficient probabilistic optimal power flow (POPF) algorithm to assess the influence of wind power on power grid. Given a set of wind data at multiple sites, their marginal distributions are fitted by a newly developed generalized Johnson system, whose parameters are specified by a percentile matching method. The correlation of wind speeds is characterized by a flexible Liouville copula, which allows to model the asymmetric dependence structure. In order to improve the efficiency for solving POPF problem, a lattice sampling method is developed to generate wind samples at multiple sites, and a logistic mixture model is proposed to fit distributions of POPF outputs. Finally, case studies are performed, the generalized Johnson system is compared with Weibull distribution and the original Johnson system for fitting wind samples, Liouville copula is compared against Archimedean copula for modelling correlated wind samples, and lattice sampling method is compared with Sobol sequence and Latin hypercube sampling for solving POPF problem on IEEE 118‐bus system, the results indicate the higher accuracy of the proposed methods for recovering the joint cumulative distribution function of correlated wind samples, as well as the higher efficiency for calculating statistical information of POPF outputs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, there is a global rise in electricity consumption, leading to an accelerated depletion of natural resources due to the reliance on fossil fuels to fulfill this energy demand. Consequently, there exists a worldwide emphasis on enhancing the proportion of renewable energy sources in electricity generation. Biomass, as a renewable energy source, presents a viable alternative to certain fossil energy sources for combustion in electricity generation. This study focuses on a 660 MW coal-fired power plant as the subject of investigation, employing Aspen Plus simulation software (V11) to replicate the operational dynamics of the plant. A model of the direct mixed combustion biomass system within the coal-fired boiler is constructed, and its accuracy is validated against operational data obtained from the power plant. Moreover, a model elucidating the direct co-combustion of biomass in a coal-fired boiler, augmented by flue gas recirculation, was developed through the integration of biomass pre-treatment and flue gas recirculation technologies. This study explores the impacts of varying biomass blending ratios and flue gas recirculation on parameters, including flue gas volume, power generation efficiency, boiler performance, water vapor content, and emissions of pollutants. These findings indicate an inverse relationship between the mixing ratio and various performance metrics as follows: power generation, boiler efficiency, as well as NOX and SO2 content, with larger mixing ratios resulting in diminished values. Furthermore, the incorporation of flue gas recirculation was observed to mitigate furnace temperatures and suppress NOX emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power system simulation is vital for designing and evaluating the performance of electrical system protection and control devices. Although several commercial simulators exist, most are expensive and not open-source code. It is essential to develop educational and research simulators that can prepare students, allow researchers to develop new methodologies, and assist system operators in making decisions. This paper aims to present a computer simulation platform called AnaDyn (dynamic analysis), a non-commercial and open-source platform. AnaDyn is an educational/research platform that allows dynamic (transient stability), quasi-steady-state simulation, modal, and power flow analysis. Short- and long-term studies of voltage, frequency, and rotor angle instability problems can be performed. The main characteristics of AnaDyn are quasi-steady-state simulation, in which the equations are not simplified; easy integration with other tools and toolboxes, since AnaDyn is developing in MATLAB; flexible modeling that allows the inclusion of new devices and controller tests. The detailed modeling of various power system devices, the description of the numerical solution method, and the interface are also presented in this work. The platform is validated by comparing a test system's results with those obtained with Brazil's most popular commercial software. The main potentials of quasi-steady-state simulation are also presented. The results indicate that AnaDyn is efficient for educational and research studies on the stability of short- and long-term electrical systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of renewable energy sources into power systems has increased significantly in recent years. Among various types of renewable energy, the use of wind energy is growing rapidly due to its low operating cost, wide distribution worldwide, and no greenhouse gas emissions. However, power systems integrated with wind energy may face stability and reliability issues due to the intermittent nature of wind power. Therefore, in power systems connected to wind farms, it is usually required to use some compensators such as static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) to increase the system performance under abnormal conditions. On the other hand, for an SSSC to be effective in improving the system performance, it must be equipped with a suitable controller. In this paper, a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is used for the SSSC because of its advantages over conventional controllers. Extensive research has been conducted in power systems with wind turbines in which SSSC or FLC has been used; however, their simultaneous application in such systems has received less attention. Therefore, this article aims to fill this gap. The proposed method is implemented on two power systems and the simulation results are analyzed. In both systems, the dynamic behavior of three different wind farms is examined. In the first and second wind farms, either a squirrel cage induction generator (SCIG) or doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) are used, whereas in the third one which is a combined wind farm (CWF), an equal number of SCIG and DFIG are employed. In wind farms with SCIG or DFIG, an SSSC is also utilized. Furthermore, an FLC is employed for the SSSC to improve its efficacy. A proportional integral (PI) controller is also considered for the SSSC, and its results are compared with FLC results. The simulation results confirm the superiority of FLC over PI controller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a novel and improved double-resistor damped double-tuned passive power filter (DR-DDTF), designed using multi-objective optimization algorithms to mitigate harmonics and increase the hosting capacity of distribution systems with distributed energy resources. Although four different topologies of single-resistor damped double-tuned filters (DDTFs) have been studied before in the literature, the effectiveness of two different DR-DDTF configurations has not been examined. This work redresses this gap by demonstrating that via comprehensive simulations on two power systems, DR-DDTF provides better harmonic suppression and resonance mitigation than single-resistor alternatives. When it comes to optimizing the DR-DDTF for maximum hosting capacity and minimum system active power losses, the multi-objective artificial hummingbird outperformed six other algorithms in the benchmark. To allow for higher penetration of distributed generation without requiring grid upgrades, this newly developed harmonic mitigation filter provides a good alternative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The voltage‐source virtual synchronous generator is a grid‐forming type power electronic control technology and is able to support converters that have the ability of inertial, primary frequency and voltage regulation. Firstly, the authors build the small‐signal model of the voltage‐source virtual synchronous generator and conventional converters, compare and analyse the characteristics of the high‐frequency resonance modes, the results show that the voltage‐source virtual synchronous generator has almost the same high‐frequency resonance characteristics as the conventional converter. Secondly, the different control parameters and power grid strength that affect the high‐frequency resonance characteristic are analysed with eigenvalue, and the mechanism of voltage‐source VSG that caused high‐frequency resonance is derived. The leading factor that causes high‐frequency resonance is power grid strengths, and the authors proposed introducing virtual impedance into the front‐end channel of the current inner loop control strategy to suppress resonance for the voltage‐source virtual synchronous generator based on the theoretical analysis with the small‐signal model and eigenvalue analysis. In addition, the electromagnetic transient simulation model and RT‐LAB controller‐in‐loop platform are built, and the simulation and experiment results indicate the effectiveness of the virtual impedance control strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new technique is proposed for loss of field (LOF) detection in synchronous generators (SGs). The proposed scheme employs the variations of SG angular velocity ∆ωφ and load angle ∆δφ to reach this goal, while the mentioned parameters are estimated through air gap flux estimation. The proposed scheme performance is evaluated using realistic simulation case studies based on IEEE C. 37. 102 standard compared to the conventional impedance‐based one. The obtained results show that the presented scheme excels the conventional scheme from speed and security viewpoints. Moreover, the estimation procedure of ∆ωφ and ∆δφ is experimentally validated by using a 10 kVA SG and the results demonstrate that the proposed technique can be easily set and implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address China's small coal power units facing shutdown and retirement, which urgently need life cycle extension and renovation, a complete solar thermal storage simulation power generation system based on the original site of a decommissioned thermal power unit is developed using Ebsilon software in this study. The operational characteristics of the simulated system are studied in depth to build a system with integrity and stability that can carry out economic and stable power production. The results of simulation tests on the solar collector system and the thermal storage subsystem show that the energy storage rate of the energy storage subsystem is affected by light intensity and significantly increases at approximately 8:00 a.m. The annual power generation capacity of the system is influenced by the energy storage hours set by the energy storage subsystem, and the annual power generation capacity increases more significantly when the energy storage hours are controlled within the range of 5–8 h. The operating efficiency of the corresponding subsystem can be improved by selecting a suitable location for the light intensity required and controlling the effective reflectivity of the mirror field and the energy storage hours, which can ensure the system's stable operation. The research results provide theoretical guidance for reusing and transforming retired thermal power units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen fuel cells have become one of the most viable power sources for electric aircraft. Models representing the electrical behavior of the fuel cell stack over the full dynamic operation region are essential for the development of power electronic energy systems powered by fuel cell stacks. This work presents an electrical equivalent circuit model for PEM fuel cell stacks representing the static and dynamic electrical behavior of the fuel cell stack under pulsed loads up to frequencies of 10 kHz. Dynamic phenomena on time scales slower than the considered timescale of power-electronic switching, such as reactant flow, membrane hydration, and temperature effects, are considered stationary. The parameterization method proposed is developed on measured data from a 110 W PEM fuel cell stack and validated with a set of measured data from a 2 kW stack. The time-domain simulated behavior of the parameterized model shows an accurate representation of the measured behavior: the parameterized model reproduces both the static polarization behavior and the behavior under high-frequency pulsed loading with errors of less than 1% with respect to the nominal stack voltage. The model is suitable for dynamic simulation of power electronic systems directly connected to fuel cell stacks and can be parameterized without special electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. • A novel equivalent circuit model for PEM fuel cells is proposed. • The equivalent circuit model is valid in time domain for large-signal perturbations. • The model represents the dynamic electrical behavior under pulsed loads up to 10 kHz. • The proposed model is parameterized using a novel pulsed load measurement method. • The model is aimed for highly dynamic simulations of fuel cells in pHiL environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the observer-based adaptive fuzzy quantized control problem for a class of fractional-order nonlinear time-delay systems with unknown control gains based on a modified fractional-order dynamic surface control (FODSC) technique and an indirect Lyapunov method. First, a fractional-order, high-gain state observer is constructed to estimate unavailable state information. Furthermore, the Nussbaum gain technique and a fractional-order filter are adopted to cope with the problem of unknown control gains and to reduce the computational complexity of the conventional recursive procedure, respectively. Moreover, through integration with the compensation mechanism and estimation model, the adaptive fuzzy quantized controllers and adaptive laws are designed to ensure that all the signals of the closed-loop system are bounded. In the end, the proposed controller is applied to a numerical example and a single-machine-infinite bus (SMIB) power system; the simulation results show the validity, superiority, and application potential of the developed control strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimal power flow (OPF) analysis enables the in-depth study and examination of islanded microgrid design and operation. The development of the analysis framework, including modeling, formulating, and selecting effective OPF solvers, however, is a nontrivial task. As a result, this paper presents a tutorial on an OPF modeling framework, offering a mathematical model that can be readily implemented using established open-source software tools such as OpenDSS, Pyomo, and IPOPT. The framework is versatile, capable of representing single-phase and unbalanced three-phase islanded microgrids. Various inverter models, such as those of grid forming and following equipped with their operating characteristics, can be incorporated. The efficacy of the proposed framework is demonstrated in studying the OPF of single-phase and three-phase microgrids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the skills to be developed in the study of reactive power compensation control devices in electrical power systems is the analysis of the control models of static reactive compensators. Python is free software that allows data analysis, control and simulation of electrical power systems. The objective of the article is to propose an application that allows the study of reactive power compensation that helps improve the teaching-learning process of the subject of Power Electronics. The study was based on a qualitative - descriptive methodology in which analytical - synthetic and inductive - deductive methods were used and the survey was used as empirical methods. For the processing and analysis of the information collected, the calculation of absolute and relative frequencies was used as a statistical method. The results corroborate the importance of using the proposed method to improve the teaching-learning process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the use of manifold learning in the context of electric power system transient stability analysis. Since wide-area monitoring systems (WAMSs) introduced a big data paradigm into the power system operation, manifold learning can be seen as a means of condensing these high-dimensional data into an appropriate low-dimensional representation (i.e., embedding) which preserves as much information as possible. In this paper, we consider several embedding methods (principal component analysis (PCA) and its variants, singular value decomposition, isomap and spectral embedding, locally linear embedding (LLE) and its variants, multidimensional scaling (MDS), and others) and apply them to the dataset derived from the IEEE New England 39-bus power system transient simulations. We found that PCA with a radial basis function kernel is well suited to this type of power system data (where features are instances of three-phase phasor values). We also found that the LLE (including its variants) did not produce a good embedding with this particular kind of data. Furthermore, we found that a support vector machine, trained on top of the embedding produced by several different methods was able to detect power system disturbances from WAMS data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel method is introduced to determine cost‐optimized active power curtailment (APC) of renewable energy sources (RES) considering weather‐dependent dynamic line rating (DLR). A new formulation of the security‐constrained optimal power flow (SC‐OPF) is developed and applied in a case study. The reduction of the required preventive APC in the (N-0)$(N\text{-}0)$ case for (N-1)$(N\text{-}1)$ secure grid operation due to the consideration of thermal inertia of overhead power lines is demonstrated. Considering thermal inertia allows relying on curative APC that is activated only after an (N-1)$(N\text{-}1)$ situation occurs. The overhead power line temperature, calculated with the temperature‐dependent power flow (TDPF), acts as a new limit for line loading and releases unused transmission reserves. The TDPF algorithm is integrated in the open‐source Python library pandapower, providing access to it to the broader community. The power system can be utilized to a greater extent, with a reduced demand for congestion management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with an optimization problem in an electricity distribution network with different types of distributed generation and a battery storage system in terms of a smart grid concept. The optimization problem considers two objectives, namely, the annual energy losses and the exchange of energy with the higher-level power grid. The decision variables of the problem are the allocation of the different distributed generation units and the battery storage system, the annual power profiles of the controllable distributed generation and the battery storage system, and the power factor profiles of the controllable and noncontrollable distributed generation. All decision variables are solved simultaneously in a single optimization problem. The variable load shapes of the grid consumers and the profiles of the photovoltaic and wind power systems are considered in the study. All data are observed at the annual level with hourly resolution. The problem solving method uses computational intelligence techniques, namely, metaheuristic optimization methods and artificial neural networks. The study proposes a framework for optimizing the decision variables in the planning phase of distributed generation and battery storage, and for controlling the variable power and power factor profiles based on an artificial neural network in the implementation phase. The optimization problem is solved with a power system simulation program and a metaheuristic optimizer in cosimulation synergy. The three cases of distributed generation and battery storage are considered simultaneously. The proposed method is applied to the test grid operator IEEE with 37 buses, and reductions in annual energy losses and energy exchange are obtained in the ranges 34–86% and 41–99%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the coordinated control effect of hierarchical power balance of new energy microgrid, this paper applies fuzzy control method to this system, and proposes a hierarchical control strategy based on event-triggered communication. Each DG is regarded as a proxy, and the continuous actual value of output is replaced by the state prediction value. Moreover, two different event trigger condition functions for frequency and voltage are designed based on Lyapunov method respectively. At the same time, each DG only communicates with its neighbor DG aperiodic at the event trigger time, and finally all DG are restored to the reference value provided by the virtual leader. Finally, this paper constructs a coordinated fuzzy control simulation system for hierarchical power balance of new energy microgrid. Combined with the simulation results, the method proposed in this paper is feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The protection of traditional high‐voltage capacitor banks relies on an unbalance relay which operates when an internal fuse is blown. However, the unbalance relay cannot indicate the cause of the fault. Thus, an operator wastes time and human resources investigating the fault issues. In this paper, a fault which occurred in a 230‐kV power system of Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand was observed by performing simulations using the Power Systems Computer Aided Design (PSCAD) program. The study system based on the double bus station and 72 MVAR capacitor banks was installed in the form of a back‐to‐back topology. Three scenarios were considered: normal condition, fault occurrence in one capacitor bank and fault occurrence in both capacitor banks. Current characteristics such as the current phase and difference in unbalance current were considered. In addition, discrete wavelet transform was applied to solve the ambiguity of current generated from the PSCAD. The authors' results suggest that identifying fault events using a coefficient of wavelet is more efficient than relying on the current amplitude. The findings mentioned in this paper can be applied in a traditional power system protection scheme to enhance a system's reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the discussion on slave ship Zong transporting enslaved African peoples across the Atlantic. Topics include captain attempted to justify this action by arguing the ship was low on drinking water, and that throwing some of the enslaved people overboard; and Philip reshapes language and the page on which it appears as alternate Black spaces that expose and disrupt hidden power systems.

Over the years, people paid more attention to using renewable energy such as geothermal energy to decrease the dependency on fossil fuel energy. Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) can generate electricity by using low‐temperature heat sources, and geothermal energy is an ideal pollution‐free heat source that can provide continuous and stable energy. Meanwhile, the turbo expander, one of the essential components in ORC, has the advantages of high speed and single‐stage expansion ratio. In this work, we simulated and analyzed the flow field characteristics of the turbo expander under the assigned working conditions using CFX software. The results showed that the working fluid distributed uniformly in the volute, and there was no apparent whirlpool flow or secondary flow. The pressure near the leading edge of the impeller blade was sparse but became dense at the vicinity of the trailing edge. When the speed of the expander was 15000rad min−1 and the inlet pressure was 0.59 MPa, the isentropic efficiency reached the maximum value, and the change of the inlet temperature had little effect on the isentropic efficiency, which can be ignored in actual operation. The results guide in improving the practical application of geothermal energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction hoist drive system is a critical component of the construction hoist, and high speed and low vibration noise are essential development directions. In order to improve the NVH level of the construction hoist drive system, this paper carries out research and analysis of construction hoist drive system excitation, establishes the drive system rigid-flexible coupling dynamics model, and completes the establishment of the vibration and noise model of the drive system, simulation analysis, and optimization work. Ansys Motor CAD 2020 was used to establish the parametric model of the asynchronous motor and it was combined with the virtual work method to calculate Maxwell's electromagnetic force to arrive at the radial electromagnetic force as the main cause of electromagnetic noise. For the mechanical excitation generated by the gearbox, the time-varying stiffness excitation, mesh shock excitation, and transmission error excitation are considered, and the transmission error of helical gears under different working conditions is calculated by combining it with Romax software 2020. The rigid-flexible coupling model of the construction hoist drive system is established. The load distribution analysis of the unit length of the tooth surface is completed for the first- and third-stage helical gears under different working conditions. The primary source of the drive system excitation is the tooth surface bias load. Based on the dynamic response analysis theory of the vibration superposition method, the maximum vibration speed of the drive system was analyzed by Romax. The maximum noise value of 78.8 dB was calculated from the acoustic power simulation of the drive system using Actran acoustic software 2022 in combination with acoustic theory, and the magnetic density amplitude of the stator teeth of the asynchronous motor was optimized based on the microscopic shaping design of the helical gear by Romax. The vibration and noise simulation of the optimized drive system shows that the vibration value is reduced to 0.75 mm/s, and the maximum noise is reduced to 70.2 dB, which is 10.9% lower than before the optimization. The overall NVH level has been improved. The optimization method to reduce the vibration noise of the drive system is explored, which can be used for vibration noise prediction and control during the development of the construction hoist drive system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the false data injection attack (FDIA) detection problem for multi‐area power systems. Considering the large‐scale characteristic of the multi‐area power systems, a novel decentralized detection scheme is proposed to detect FDIAs. First, an unknown input sliding mode observer (UI‐SMO) is designed to decouple the interconnected terms, meanwhile, a robust term in the UI‐SMO can attenuate the effect of the load variation, by which the obtained residual is only sensitive to local FDIAs. The strict reachability of the sliding surface in the estimate error space is ensured by the robust term with an auxiliary variable, and the stability of the sliding mode dynamics is achieved. Then, a detection logic is delicately designed based on a two‐phase residual threshold. Due to the strong attenuating ability to load variation, the proposed detection scheme shows better detectability than some existing works with only decoupling interconnections. Finally, the theoretical results are backed up by a three‐area power system simulation with comparison between proposed UI‐SMO‐based and traditional UIO‐based detection scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autonomous power systems serving remote areas with weather stations with small settlements are characterized by a fairly high cost of generating electricity and the purchase and delivery of fuel. In addition, diesel power plants require regular maintenance, have a relatively short service life during continuous operation and produce a large amount of emissions into the environment. This article discusses various methods of placing solar panels in the space for the autonomous power supply of weather station equipment. The principles of these methods are described and their advantages and disadvantages are outlined. The optimal algorithms of functioning for photomodules are described and their comparison regarding the main, significant parameters is carried out. The choice of the most effective algorithm for use at a weather station is made. The effective positioning of solar panels is also calculated, and positioning conditions are determined depending on the territorial location and various environmental conditions. Simulation of the power supply system of a weather station consisting of solar panels, batteries and inverters is performed. As a result, a practical example of the application of the method of selecting the optimal composition of equipment for a hybrid power system of a weather station territorially located in Siberia with different configurations of equipment is considered. In numerical terms, it was possible to reduce the cost of power equipment operation by more than 60% with a fairly low payback period of 5.5 years and an increased reliability of the power system, which is very important for autonomous power systems of northern weather stations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modular multi‐level converters (MMCs) are a mainstay in many HVDC transmission projects worldwide. Half‐bridge MMC (HB‐MMC) is mostly used in the current project. The large capacitor of sub modules (SMs) is often required in MMC to ensure the low voltage ripple. Here, the three‐stage switching MMC (TSS‐MMC) topology is proposed, which can greatly reduce the capacitor voltage ripple of SMs by dynamically adjusting the position of inductance on the upper and down bridge arms. The principle of reducing capacitor voltage ripple based on equal capacitance theory is introduced. The selection of the inductance value of each part in TSS‐MMC is introduced. The start‐up process strategy, capacitor voltage ripple reduction strategy in steady‐state operation, and DC fault ride‐through strategy of TSS‐MMC are proposed. The effectiveness and engineering practicability of the proposed TSS‐MMC is verified by transient simulation program built on PSCAD/EMTDC. The simulation results show that compared with MMC with circulating current suppressing controller (CCSC), it can effectively reduce the capacitor voltage ripple by over 50%. Furthermore, the total used inductance of TSS‐MMC can also be reduced. A comprehensive assessment of TSS‐MMC is also carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the progress of renewable energy generation and energy storage technologies, more and more renewable sources and devices are integrated into the power system. Due to the complexity of the power system, single and multiple power quality disturbances (PQDs) occur more frequently. Hence, real‐time detection of PQDs is the primary issue to mitigate the risk of distortions. This study presents the real‐time PQDs classification using fused convolutional neural networks (CNN) combined with long short‐term memory (fused CNN‐LSTM) architecture based on time and frequency domain features. The frequency‐domain features were obtained from time‐series data using fast Fourier transform. The original time‐domain and frequency‐domain features are extracted by respective CNN‐LSTM structures. The extracted time and frequency domain features are concatenated to classify the PQD through fully connected layers. Our proposed method was trained and tested using 16 types of synthetic noise PQDs data generated by mathematical models, in accordance with the standard IEEE‐1159. Moreover, to further verify the performance of our approach, a simulation distributed power system is carried out to detect various PQDs. We compared three advanced neural network approaches: Deep CNN, CNN‐LSTM, and multifusion CNN (MFCNN). The fused CNN‐LSTM model takes only 0.64 ms to classify each PQDs signal and achieves an accuracy of 98.95% and 98.89% in synthetic data and simulated power systems which indicates our proposed method outperformed compared methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electricity spot market plays a significant role in promoting the self-improvement of the overall resource utilization efficiency of the power system and advancing energy conservation and emission reduction. This paper analyzes and compares the potential impacts of spot market operations on system planning, considering the differences between planning methods in traditional and spot market environments through theoretical analysis and model comparison. Furthermore, we conduct research and analysis on grid planning methods under the spot market environment with the goal of maximizing social benefits. Unlike the pricing approach based on historical price data in traditional market simulation processes, a data-driven approach that combines experimental economics and machine learning is proposed, specifically using mixed empirical learning to simulate unit bidding strategies in market transactions. A simulation model for electricity spot market trading is constructed to analyze the performance of the planning results in the spot market environment. The case study results indicate that the proposed planning methods can enable the grid to operate well in the spot market environment, maintain relatively stable nodal prices, and ensure the integration of a high proportion of clean energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work focuses on the use of the Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) technique to construct a reliable Static VAr Compensator (SVC), Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC), and Excitation System controller for damping Subsynchronous Resonance (SSR) in a power system. There is only one quantifiable feedback signal used by the controller (generator speed deviation). It is also possible to purchase this controller in a reduced-order form. The findings of the robust control are contrasted with those of the "idealistic" full state optimal control. The LQG damping controller's regulator robustness is then strengthened by the application of Loop Transfer Recovery (LTR). Nonlinear power system simulation is used to confirm the resilience of the planned controller and demonstrates how well the regulator dampens power system oscillations. The approach dampens all torsional oscillatory modes quickly while maintaining appropriate control actions, according to simulation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy efficiency is more and more important for modern electrified transportation systems, requiring an understanding of the various indexes of performance (regenerability, receptivity, and energy losses, thus including braking recovered energy and energy loss in catenary) and of the influence of the main system parameters (headway, line voltage, substation separation, etc.). By means of electromechanical simulation, the most relevant parameters and system conditions are identified as influencing the efficiency performance and optimization capability. Besides the assessment of such efficiency performance indexes, identifying their typical ranges of variation, one further outcome is the identification of characteristic system parameter combinations that lead to extreme variations in the system energy efficiency itself. Such peculiar variations are caused by occasionally synchronized patterns of trains along the line and result in a significant local increase or decrease in efficiency. Efficiency drop scenarios in particular should be taken into consideration for worst-case analysis and to devise effective mitigations. To this aim, the effect of differently distributed passenger stations is considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern power grid is evolving towards carbon neutrality by deploying increasing amount of renewable energy resources. However, the impact of renewable generation on power system planning and operation is not sufficiently investigated, especially the capability of renewable penetrated power systems to resist and recover from major disturbances, which is a critical concern for system operators. Novel metrics and evaluation methodologies are needed to depict systems' ability in response to events caused by natural disasters, and quantitatively evaluate system performance in various time scales. In this paper, operational resilience metrics are proposed for power systems with penetration of renewable energy resources based on transient stability principles. A systematic methodology is proposed to quantitatively assess the evolution of system performance during various stages of the disaster process. Based on the proposed metrics, a resilience‐oriented disaster management strategy is designed and validated using the modified IEEE 39‐bus test system. The simulation results demonstrate the validity of the proposed metrics and strategy, and show that the system resilience is enhanced during the mitigation of fault conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an open‐access Matlab/Simulink‐based power system simulation toolbox (MatPSST) for research and education. In MatPSST, dynamic modeling is implemented by Simulink. Only the initialization process is coded in Matlab. This structure makes full use of Simulink, enabling users to fully use the rich solvers and built‐in toolboxes in Matlab/Simulink, such as small‐signal analysis, without additional programming. The interaction with real‐time platforms like RTLAB and dSPACE in MatPSST is convenient through the Simulink interface. In addition, MatPSST provides a uniform interface and flexible framework for user‐defined functions. Users do not need to consider the interaction between models and dynamic solvers when implementing state‐of‐the‐art user‐defined models. To avoid the heavy work (replicate units and change parameters) in modeling detailed wind farm or photovoltaic station with hundreds of renewable generation units, the idea of the vector‐variable‐based model is proposed with MatPSST. Case studies introduce some selected application examples of MatPSST in research and education and demonstrate its accuracy by the comparisons with Simscape and PSAT. The cases reveal the advantages of MatPSST in promoting power system research and education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the high penetration of distributed generation and gradual increase in loop network structures, existing over‐current protection in distribution networks is difficult to apply. The use of current differential protection has become an ideal solution, and high performance and commercialization of 5G communication provides an effective way to solve the problem of differential protection channel transmission. Aiming at distribution network differential protection based on 5G, this paper adopted an adaptive frequency conversion transmission mechanism to significantly reduce the data flow of differential protection. In terms of protection strategy, the differential allowable signal and the differential protection startup logic are separated, and a novel action method and protection logic suitable for weak infeed distribution networks are proposed. The strategy significantly shortens the protection action time under wireless communication. Furthermore, a comprehensive synchronization scheme using zero‐crossing synchronization of forward sampling points and cycle numbers based on the second pulse signal was established. This scheme can effectively improve the reliability of data synchronization for differential protection. Finally, the method proposed in this study was verified using the dynamic model experiment of real‐time digital simulation (RTDS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Software application when executed on computer systems having disparate hardware features, result in dissimilar performance and power. Therefore, selecting systems with optimal performance and power values for application execution is an essential problem to address. However, access to many physical systems is required to collect performance power, which is a demanding task. Therefore, our first objective is to build an accurate prediction model for physical systems to achieve the second objective of computer system selection. To achieve the first objective, we propose a novel model, "cross performance and power prediction with scaling." We develop a cross prediction model for physical systems by training a decision tree machine learning algorithm on performance and power datasets obtained from a large number of simulation systems built in the Gem5 simulator using emulation mode. However, design differences between Gem5 systems and physical systems lead to large prediction inaccuracies. We determine the application-specific "scaling factor" to compensate for the prediction inaccuracies and apply it to the predicted values for accurate physical systems predictions. We evaluate our model on well-known applications from SD-VBS and MiBench benchmarks achieving errors of 10–25% and 6–40% for performance and power for general-purpose systems. With accurate predictions for physical systems from our model, we achieve the second goal of computer system selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cloud energy storage is considered a promising application in future power systems. It focuses on optimally leveraging the capacity of centralized large‐scale energy storage compared with the requirements of small‐scale localized users. In this paper, to satisfy the small‐ and medium‐scale timely energy storage requirement from localized users, the concept of the cloud‐based location sharing energy storage is proposed. The modular mobile energy storage system is flexibly configured and deployed at different sites to fulfil the long‐term seasonally dynamic transformer capacity increment and short‐term daily energy arbitrage based on economic values. To optimize the overall incomes of the energy storage investment, a two‐step user potential identification algorithm is proposed to discover the most valuable users at different time scales from the regional power usage profile. Then, the number/capacity optimal planning algorithm is proposed to optimally share the mobile energy storage system among users seasonally and total profits are further increased through daily energy arbitrage at less valuable seasons. Finally, the structure and dispatching strategy of the cloud‐based location sharing energy storage management system is illustrated. Case study results prove that the proposed identification algorithm can excavate the most valuable users at different time scales and the optimal planning and operation strategy is able to guarantee the overall income benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a component-oriented modeling method for power system simulation, which optimizes the modeling process of the FPGA-based real-time digital simulator (FRTDS) to enhance its computational efficiency. In this paper, a component modeling method for various types of elements in the power system is presented, which makes the modeling process in FRTDS more user-friendly and highly scalable. By applying the concepts of combination and reconstruction of components to electrical components, the component-oriented modeling method becomes better suited for combined elements with fixed connection modes and elements that require online model replacement in the power system. Utilizing the characteristics of component-oriented modeling, the variable declaration structure and node elimination strategy in the simulation script are optimized, enabling the simulation script to fit better with the hardware structure of FRTDS. Additionally, a substation is simulated in FRTDS with a simulation step size of 50 µs, thus verifying the correctness of the component-oriented modeling method and its ability to improve the computational power of FRTDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though shunt compensation of transmission lines (TLs) is a common practice to limit the overvoltages stemming from the Ferranti effect, it may cause transient and steady‐state resonant overvoltages when one phase is left open due to the single‐pole‐open condition following the temporary phase‐to‐ground (Ph‐g) fault. Furthermore, the existing shunt reactors potentially increase the duration of the secondary arc current at the fault point and hence prevent offering fast single‐pole reclosing. To exploit the mentioned issues, in recent studies, a neutral reactor is introduced, which is installed in the neutral point of the shunt reactors; nonetheless, obtaining the appropriate amount of it is remarkably challenging. In this paper, an optimal neutral reactor (ONR) is determined based on an optimization problem, which minimizes the neutral reactor cost subject to limiting both resonant overvoltages and the duration of the secondary arc current. In modelling, the Laplace domain is employed rather than the phasor domain to consider both transient and steady‐state conditions since this technique allows having better control over transient overvoltages as well as transient secondary arc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposes a simulation model with practical constraints on the use of diesel engine and investigates the impact of adding the constraint of the minimum length of diesel operation time on total cost of hybrid power system, which is designed to supply power for a small village located in the east part of Iran. The results indicated that in the presence of the aforementioned constraint, total cost of hybrid power system increased by shortening diesel generator lifespan and growing diesel fuel consumption. The research did not find any specific uptrend or downtrend in battery lifetime by adding the mentioned constraint into the model. The study outcomes also specified that the surplus power of the hybrid power system inclined in the existence of the minimum length of diesel operation time constraint. The results demonstrated that one hour increment in the minimum length of diesel operation time left a remarkable part of generated renewable power as a surplus power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The annual yield of bifacial photovoltaic systems is highly dependent on the albedo of the underlying soil. There are currently no published data about the albedo of red soil in western Africa. In this study, the impact of the albedo of red soil in Ghana on the energy yield of bifacial photovoltaic systems is analysed. A bifacial photovoltaic simulation model is created by combining the optical view factor matrix with an electrical output simulation. For an exact simulation, the albedo of red soil at three different locations in Ghana is measured for the first time. The average albedo of every red soil is clearly determined, as well as the measurement span including instrumentation uncertainty; values between 0.175 and 0.335 were measured. Considering these data, a state-of-the-art bifacial photovoltaic system with an average of 19.8% efficient modules in northern Ghana can achieve an annual energy yield of 508.8 kWh/m2 and a bifacial gain of up to 18.3% in comparison with monofacial photovoltaic panels. To summarise, red soil in two out of three locations in Ghana shows higher albedo values than most natural ground surfaces and therefore positively impacts the annual yield of bifacial photovoltaic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anticipating and relieving congestions is an ongoing challenge for transmission system operators. Distributed grid‐scale battery energy storage systems enable operators to shift power flows and remedy congestion through virtual power lines and grid boosters. This paper includes battery energy storage systems in a combined preventive and curative congestion management optimization. First, it analyzes the impact of the two operational strategies in a case study of the German transmission grid. Furthermore, it outlines curative ad‐hoc measures to overcome uncertainties during operational planning and real‐time operation. The simulation results indicate that battery energy storage systems further increase the use of curative measures and reduce congestion management costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When the T-connected transmission line fails, there is a certain relationship between the phases of the three-terminal power frequency fault current, which can be applied to protect the current differential of the T-connected line. In this paper, using the MATLAB/Simulink electric power system simulation software, when the T-connected transmission line is faulty, the power frequency fault current variation law monitored at the installation point is deeply studied, and the judgment method of the T-connected transmission line fault branch based on the power frequency current is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a DC microgrid, the negative damping characteristics of a constant power load can deteriorate the stability of the whole system. To improve the robustness and stability of the DC microgrid, a hybrid passivity-based control of damping injection is presented in this paper. The stability of the closed-loop system is ensured by the energy dissipation property of the passivity-based control. A proportional-integral controller is integrated with the passivity-based controller to form a hybrid passivity-based control to improve control robustness. A small-signal model of a DC power system with constant power load is derived in detail, and the stability of the system is analyzed with the Lyapunov eigenvalue method. The proposed hybrid passivity-based control provides the system with a faster recovery and a larger power boundary when compared with the typical voltage-current dual-loop control. First, the proposed control is verified by simulation of the DC power system based on MATLAB/Simulink, and the feasibility and superiority of the proposed control are further verified by hardware-in-loop (HIL) experiments based on real-time laboratory (RT-Lab) and a TI DSP TMS320 F28335. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]