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Objectives: Emergency ultrasound (EUS) is a critical component of emergency medicine (EM) resident education. Currently, there is no consensus list of competencies for EUS training, and graduating residents have varying levels of skill and comfort. The objective of this study was to define a widely accepted comprehensive list of EUS competencies for graduating EM residents through a modified Delphi method. Methods: We developed a list of EUS applications through a comprehensive literature search, the American College of Emergency Physicians list of core EUS benchmarks, and the Council of Emergency Medicine Residency-Academy of Emergency Ultrasound consensus document. We assembled a multi-institutional expert panel including 15 faculty members from diverse practice environments and geographical regions. The panel voted on the list of competencies through two rounds of a modified Delphi process using a modified Likert scale (1 = not at all important, 5 = very important) to determine levels of agreement for each application--with revisions occurring between the two rounds. High agreement for consensus was set at >80%. Results: Fifteen of 15 panelists completed the first-round survey (100%) that included 359 topics related to EUS. After the first round, 195 applications achieved high agreement, four applications achieved medium agreement, and 164 applications achieved low agreement. After the discussion, we removed three questions and added 13 questions. Fifteen of 15 panelists completed the second round of the survey (100%) with 209 of the 369 applications achieving consensus. Conclusion: Our final list represents expert opinion on EUS competencies for graduating EM residents. We hope to use this consensus list to implement a more consistent EUS curriculum for graduating EM residents and to standardize EUS training across EM residency programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates how fashion and nationalism were expressed through two iconic dress styles worn by women, the qipao in Taiwan and the terno in the Philippines in the post-WWII era. We consider the positioning of women's bodies in the nation-building project and how sartorial practices reflected expectations around gendered performance in the public and private spheres. Both countries emerged from domination by major powers—Japan and the US—in the post-war era and ruling elites were keen to project an image of nation that was distinctively Asian and modern, while the first ladies of both nations championed their respective styles of national dress. In the Philippines, the terno was a fusion garment adapted over time that reflected the nation's earlier cultural links with Spain, whereas in Taiwan the qipao marked women's bodies as Chinese in the public sphere as Chinese nationalists consolidated their political control over the country. We argue that the relative success and longevity of the terno in the Philippines is due to a lengthy, organic process of internal cultural authentication prior to its take-up by former First Lady Imelda Marcos, as opposed to the top-down imposition of the qipao on Taiwanese women's bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior reviews investigated medical education developments in response to COVID-19, identifying the pivot to remote learning as a key area for future investigation. This review synthesized online learning developments aimed at replacing previously face-to-face 'classroom' activities for postgraduate learners. Four online databases (CINAHL, Embase, PsychINFO, and PubMed) and MedEdPublish were searched through 21 December 2020. Two authors independently screened titles, abstracts and full texts, performed data extraction, and assessed risk of bias. The PICRAT technology integration framework was applied to examine how teachers integrated and learners engaged with technology. A descriptive synthesis and outcomes were reported. A thematic analysis explored limitations and lessons learned. Fifty-one publications were included. Fifteen collaborations were featured, including international partnerships and national networks of program directors. Thirty-nine developments described pivots of existing educational offerings online and twelve described new developments. Most interventions included synchronous activities (n Fif5). Virtual engagement was promoted through chat, virtual whiteboards, polling, and breakouts. Teacher's use of technology largely replaced traditional practice. Student engagement was largely interactive. Underpinning theories were uncommon. Quality assessments revealed moderate to high risk of bias in study reporting and methodology. Forty-five developments assessed reaction; twenty-five attitudes, knowledge or skills; and two behavior. Outcomes were markedly positive. Eighteen publications reported social media or other outcomes, including reach, engagement, and participation. Limitations included loss of social interactions, lack of hands-on experiences, challenges with technology and issues with study design. Lessons learned highlighted the flexibility of online learning, as well as practical advice to optimize the online environment. This review offers guidance to educators attempting to optimize learning in a post-pandemic world. Future developments would benefit from leveraging collaborations, considering technology integration frameworks, underpinning developments with theory, exploring additional outcomes, and designing and reporting developments in a manner that supports replication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Forming effective networks is important for personal productivity and career development. Although critical for success, these networks are not well understood. The objective of this study was to usze a social network analysis tool to demonstrate the growth of institutional publication networks for education researchers and show how a single institution has expanded its publication network over time. Methods: Publications from a single institution's medical education research group (MERG) were pulled since its inception in 2010 to 2019 using Web of Science to collect publication information. Using VOSViewer software, we formed and plotted a network sociogram comparing the first five years to the most recent 4.25 years to compare the institutions of authors from peer reviewed manuscripts published by this group. Results: We found 104 peer-reviewed research articles, editorials, abstracts, and reviews for the MERG authors between 2010 and 2019 involving 134 unique institutions. During 2010-2014, there were 26 publications involving 56 institutions. From 2015- 2019, there were 78 publications involving 116 unique institutions. Conclusion: This brief report correlates successful research productivity in medical education with the presence of increased inter-institutional collaborations as demonstrated by network sociograms. Programs to intentionally expand collaborative networks may prove to be an important element of facilitating successful careers in medical education scholarship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal upwelling is known for inducing nearshore primary production, which can be advected to the offshore environment through offshore Ekman transport. However, this nearshore−offshore phytoplankton link has been less characterized at the community level. This study focuses on two shelf and slope sites off Oregon during years of 2013−2017 to examine the shelf−slope covariations in diatom and dinoflagellate abundance and community structure at seasonal and annual timescales. In general, the temporal changes of diatom and dinoflagellate abundance were coherent between shelf and slope. However, some differences were also noticeable. For example, diatom and dinoflagellate bloom magnitudes were higher in 2017 and 2014 on the shelf, but were higher in 2014−2016 at the slope. Diatom abundance had a stronger shelf−slope correlation than dinoflagellate correlation particularly in spring. The community structure was significantly correlated between shelf and slope during the annual upwelling period and in spring season. Ekman transport and nutrients played a significant role in shaping the diatom abundance and community structure temporal patterns at the slope. This shelf−slope correlation study infers that the benefits of nearshore upwelling blooms to the offshore food chains are season dependent and under high interannual variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The clinical learning environment helps to shape the professional identity of medical students. This process begins from existing personal identity and is influenced by various factors, including clinical experiences and clinical learning environment.Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine medical students' reflections as a way to identify and better characterize the modern struggles that medical students face, in order to inform the development of professional identity.Methods: Students rotating in their emergency medicine clerkship wrote reflections on dilemmas that highlighted common struggles of becoming a doctor. Qualitative analysis was performed to determine common themes from the essays. The research team coded 173 reflections and identified themes and major domains.Results: The first domain was Patient-Provider Conflict, including challenging patient (34%), difficult communication (25%), competing priorities between patients' interest and trainees need to learn (19%), and bias (13%). The second domain was Provider-Specific Issues, such as the "gray zone," in which there is not a clear standard of practice (29%), end-of-life care (14%), emotional struggle (6%), and fear of litigation (5%). The final domain was Systems Issues, such as cost of care (12%) and role of the emergency department (6%).Conclusions: The reflections point to a wide variety of challenges that students confront in practice that will contribute to how they develop into physicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the changes made by Missouri legislators, in the workers compensation law for reducing the number of permanent total disability (PTD) claims that the second injury fund (SIF) was liable to pay .Topics include benefits to PTD employees suffering from current disability with the preexisting disability, changes made to limit the SFI' s liability for PTD benefits, and hypothetical example of John describing the situation for paying the compensation.

In spring/summer 2015, a toxic bloom by the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia (PN) occurred along the west coast of the United States which led to closures of the harvest of razor clams and Dungeness crabs. Twice monthly observations of temperature, salinity, nutrients, chlorophyll and phytoplankton species composition allowed us to track oceanographic conditions preceding and during the development of the bloom. PN cells were first detected during late winter 2015. A PN bloom was initiated following the onset of coastal upwelling in mid-April; subsequent peaks in May and June were sustained by episodic upwelling events and reached magnitudes of 105 cells/L and 106 cells/L, 40% and 90% of the total diatom abundance, respectively. The bloom temporarily crashed in July due to a lack of upwelling, but PN cells increased again in August due to a resumption of upwelling, albeit with lower magnitude. Macronutrient conditions prior to this bloom likely played a critical role in triggering the bloom and its toxicity (particularly silicic acid limitation stress). Nutrient stress preceding the toxic bloom was related to two oceanographic events: an anomalously warm and thick water mass that occupied the northern North Pacific from September 2014 through 2015 leading to a highly-stratified water column, and the drawdown of nitrate and silicic acid during an unusually intense winter phytoplankton bloom in February and early March 2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study investigates the impact of the Doximity rankings on the rank list choices made by residency applicants in emergency medicine (EM). Methods: We sent an 11-item survey by email to all students who applied to EM residency programs at four different institutions representing diverse geographical regions. Students were asked questions about their perception of Doximity rankings and how it may have impacted their rank list decisions. Results: Response rate was 58% of 1,372 opened electronic surveys. This study found that a majority of medical students applying to residency in EM were aware of the Doximity rankings prior to submitting rank lists (67%). One-quarter of these applicants changed the number of programs and ranks of those programs when completing their rank list based on the Doximity rankings (26%). Though the absolute number of programs changed on the rank lists was small, the results demonstrate that the EM Doximity rankings impact applicant decision-making in ranking residency programs. Conclusion: While applicants do not find the Doximity rankings to be important compared to other factors in the application process, the Doximity rankings result in a small change in residency applicant ranking behavior. This unvalidated ranking, based principally on reputational data rather than objective outcome criteria, thus has the potential to be detrimental to students, programs, and the public. We feel it important for specialties to develop consensus around measurable training outcomes and provide freely accessible metrics for candidate education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The zooplankton of the northern California Current are typically characterized by an abundance of lipid-rich copepods that support rapid growth and survival of ecologically, commercially, and recreationally valued fish, birds, and mammals. Disruption of this food chain and reduced ecosystem productivity are often associated with climatic variability such as El Niño events. We examined the variability in timing, magnitude, and duration of positive temperature anomalies and changes in copepod species composition in the northern California Current in relation to 10 tropical El Niño events. Measurable impacts on mesozooplankton of the northern California Current were observed during seven of 10 of these events. The occurrence of anomalously warm water and the response of the copepod community was rapid (lag of zero to 2 months) following the initiation of canonical Eastern Pacific (EP) events, but delayed (lag of 2-8 months) following 'Modoki' Central Pacific ( CP) events. The variable lags in the timing of a physical and biological response led to impacts in the northern California Current peaking in winter during EP events and in the spring during CP events. The magnitude and duration of the temperature and copepod anomalies were strongly and positively related to the magnitude and duration of El Niño events, but were also sensitive to the phase of the lower frequency Pacific Decadal Oscillation. When fisheries managers and biological oceanographers are faced with the prospect of a future El Niño event, prudent management and observation will require consideration of the background oceanographic conditions, the type of event, and both the magnitude and duration of the event when assessing the potential physical and biological impacts on the northern California Current. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we assessed trophic interactions between microplankton and copepods by studying the functional response of egg production rates (EPR; eggs female −1 day −1 ) of the copepod Calanus marshallae to variations in microplankton biomass, species composition and community structure. Female C. marshallae and phytoplankton water samples were collected biweekly at an inner-shelf station off Newport, Oregon USA for four years, 2011–2014, during which a total of 1213 female C. marshallae were incubated in 63 experiments. On average, 80% of the females spawned with an overall mean EPR of 30.4. EPRs in spring (Apr–May, average of 40.2) were significantly higher than summer (Jun–Oct; 26.4). EPRs were intermediate in winter (Jan–Feb; 32.5). Interannually, EPRs were significantly higher in 2014 than 2011 and 2012. Total chlorophyll a (Chl a ) concentration and diatom abundance both were significantly higher in summer while no seasonal differences were found in abundance of dinoflagellates, ciliates or Cryptophytes. Although total Chl a showed no interannual differences in bulk biomass of phytoplankton, community structure analysis indicated differences among years. More diverse diatom communities were observed in 2013 and 2014 compared to 2011 and 2012. Relationships between EPR and potential food variables (phytoplankton and ciliates) were significant by season: a hyperbolic functional response was found between EPR and total Chl a in winter–spring and summer, separately, and between EPR and ciliate abundance in winter–spring; a linear model fit best the functional response of EPR to diatom abundance in summer. The estimate of potential population recruitment rate (the number of females × EPR; eggs day −1 m −2 ) was highest in spring (Apr–May), and annually was highest in 2013 (11,660), followed by 2011 (6209), 2012 (3172) and 2014 (1480). Our observations of in situ EPR were far higher than published laboratory rates of 23.5, calling into question our past laboratory studies that used mono-algae cultures as food for copepods. Moreover, an increasing number of studies (including this study) are showing an apparent greater importance of ciliates as a nutritious food source for Calanus species demonstrating the importance of the microbial loop to secondary production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fisheries oceanography is the study of ecological relationships between fishes and the dynamics of their marine environments and aims to characterize the physical, chemical, and biological factors that affect the recruitment and abundance of harvested species. A recent push within the fisheries management community is toward ecosystem-based management. Here, we show how physical and biological oceanography data can be used to generate indicators of ocean conditions in an ecosystem context, and how these indicators relate to the recruitment of salmonids, sablefish, sardines, and rockfish in the California Current. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Filtration by adult Euphausia pacifica was measured before and during the upwelling season, using both “disappearance of chlorophyll” and “disappearance of cells” techniques. Results show that feeding rates and selectivity varied with food assemblages. Filtration rate (F) was best modeled by the Ivlev function: the average F on total Chl-a was 92 mL euphausiid−1 h−1, and 119 mL euphausiid−1 h−1 on microscopy cell counts. F averaged 36 for the <5 µm size fraction of Chl-a, 94 for the 5–20 µm fraction and 107 mL euphausiid−1 h−1 for the >20 µm fraction. The average F values were 155 and 163 mL euphausiid−1 h−1 for chain-diatoms and single diatoms, respectively, and115 and 137 mL euphausiid−1 h−1 for the <40 µm and >40 µm ciliates, respectively. Ingestion rates based on total Chl-a and size fractions, total cell counts and ciliates were significantly correlated using Hollings' models (P < 0.01). Maximum daily ration was 23% body C day−1 when a high food concentration (700 µC L−1) was available, but over the carbon range of 50–200 µg C L−1, daily ration averaged 4% body C day−1. Diatoms were consumed almost exclusively during blooms associated with summer upwelling events; larger types of ciliates and dinoflagellates were fed upon preferentially compared with their smaller counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Most modeling and statistical approaches encourage simplicity, yet ecological processes are often complex, as they are influenced by numerous dynamic environmental and biological factors. Pacific salmon abundance has been highly variable over the last few decades and most forecasting models have proven inadequate, primarily because of a lack of understanding of the processes affecting variability in survival. Better methods and data for predicting the abundance of returning adults are therefore required to effectively manage the species. We combined 31 distinct indicators of the marine environment collected over an 11-year period into a multivariate analysis to summarize and predict adult spring Chinook salmon returns to the Columbia River in 2012. In addition to forecasts, this tool quantifies the strength of the relationship between various ecological indicators and salmon returns, allowing interpretation of ecosystem processes. The relative importance of indicators varied, but a few trends emerged. Adult returns of spring Chinook salmon were best described using indicators of bottom-up ecological processes such as composition and abundance of zooplankton and fish prey as well as measures of individual fish, such as growth and condition. Local indicators of temperature or coastal upwelling did not contribute as much as large-scale indicators of temperature variability, matching the spatial scale over which salmon spend the majority of their ocean residence. Results suggest that effective management of Pacific salmon requires multiple types of data and that no single indicator can represent the complex early-ocean ecology of salmon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synchrony between coastal and shelf-slope copepod communities was investigated in the northern California Current (NCC) system, a strong upwelling zone, using time series of zooplankton sampled from a nearshore station (9 km offshore, water depth 62 m) and a shelf-slope station (46 km offshore, water depth 297 m). Long-term trends and seasonal changes were constructed for the dissimilarity index (Euclidean distance) between the two stations and for the biomass of three different copepod assemblages at the two stations: cold neritic, southern, and warm neritic copepods. The dissimilarity between the community structures of the two stations showed little variation in the long-term trend, but exhibited a clear seasonal pattern. All three copepod assemblages showed similar long-term trends in relation to the large-scale forcing as indexed by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation at both stations, but variations in the long-term trend at the nearshore station were much higher than the offshore station. Most copepod groups exhibited regular seasonal patterns at both stations except southern copepods at the nearshore station. All three copepod assemblages exhibited more pronounced seasonal fluctuations at the nearshore station compared with the slope station, and this difference is likely driven by higher productivity nearshore fueled by nutrient-enriched upwelled water. Copepods in the inshore and offshore waters in the NCC ecosystem showed synchronized response to the large-scale variability in physical forcing and copepods in the coastal waters were more responsive to local perturbations than were those in the slope waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essay discusses the theatrical dance production of the "Amazing Philippine Theater," also known as "Amazing Show," a cultural show performed in Manila, Philippines, for tourists, focusing on issues of transnational labor and the politics of the show's transgendered Filipino bakla performers. Topics include scholar Neferti Xina M. Tadiar's concept of fantasy-production, the show's director Elmir Castillo, and Filipino transnational cultural production.

Abstract: An algal bloom caused by the dinoflagellate Akashiwo sanguinea was observed in October–November 2009 along the central Oregon coast (44.6°N), off Newport, Oregon, U.S.A. In this paper, the conditions are described which led to the development and demise of this bloom. The bloom was observed for 1 month from 5-October until 4-November with the peak of abundance on 19-October (347,615cellsL−1). The A. sanguinea bloom followed September blooms of the diatoms Pseudo-nitzschia spp, Chaetoceros debilis, and the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum gracile. The bloom occurred when nitrate and silicate concentrations were <2μM and <8μM, respectively, and when the water column was stratified. This A. sanguinea dinoflagellate bloom event was closely related to the anomalous upwelling conditions in 2009: upwelling ceased early, at the end of August, whereas a normal upwelling continues into early October. This relaxation extended to near the end of September as a prolonged downwelling event, but then active upwelling reappeared in October and November. The explanation for the occurrence of the A. sanguinea bloom in October may be related to a combination of a prior diatom bloom, a stratified water column with low nutrient concentration in September, and an active upwelling event in October. As for the ultimate source of the cells, the hypothesis is that the seed stock for the A sanguinea bloom off Oregon was southward transport of cells from the Washington coast where a massive bloom of A. sanguinea was first observed in September 2009. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Yearling Chinook ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch) were sampled concurrently with physical variables (temperature, salinity, depth) and biological variables (chlorophyll a concentration and copepod abundance) along the Washington and Oregon coast in June 1998-2008. Copepod species were divided into four different groups based on their water-type affinities: cold neritic, subarctic oceanic, warm neritic, and warm oceanic. Generalized linear mixed models were used to quantify the relationship between the abundance of these four different copepod groups and the abundance of juvenile salmon. The relationships between juvenile salmon and different copepod groups were further validated using regression analysis of annual mean juvenile salmon abundance versus the mean abundance of the copepod groups. Yearling Chinook salmon abundance was negatively correlated with warm oceanic copepods, warm neritic copepods, and bottom depth, and positively correlated with cold neritic copepods, subarctic copepods, and chlorophyll a concentration. The selected habitat variables explained 67% of the variation in yearling Chinook abundance. Yearling coho salmon abundance was negatively correlated with warm oceanic copepods, warm neritic copepods, and bottom depth, and positively correlated with temperature. The selected habitat variables explained 40% of the variation in yearling coho abundance. Results suggest that copepod communities can be used to characterize spatio-temporal patterns of abundance of juvenile salmon, i.e., large-scale interannual variations in ocean conditions (warm versus cold years) and inshore-offshore (cross-shelf) gradients in the abundance of juvenile salmon can be characterized by differences in the abundance of copepod species with various water mass affinities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yearling juvenile coho and Chinook salmon were sampled on 28 cruises in June and September 1981-85 and 1998-07 in continental shelf and oceanic waters off the Pacific Northwest. Oceanographic variables measured included temperature, salinity, water depth, and chlorophyll concentration (all cruises) and copepod biomass during the cruises from 1998-07. Juvenile salmonids were found almost exclusively in continental shelf waters, and showed a patchy distribution: half were collected in ∼5% of the collections and none were collected in ∼40% of the collections. Variance-to-mean ratios of the catches were high, also indicating patchy spatial distributions for both species. The salmon were most abundant in the vicinity of the Columbia River and the Washington coast in June; by September, both were less abundant, although still found mainly off Washington. In June, the geographic center-of-mass of the distribution for each species was located off Grays Harbor, WA, near the northern end of our sampling grid, but in September, it shifted southward and inshore. Coho salmon ranged further offshore than Chinook salmon: in June, the average median depth where they were caught was 85.6 and 55.0 m, respectively, and in September it was 65.5 and 43.7 m, respectively. Abundances of both species were significantly correlated with water depth (negatively), chlorophyll (positively) and copepod biomass (positively). Abundances of yearling Chinook salmon, but not of yearling coho salmon, were correlated with temperature (negatively). We discuss the potential role of coastal upwelling, submarine canyons and krill in determining the spatial distributions of the salmon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seasonal and inter-annual variability in the abundance and biomass of copepodid stages of the sub-arctic oceanic copepod, Neocalanus plumchrus, was studied during the January–May growth season, using an 11-yr time series of zooplankton samples collected over the upper 100 m of the water column. Abundance and biomass peaks occur in March/April. Abundance and biomass of N. plumchrus were significantly negatively correlated with sea surface temperature and significantly positively correlated with sea surface chlorophyll a, salinity, and density above the pycnocline. The seasonal integrated abundance and biomass of N. plumchrus declined during the warm years (2003–05), and increased during the cold years (2006–08). The date when 50% of the population had passed through stage C5 was significantly negatively correlated with temperature – earlier in warm years and later in cold years. In 3 yr (2003, 2007 and 2008), a second cohort appeared in mid-May, as indicated by the presence of stages C1 and C2 in the samples. Unusually high abundances of N. plumchrus in the spring of 2007 and 2008 were associated with cool ocean temperatures and an early spring transition in the NCC ecosystem, suggesting that the NCC ecosystem has returned to a cold phase. We discuss the merits of a hypothesis that the N. plumchrus population observed off Oregon is a local population as opposed to one that is expatriated from the Gulf of Alaska. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The signature dances of the mountain-dwelling indigenous people of the Cordillera region in the Philippines circulate nationally and internationally as emblematic of Filipino culture, even as the diverse cultures of origin have been increasingly subjected to economic, political, and cultural domination by Tagalog-speaking lowlanders. Through an examination of how dance is situated on its home ground in and around the region's largest city, Baguio, this article demonstrates how indigenous dance based on traditional forms serves a range of masters and a variety of functions, while ultimately providing a space for indigenous people to reclaim, rediscover, and celebrate their culture. William Peterson is a senior lecturer and director of the Centre for Theatre and Performance at Monash University in Melbourne, Australia. He is the author of Theatre and the Politics of Culture in Contemporary Singapore (Wesleyan University Press, 2001) and has published widely on theatre, politics, and religion in Singapore, the Philippines, and Aotearoa/New Zealand. He extends special thanks to the University of the Philippines (Diliman) and Aquinas University of Legaspi for their support with this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morphology and biometry of eggs spawned by females of Euphausia pacifica, Thysanoessa spinifera and Thysanoessa inspinata were compared with eggs collected along the Oregon coast to identify the eggs in preserved samples to species level and to infer species spawning areas and intensity of spawning events in the field. The average chorion diameter (CD) and embryo diameter (ED) were significantly larger for E. pacifica than for T. spinifera. Euphausia pacifica eggs usually have a significantly greater perivitelline space, and the chorion is firm, transparent, smooth, elastic and completely spherical, while T. spinifera embryos are not completely spherical and typically are soft and sticky with particles attached. Eggs of the twitching stage embryo of T. spinifera have an elliptical shape, while those of E. pacifica are spherical to very slightly elliptical even after hatching as nauplii. The CD and ED of T. inspinata eggs were smaller than those of the other two species and they were transparent and spherical with a non-sticky chorion. Biweekly time series of eggs (identified to species), of nauplii + metanauplii and of ripe females collected along the Newport hydrographic line (44°40′N) during 1970–1972 show that E. pacifica and T. spinifera spawn mainly <40 km from the coast from March to October, but E. pacifica also spawns regularly at oceanic locations. A meta-analysis of the egg CD and ED values of 38 euphausiid species around the world indicates that these variables alone cannot be used to identify eggs to species, excepting specific regions where one or two broadcast spawners dominate the euphausiid assemblage. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Growth rates and intermolt periods for Euphausia pacifica were determined from individual growth rate (IGR) experiments carried out over a 7-year period (2000–2006) on euphausiids collected off the Oregon Coast. Adult growth rates averaged 0.020mm total length (TL) day−1 during the summer upwelling season and 0.011mm TL day−1during the winter downwelling season. Average intermolt period (IMP) was 8d during upwelling and 11d during downwelling. Growth rates and IMPs were highly variable, and were not related to surface chl-a concentration or length of the euphausiid. Negative growth occurred at all times of year. Negative growth rates during winter downwelling were most likely related to poor feeding conditions, while negative growth rates during the summer upwelling season were likely a result of the euphausiids investing ingested energy towards reproduction rather than somatic growth. Growth rates from this study using the IGR method were generally lower than E. pacifica growth rates from other studies that used the cohort analysis method. Since negative growth rates are difficult to capture using cohort analysis, we calculated a seasonal growth rate using only the positive values from our experiments to compare with cohort analysis growth rates. These seasonal positive growth rates were 0.08mmTLd−1 (2.4mmmonth−1) for the upwelling season and 0.04mmTLd−1 (1.2mmmonth−1) for the downwelling season, equivalent to weight-specific growth rates of 0.0135d−1 (upwelling) and 0.0089d−1 (downwelling), and are comparable to rates obtained in other studies using cohort analysis. Highest annual growth rates during upwelling were measured in 2004 (warm) and 2006 (cold), suggesting that E. pacifica is less affected by warm and cool periods than other types of zooplankton, such as copepods. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Thysanoessa spinifera eggs were sampled biweekly from 1997–2005 along a transect extending off the coast of Newport, OR, USA. T. spinifera eggs were typically found in greatest abundance at NH05, our shallower mid-shelf station, and in lowest abundance at NH25, our offshore, deep-water station beyond the shelf break. In most years small peaks in density of T. spinifera eggs were found in late winter (February–March) and/or spring (April–May) along with large, prolonged peaks in summer, from July–September. However, it was more common to find egg densities of <1m−3 or to find no eggs at all (58–91% of sampling dates per year had densities <1m−3 at NH05). We found that egg densities were significantly positively correlated with chlorophyll a concentrations during the winter and spring (r 2=0.52 and 0.55 respectively, p<0.001), but not during summer. We did not find a significant correlation between egg densities and female densities. When winters were stormy, as in 1998, 1999 and 2000 the first eggs of Thysanoessa spinifera were not observed at any station until after upwelling was initiated later in the spring. However, in other years eggs were likely to be found earlier in the year if there were fewer storms, or winter or spring upwelling events that were not followed by a large storm. In most years, spawning continued until the upwelling season ended in the autumn, however this trend ceased in 2003–2005 and spawning was interrupted earlier in the season. Overall, we found that chlorophyll a peaks and egg peaks increased in magnitude in the later part of our study. We have concluded that T. spinifera is likely an intermittent spawner, whose ovaries are not constantly mature and prepared for spawning, despite the presence of ocean conditions that are suitable for spawning. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Valdés, L., Peterson, W., Church, K., and Marcos, M. 2009. Our changing oceans: conclusions of the first International Symposium on the Effects of climate change on the world's oceans. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1435–1438. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The Singapore Arts Festival celebrated its thirtieth anniversary in 2007, an appropriate milestone for taking stock of the country's premiere cultural event. Under the leadership of Goh Ching Lee since 1999, the festival has sought to carve out a distinctive identity that is Asian and cutting-edge, while providing a model for other arts festivals in the region. By programming international work and commissioning Singaporean work that is slick, glossy, and easily transferable across cultural and geographic boundaries, the festival may be pointing toward a future in which the work circulating at international festivals assumes a form and content that is, in the words of George Ritzer (2007), increasingly "grobal," that is to say global and accessible, but increasingly devoid of content and removed from any concrete or stable cultural, political, or social context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the document called the A Declaration of Life which attempts to ensure justice on victims of crimes. It mentions the contents of the document where in the victim's rights relies on the defense instead of prosecution, which plays important rule in proceedings. Moreover, it stresses that recognizing the importance of the declaration in proceedings satisfies practical problems as well as philosophical concerns.

Peterson, J. O., and Peterson, W. T. 2008. Influence of the Columbia River plume (USA) on the vertical and horizontal distribution of mesozooplankton over the Washington and Oregon shelf. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 477–483.River plumes extending out over continental shelf waters have distinct frontal boundaries along their leading edges that concentrate highly buoyant particles, including zooplankton. The margin between the base of the plume and the underlying oceanic waters is often many times larger in spatial extent than the visible surface front, but the influence of this region of a river plume on the vertical and horizontal distribution of zooplankton is less well understood. Using a laser optical plankton counter (LOPC) and a conductivity–temperature–depth sensor (CTD) mounted to a rapidly undulating tow body, we examined the horizontal and vertical distribution of zooplankton proximate to the Columbia River plume, to study how plume waters affect zooplankton over the continental shelf. Overall, vertically integrated zooplankton abundance and biovolume was elevated close to “aged” plume waters. Zooplankton tended to aggregate near the surface close to river plume waters. When plume waters are present at the surface, zooplankton aggregations tended to be in the upper 10 m of the water column, compared with 25 m when the plume was not present. The presence of river plumes may be ecologically and energetically important to surface feeding planktivores such as larval and juvenile fish. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The week-long Moriones Festival on the island of Marinduque, south of Manila, weaves together a complex mix of events including street theatre, processions, religious ceremonies, and a three-night sinakulo that dramatizes the history of salvation with a focus on the Christ story. Present throughout the week's events are the morions, caped and elaborately costumed local men enacting a vow or panata, whose identities are disguised by large headpieces and full-face carved masks meant to resemble Roman centurions. The leading morion is the Roman centurion Longinus, who according to apocryphal sources, was the lance-wielding soldier present at the crucifixion and whose sight was miraculously restored by Christ's blood. The ubiquitous morions and the transformation and martyrdom of Longinus provide an active, experiential route into the story of Christ's sacrifice for many Catholics in Marinduque during Holy Week. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the role of consumer preferences in the development of Apple Inc.'s digital music player, the iPod. The author argues that the effort of Eiger Labs Inc. and Diamond Multimedia in developing consumer preferences for its digital music players had contributed to the successful adoption of the iPod by American consumers. Apple succeeded in the competition by correcting flaws in its competitors' products. In contrast, Apple's competitors were not compensated for creating the preferences that helped Apple design the iPod.

We sampled a single station in the coastal zone off Newport OR (9 km from shore; 60 m water depth) on 206 occasions during 12 years: 1969–1973, 1983 and 1996–2001. We used cluster analysis, ordinations, and indicator species analysis (ISA) to describe temporal variations in copepod community composition. Copepod community structure during summer was distinctly different from winter. Cluster analysis showed that the transition between winter and summer communities occurred early March/April in the 1970s, late (May/June) in the late 1990s, but in (March/April) since spring 2000. Seven copepod assemblages were identified: four were found during the summer upwelling season, two during large El Nin˜o events, and one during winter. Interannual variations in the composition of the summer assemblages was seen: most sampling dates from the summers of 1970, 1973, 2000 and 2001 clustered into one group, and dates from 1971, 1972, and 1999 clustered into a second group. The 1983 and 1998 El Nin˜o events clustered together, but subdivided into “early El Nin˜o” and “late El Nin˜o” communities. The summer of 1969 corresponded with a weak El Nin˜o event but clustered differently from both the other El Nin˜o events and other summer clusters. Samples collected during the 1972 El Nin˜o event clustered with “normal” summers. Non-metric multidimensional ordination analysis showed that two axes accounted for 87% of the variability in community composition; Axis 1 was associated with the influence of El Nin˜o events and seasonal downwelling, and Axis 2 was associated with upwelling-induced productivity. ISA showed Centropages abdominalis, Acartia longiremis, and Microcalanus pusillus as indicators of upwelling; Corycaeus anglicus, Calanus pacificus, and Ctenocalanus vanus as good indicators of El Nin˜o; and Ctenocalanus vanus, Clausocalanus, and Calocalanus styliremis as good indicators of winter conditions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Previous studies of zooplankton communities off the central Oregon coast have been primarily descriptive or have focused on only a few taxa. To more formally explore patterns in zooplankton community structure, we used cluster analysis, Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) ordination, and Indicator Species Analysis to examine seasonal, El Nin˜o/La Nin˜a, and onshore/offshore differences in community composition. Hydrographic and zooplankton data were collected off Newport, Oregon (44.7°N) at eight stations between 8 and 105 km from shore (60-2900 m water depth), on 15 cruises between Jan 1998 and Sept 2000 as part of the US GLOBEC Northeast Pacific Long-Term Observation Program. Zooplankton were collected with a 202 μm, 0.5 m diameter ring net lifted vertically at 30 m min−1 from 100 m, to the surface.The 1997/1998 El Nin˜o played an important role in structuring the zooplankton community from the beginning of our sampling in January 1998 through November 1998. The “El Nin˜o” group identified by cluster analysis and NMDS ordination was highly diverse and was characterized by taxa with offshore and subtropical neritic affinities. When the El Nin˜o group was present, there was no onshelf-offshelf gradient in community composition as was seen during “normal” summers. The “El Nin˜o” group was preceded and followed by a “Transitional” group with slightly lower diversity that existed through the spring of 1999. By summer 1999, conditions had returned to “normal.”Summer upwelling strongly affected the structure of zooplankton assemblages in the “normal” years of 1999 and 2000, leading to differences between nearshore and offshore zooplankton groups. The zooplankton assemblages sampled on the continental shelf during these summers were unique, composed of boreal neritic species (such as the copepods Calanus marshallae, Pseudocalanus mimus, and Acartia longiremis) and larvae of several meroplanktonic taxa, whereas the off-shelf assemblages resembled the winter zooplankton assemblages which were comprised of subtropical neritic and Transition Zone species. The spatial extent of the continental shelf group present during the summer upwelling season varied between early and late summer; differences may be related to the integrated strength and duration of the north winds over the upwelling season. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article examines the relationship between the traditional Muslim dance form known as pangalay and contemporary Filipino politics and culture. It provides an overview of the context and basic features of pangalay. It considers disparate sites for Muslim-influenced dance, from the performances by the signature dance troupe Bayanihan to theme park performances. It analyzes the work of the Integrated Performing Arts Guild that uses dance to highlight the conflict between Muslims and Christians.

Examines interculturalism in the play 'Desdemona' which has been performed by the Singaporean company TheatreWorks in international festivals. Use of practitioners representing a wide range of traditional and contemporary art forms; Intercultural production against the backdrop of the politics of location.

Percent fat in femur bone marrow has been used as an indicator of animal condition at time of death. However, femur bone marrow is not always available for collection. We used linear regression to examine relationships among marrow fat values for long bones (i.e., femur, tibia, mandible, humerus, radius, tarsal and carpal bones) of moose (Alces alces) from northeastern Minnesota during 1972-2000. Linear regressions for bone marrow fat in each set of bones (paired with femur) in calves and adults were significant and highly correlated (r² = 0.83-0.99). Linear regressions for femur bone marrow fat for yearling moose were significant and highly correlated for tibia, humerus and radius bones (r² = 0.86-0.93), and less so for tarsal bones (r² = 0.63). Bone marrow fat deposition appeared first in proximal and distal bones and was mobilized last in distal bones. Calves had higher femur fat in fall and early winter than late winter and spring. Month, season, and year had no significant effect on femur marrow fat percent for yearlings or adults. Percent femur marrow fat was lower in accidentally killed calves than accidentally killed yearlings oradults. Adults killed by disease had lower percent femur fat than those killed by accident or wolves (Canis lupus). Amount of adult male femur fat was loosely correlated to a winter severity index for the previous winter. Our results suggest that fat deposition and mobilization were similar to that found in other studies and that bone marrow fat content may be a good indicator of relative moose health within a population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrographic and ocean drifter measurements made along the Oregon coast indicate that the spatial structure of the coastal upwelling system differs in waters to the north and the south of Cape Blanco, Oregon. North of the Cape, a 10–30 km wide zone of coastal upwelling parallels the coast, but south of the Cape, increased wind stress leads to a seaward expansion of the upwelling system and cold upwelled water extends 50–100 km offshore. Because the hydrography and the transport differ, we hypothesize that zooplankton distributions will differ as well. In this paper we investigate differences in copepod distributions and copepod community composition between the waters north and south of Cape Blanco. Five cruises were conducted in 1998 and 1999, which were years of contrasting ocean conditions; there was a strong El Nin˜o in 1998, which was followed by a strong La Nin˜a in 1999. Copepod biomass did not differ between the El Nin˜o and La Nin˜a periods; however, species composition of the copepod assemblages differed vastly. During the 1998 El Nin˜o, the copepod community was dominated by subtropical neritic and warm-water offshore species. During the 1999 La Nin˜a, the zooplankton community was dominated by cold water boreal neritic species. The warm water species were widely distributed in shelf and slope waters in 1998, whereas in 1999, they were found primarily offshore of central Oregon, but over the shelf off northern California. During the summer upwelling season of both years, copepod community composition in shelf waters differed significantly from slope waters in the region to the north of the Cape, however, community composition was the same in shelf and slope waters in the region south of the Cape. These results lead us to suggest that offshore transport by the upwelling jet may be an important mechanism controlling copepod community structure south of Cape Blanco. When we examined these patterns in community composition on a species-by-species basis, among the dominant boreal copepod species, Pseudocalanus mimus and Acartia longiremis were displaced offshore and maintained high population densities in the waters south of Cape Blanco whereas densities of Calanus marshallae and Centropages abdominalis declined in the waters south of the Cape. Thus, the interaction between the boreal copepods and the waters north versus south of Blanco is species-specific. Species may be either lost or retained depending upon interactions between vertical current shear and their vertical distributions. Alternatively, there may be a differential ability among species to survive and reproduce in waters offshore and south of Cape Blanco. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Focuses on the plays of Hone Kouka created and produced in New Zealand. Degree of the playwright interest in promoting plays at conferences and abroad; Themes of the plays; Recognition of 'Nga Tanata Toa' and 'Waiora' as most acclaimed and well travelled works.

The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies is widespread in many chronic illnesses, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of increasingly effective antiretroviral therapy on the use of CAM in an HIV-positive patient population. A written survey was given to 191 HIV-positive outpatients. Participation was voluntary and anonymous. One hundred twenty-eight patients (67%) used CAM at some time to control HIV and 76 (40%) of the patients were currently using CAM. The major forms of CAM used were exercise (43%), lifestyle changes (38%), dietary supplements (37%), counseling (27%), herbal medications (26%), megavitamins (24%), and prayer therapy (24%). One hundred forty-one patients (74%) used a protease inhibitor medication, 28 (15%) used a protease inhibitor sparing regime, and 22 (11%) had no current or prior antiretroviral use. Eighty-two (43%) patients indicated that their doctor knew they used CAM and 56 patients (29%) received their information about CAM from a doctor or other health care professional. Of 128 patients who used CAM, 90 (70%) felt CAM improved their quality of life. Income of $15,000 or more per year and discontinuation of medications by patients for any reason in the past were the best predicators of CAM use for patients in general and also those on protease inhibitor therapy. CD[sub 4] count, educational status, year of HIV diagnosis, and martial status were not effective predictors of CAM use. Use of CAM remains widespread among patients with HIV infection even with the availability of effective, yet noncurative antiretroviral therapy and does not correlate with type of antiretroviral therapy used or clinical status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the abortion law in the United States with reference to the Supreme Court case `Planned Parenthood v. Casey.' How the case illustrates difficult jurisprudential problems faced by the federal courts when the Supreme Court fails to clearly identify a law; Details on the cases; Reference to other abortion cases.

This article compares two group personality inventories, the 16 Personality factor Questionnaire (16 PF) (4) and the Minnesota Counseling Inventory (MCI). Preliminary results of two studies in process at Wisconsin correctional institutions suggest that the MCI is of some value in measuring personality changes among inmates of correctional institutions and a number of other studies. The major objective of the present study thus was to assess which inventory would best function within an initial screening battery to discriminate between boys likely to make a positive institutional adjustment as opposed to those likely not to do so.