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This article discusses the implementation of a clinical reasoning blueprint in health professions education. The blueprint was developed to guide educators in aligning teaching tools with individual learner's needs. The article describes the process of engaging educators in a professional development series to address barriers and develop knowledge translation resources. The blueprint divides the learner continuum into four performance levels and provides detailed descriptions of each level. The article also provides guidance on how to use the blueprint, including assessing the learner's clinical reasoning abilities and connecting assessments with teaching strategies. The research team developed resources to help educators understand and apply the blueprint, emphasizing the importance of ongoing support for educators. The resources are intended to empower clinicians to enhance their role as educators and improve clinical reasoning abilities in future healthcare providers. [Extracted from the article]

Objective: The Theory of Planned Behavior has been applied to COVID-19 protective behaviors, but evidence suggests this theory may be less predictive over time and less valid in individualistic societies. The current study applied this theory among American college students as vaccines became available and added perceived risk. Participants: 242 undergraduate students at two universities. Methods: Participants completed an online survey and analyses were conducted using PROCESS. Results: Perceived risk was indirectly related to protective behavior via intentions which were significantly impacted by positive attitudes, descriptive norms, and perceived behavioral control. Conclusions: Even within an individualistic culture and when vaccines were becoming available, the Theory of Planned Behavior predicts protective behaviors. Including risk perception also furthers understanding of this theory by identifying one factor related to norms and perceived behavioral control. These results may inform the design of interventions designed to increase compliance with pandemic-related policies and other positive behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DFT calculations were used to find an optimal substitution site on the triene backbone of a donor–acceptor Stenhouse adduct photoswitch to tune the equillibrium and switching kinetics of DASA without modifying the donor and acceptor groups. Using this approach we demonstrate a new means to tuning DASA based photoswitches by increasing the energy of the closed form relative to the open form. To highlight the potential of this approach a new DASA derivative bearing a methyl substituent on the 5-position of the triene was synthesized and the effect of this substitution was studied using 1H NMR spectroscopy, time-dependent UV-Vis and solvatochromic analysis. The new DASA derivative shows a higher dark equillibrium, favoring the open form, and drastically faster thermal recovery than the unsubstituted derivative with the same donor and acceptor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extending the applications of Photoremovable Protecting Groups (PPGs) to "cage" phenols has generally met with unusually complex PPG byproducts. In this study, we demonstrate that the p–hydroxyphenacyl (pHP) cage for both simple and complex phenolics, including tyrosine, dispenses free phenols. With the simpler unsubstituted phenols, the reaction is governed by their Brønsted Leaving Group ability. On the other hand, the byproducts of the cage vary with these phenols. For the more acidic phenols the cage byproduct follows the Favorskii rearrangement to form p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid whereas for the weaker phenols other reactions such as reduction and hydrolysis begin to emerge. When the photolysis is conducted in octa acid (OA) containers, non-Favorskii, unrearranged fragments of the cage and other byproducts arise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Interpersonal rejection activates connectedness goals that are either prioritized or suppressed. We explored whether rejection from a low (vs. high) self-esteem partner influences this process. In study 1 (N = 205) participants exhibited less accessibility to connection-related thoughts following rejection from a low (vs. high) self-esteem partner. Using a dyadic conflict interaction, study 2 (N = 102 couples) revealed that participants engaged in more connection-inhibiting behavior during conflict with a low (vs. high) self-esteem partner. Study 3 (N = 115) used a daily diary design and found that participants reported greater mental exhaustion on days they felt more (vs. less) rejected by a low self-esteem roommate. These effects emerged despite evidence from both self-report (studies 2 and 3) and independent coding (study 1) that rejection from a low self-esteem other was not more painful than rejection from a high self-esteem other. In sum, people appear to use impressions of others' self-esteem to determine whether connectedness goals are suppressed following rejection. Highlights • Partner self-esteem predicts actor's connection-inhibiting responses to rejection. • Rejection from low self-esteem partner reduces access to connectedness thoughts. • Conflict with a low self-esteem partner predicts connection-inhibiting behavior. • Daily rejection from low self-esteem roommate predicts daily ego depletion. • Partner self-worth is important predictor of actor risk-regulation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A review is offered for Mob Museum, officially the National Museum of Organized Crime and Law Enforcement, a history museum located in Las Vegas, Nevada.

The synthesis and application of a photoactivatable boron‐alkylated BODIPY probe for localization‐based super‐resolution microscopy is reported. Photoactivation and excitation of the probe is achieved by a previously unknown boron‐photodealkylation reaction with a single low‐power visible laser and without requiring the addition of reducing agents or oxygen scavengers in the imaging buffer. These features lead to a versatile probe for localization‐based microscopy of biological systems. The probe can be easily linked to nucleophile‐containing molecules to target specific cellular organelles. By attaching paclitaxel to the photoactivatable BODIPY, in vitro and in vivo super‐resolution imaging of microtubules is demonstrated. This is the first example of single‐molecule localization‐based super‐resolution microscopy using a visible‐light‐activated BODIPY compound as a fluorescent probe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The synthesis and application of a photoactivatable boron‐alkylated BODIPY probe for localization‐based super‐resolution microscopy is reported. Photoactivation and excitation of the probe is achieved by a previously unknown boron‐photodealkylation reaction with a single low‐power visible laser and without requiring the addition of reducing agents or oxygen scavengers in the imaging buffer. These features lead to a versatile probe for localization‐based microscopy of biological systems. The probe can be easily linked to nucleophile‐containing molecules to target specific cellular organelles. By attaching paclitaxel to the photoactivatable BODIPY, in vitro and in vivo super‐resolution imaging of microtubules is demonstrated. This is the first example of single‐molecule localization‐based super‐resolution microscopy using a visible‐light‐activated BODIPY compound as a fluorescent probe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocages are light-sensitive chemical protecting groups that provide external control over when, where, and how much of a biological substrate is activated in cells using targeted light irradiation. Regrettably, most popular photocages (e.g., o-nitrobenzyl groups) absorb cell-damaging ultraviolet wavelengths. A challenge with achieving longer wavelength bond-breaking photochemistry is that long-wavelength-absorbing chromophores have shorter excited-state lifetimes and diminished excited-state energies. However, here we report the synthesis of a family of BODIPY-derived photocages with tunable absorptions across the visible/near-infrared that release chemical cargo under irradiation. Derivatives with appended styryl groups feature absorptions above 700 nm, yielding photocages cleaved with the highest known wavelengths of light via a direct single-photon-release mechanism. Photorelease with red light is demonstrated in living HeLa cells, Drosophila S2 cells, and bovine GM07373 cells upon ∼5 min irradiation. No cytotoxicity is observed at 20 μM photocage concentration using the trypan blue exclusion assay. Improved B-alkylated derivatives feature improved quantum efficiencies of photorelease ∼20-fold larger, on par with the popular o-nitrobenzyl photocages (εΦ = 50–100 M–1 cm–1), but absorbing red/near-IR light in the biological window instead of UV light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Management of corn earworm Helicoverpa zea in sweet corn grown for processing can be challenging due to the lack of effective transgenic and chemical control options. However, biological control by generalist predators can provide a significant impact on pests in this cropping system. One of the most ubiquitous predators of H. zea and other lepidopterans is the insidious flower bug, Orius insidiosus . This small hemipteran has been observed as an important mortality agent of H. zea in several cropping systems, but the strength of the trophic connection between these species has not been documented in sweet corn. Molecular gut-content analysis was conducted to test field-collected O. insidiosus for the presence of H. zea DNA using species-specific PCR primers developed and optimized for this project. Controlled feeding trials determined that the detectability half-life of this technique was 2.32 h. At peak predation in late August, 32% of O. insidiosus tested positive for H. zea DNA. The date of peak predation also corresponded with peak silking of sweet corn plants, which is the most attractive crop growth stage to both H. zea and O. insidiosus . These results indicate that within a short window prior to collection from the field, on the peak date of predation, approximately one third of O. insidiosus in sweet corn had consumed one to two H. zea eggs and/or first instar larvae. The demonstration of this high frequency of predation allows for the assertion that O. insidiosus is a critical mortality agent of H. zea in sweet corn, and conservation biological control practices should be explored to protect and promote this key predator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a daily diary methodology we explored whether attachment style predicted evening Facebook use and whether this effect was moderated by daily interpersonal conflict. High anxiety participants reported spending significantly more time on Facebook at night, regardless of daily conflict. Conversely, participants high in avoidance only reported increased time on Facebook on nights following days of more (vs. less) conflict. Daily conflict did not influence time spent in face-to-face interactions for avoidant participants. Interestingly, increased time on Facebook led to lower self-esteem next day , but increased time in face-to-face interactions led to higher self-esteem. Results suggest people high in avoidance use Facebook as an indirect way to seek connection following conflict, but, ironically, Facebook fails to fulfill avoidant’s belongingness needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reviews the exhibition "Searching for Home: Homelessness in Colorado History" at the History Colorado Center in Denver from November 7, 2015 to December 18, 2016.

A comprehensive assessment of risk to natural enemies from Bt-endotoxins from bioengineered crops must evaluate potential harm, as well as exposure pathways in non-target arthropod food webs. Despite being abundant generalist predators in agricultural fields, spiders (Araneae) have often been overlooked in the context of Bt crop risk assessment. Spiders and their prey were collected from transgenic corn fields expressing lepidopteran-specific Cry1Ab, coleopteran-specific Cry3Bb1, both proteins, and a non-transgenic near isoline. Spiders and prey were screened for Cry1Ab and Cry3Bb1 using qualitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Spiders from the three most common functional guilds, wandering sheet-tangle weavers, orb-weavers, and ground runners, tested positive for Cry1Ab and Cry3Bb1 proteins, with the highest per cent positive (8.0% and 8.3%) during and after anthesis. Laboratory feeding trials revealed that Bt-endotoxins were detectable in thePardosasp. (Lycosidae)-immature cricket-Bt corn pathway, but not in theTennesseellum formica(Linyphiidae)-Collembola-Bt corn pathway. Additionally, direct consumption of transgenic corn pollen byPardosasp.,T. formica, andCyclosa turbinata(Araneidae) resulted in transfer of both Cry1Ab and Cry3Bb1 endotoxins. This study demonstrates that Bt-endotoxins are taken up by diverse members of a spider community via pollen and prey consumption and should be factored into future risk assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined predictors of single people's beliefs about COVID prevention behaviors, intentions to engage in COVID prevention behaviors while dating, and actual dating behavior during the pandemic. Results revealed that single participants engaged in "riskier" dating behaviors (i.e., in‐person unmasked) more frequently than "safer" dating behaviors (i.e., remote, or in‐person masked/distanced). Individuals who perceived greater (vs. lesser) risk associated with COVID more strongly endorsed beliefs about social distancing (self and other) and were more likely to personally (or request others) engage in COVID prevention behaviors while dating. However, perceived risk did not predict actual dating behaviors. Conservatives (vs. liberals) less strongly endorsed beliefs about social distancing (for others, but not the self) and were less likely to personally (or request others) engage in COVID prevention behaviors while dating. Conservatives also reported meeting potential romantic partners more frequently than liberals. However, political ideology did not predict actual dating behaviors. Results suggest there is a disconnect between college students' beliefs/intentions and their actual dating behavior. These results demonstrate the importance of developing public health interventions that take into account the disconnect between college students' health‐related intentions and actual behaviors, particularly in the context of dating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug-dependent antibodies (DDAbs) that cause acute thrombocytopenia upon drug exposure are nonreactive in the absence of the drug but bind tightly to a platelet membrane glycoprotein, usually αIIb/β3 integrin (GPIIb/IIIa) when the drug is present. How a drug promotes binding of antibody to its target is unknown and is difficult to study with human DDAbs, which are poly-specific and in limited supply. We addressed this question using quinine-dependent murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), which, in vitro and in vivo, closelymimic antibodies that cause thrombocytopenia in patients sensitive to quinine. Using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis, we found that quinine binds with very high affinity (KD≈10-9 mol/L) to these mAbs at a molar ratio of ≈2:1 but does not bind detectably to an irrelevant mAb. Also using SPR analysis, GPIIb/IIIa was found to bind monovalently to immobilized mAb with low affinity in the absence of quinine and with fivefold greater affinity (KD≈2.2 × 10-6) when quinine was present. Measurements of quinine-dependent binding of intact mAb and fragment antigen-binding (Fab) fragments to platelets showed that affinity is increased 10 000- to 100 000-fold by bivalent interaction between antibody and its target. Together, the findings indicate that the first step in drug-dependent binding of a DDAb is the interaction of the drug with antibody, rather than with antigen, as has been widely thought, where it induces structural changes that enhance the affinity/specificity of antibody for its target epitope. Bivalent binding may be essential for a DDAb to cause thrombocytopenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The management of the soybean aphid Aphis glycines Matsumara is a major challenge to soybean production in the north-central United States. The identification and characterization of the insect predator community has informed integrated pest management strategies by providing insight on predators that can suppress soybean aphid populations. Hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) are known predators of A. glycines, but more information is needed on their diversity, abundance, and performance to evaluate their importance as biological control agents of A. glycines. In this study, syrphid abundance was evaluated across two growing seasons in four soybean fields in east-central Minnesota. Six methods were used to quantify syrphid abundance at the larval, pupal, and adult life stages; describe species composition and richness for adults; and directly compare larval abundance to aphid abundance. The syrphid community comprised eight species, dominated by Toxomerus marginatus (Say) and Toxomerus geminatus (Say). Syrphid abundance was relatively low in soybean fields. Feeding trials were conducted to compare the performance of the most common syrphid (T. marginatus) on a diet of A. glycines with two native aphids, Aphis nerii Boyer de Fonscolombe and Aphis monardae Oestlund. Despite their low abundance in soybeans, T. marginatus larvae perform well on A. glycines, A. nerii, and A. monardae in laboratory feeding trials, implying that factors other than host suitability are limiting their potential to exert biological control on soybean aphids. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Previous research suggests that people with low implicit self-esteem may be less connected to their close relationship partners (e.g., Peterson & DeHart, 2013; DeHart, Pelham, Fiedorowicz, Carvallo & Gabriel, 2011). The current study suggests that this effect can be reduced with a perspective-taking manipulation. Results revealed that, in the control condition, people with low implicit self-esteem were less close to their relationship partners and reported lower perceived regard. In the perspective-taking condition, people high and low in implicit self-esteem did not differ in closeness or perceived regard. This was due to a significant increase in closeness and perceived regard among low implicit self-esteem participants in the perspective-taking (vs. control) condition. These findings replicate the negative relationship between implicit self-esteem and relationship closeness, while also offering a method by which this relationship can be attenuated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background HNA-3a-specific antibodies can cause severe, sometimes fatal, transfusion-related acute lung injury when present in transfused blood. The HNA3-a/b antigens are determined by an R154 Q polymorphism in the first of five extracellular ( EC) loops of the 10-membrane-spanning choline transporter-like protein 2 ( CTL2) expressed on neutrophils, lymphocytes, and other tissues. Approximately 50% of HNA-3a antibodies ( Type 1) can be detected using CTL2 Loop 1 peptides containing R154; the remaining 50% ( Type 2) fail to recognize this target. Understanding the basis for this difference could guide efforts to develop practical assays to screen blood donors for HNA-3 antibodies. Study Design and Methods Reactions of HNA-3a antibodies against recombinant versions of human, mouse, and human/mouse (chimeric) CTL2 were characterized using flow cytometry and various solid-phase assays. Results The findings show that, for binding to CTL2, Type 2 HNA-3a antibodies require nonpolymorphic amino acid residues in the third, and possibly the second, EC loops of CTL2 to be in a configuration comparable to that found naturally in the cell membrane. In contrast, Type 1 antibodies require only peptides from the first EC loop that contain R154 for recognition. Conclusion Although Type 1 HNA-3a antibodies can readily be detected in solid-phase assays that use a CTL2 peptide containing R154 as a target, development of a practical test to screen blood donors for Type 2 antibodies will pose a serious technical challenge because of the complex nature of the epitope(s) recognized by this antibody subgroup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 30-day college student diary study examined daily perceptions of mistreatment, state ego-depletion, and evening alcohol consumption. We found that on days college students reported being ego-depleted, the more negative mistreatment experiences they reported during the day the more they drank that evening. In addition, negative mistreatment experiences were positively related to binge drinking on days students were high in ego-depletion but were negatively related to binge drinking on days students were low in ego-depletion. Perceiving mistreatment leads to increased drinking only on days that people do not have the cognitive resources to cope with being discriminated against more adaptively. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Research suggests narcissists respond negatively to ego-threats stemming from both negative evaluative feedback (Bushman, B. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (1998). Threatened egotism, narcissism, self-esteem, and direct and displaced aggression: Does self-love or self-hate lead to violence?Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,75, 219–229) and negative social feedback (Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2003). “Isn't it fun to get the respect that we're going to deserve?” Narcissism, social rejection, and aggression.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,29, 261–272). In the current study, we used an observational methodology to examine whether narcissists also respond negatively to romantic relationship conflict. Multi-level analyses revealed that people high (vs. low) in narcissism were observed by independent coders as engaging in significantly more negative behaviors (i.e., criticizing, name-calling, insulting) during a conflict with their romantic partner. Post-conflict, narcissists reported feeling less committed to their relationships, while reporting that their partners felt more committed to their relationships. Together, these results suggest that narcissists self-protectively derogate relationship partners both during and after conflict as a way to defend against relationship-threats. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

People high in attachment-related anxiety experience greater anxieties and ambivalence (e.g., M. Mikulincer, P. R. Shaver, N. Bar-On, & T. Ein-Dor, ) when feelings of relationship security are activated. The current research suggests that anxiously attached people also experience a decrease in implicit feelings of self-worth. Across two studies participants high (vs. low) in attachment anxiety reported more negative implicit self-evaluations after thinking about a time they felt loved and cared for by a close other. Study 2 further revealed that more negative implicit self-evaluations are not a function of differences in the type of events recalled by high anxiety participants. These latter results suggest that security-enhancing thoughts automatically activate a negative association with the self that is not consciously reflected in participants' written responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Twenty-four low-frequency human platelet antigens ( LFHPAs) have been implicated as immunogens in neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia ( NAIT). We performed studies to define more fully how often these antigens trigger maternal immunization leading to NAIT. Study Design and Methods In a Phase 1 study, fathers of selected NAIT cases not resolved by serologic testing but thought to have a high likelihood of NAIT on clinical and serologic grounds were typed for LFHPAs by DNA sequencing. In a Phase 2 study, high-throughput methods were used to type fathers of 1067 consecutive unresolved NAIT cases for LFHPAs. Mothers of 1338 unresolved cases were also typed to assess the prevalence of LFHPAs in a population racially/ethnically similar to the fathers. Results In Phase 1, LFHPAs were identified in 16 of 244 fathers (6.55%). In Phase 2, LFPAs were found in only 28 of 1067 fathers (2.62%). LFHPAs were identified in 27 of 1338 maternal samples (2.01%). HPA-9bw was by far the most common LFHPA identified in the populations studied and was the only LFHPA that was significantly more common in fathers than in mothers of affected infants (p = 0.02). Conclusions Maternal immunization against recognized LFHPAs accounts for only a small fraction of the cases of apparent NAIT not resolved by standard serologic testing. Typing of the fathers of such cases for LFHPAs is likely to be rewarding only when a maternal antibody specific for a paternal platelet glycoprotein is demonstrated and/or there is compelling clinical evidence for NAIT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uncertainties exist about the value of non-prey food for predators that are commonly food-limited, and the dietary conditions where non-prey foods are beneficial for carnivorous species. Prior studies show that large quantities of pollen grains are intercepted in the webs of web-building spiders. We examined the nutritional benefits of pollen as a non-prey food for a common ground-dwelling, sheet web-building spider, Mermessus fradeorum ( Berland) ( Araneae: Linyphiidae). These predators were provided diets of prey or no prey in the presence and absence of pollen. Treatment effects were quantified by measuring predator body nutrient composition, survival, body size, and offspring production. Per unit dry weight, pollen had less nitrogen and lipids than prey, although relative quantities of these nutrients per meal were not measured. Dietary treatments altered the body tissue composition of the spiders, leading to the highest N content and lipid reserves in spiders provided with Collembola. Supplementing diets with pollen increased both juvenile and adult survival, and the greatest survivorship and offspring production was observed when spiders were provided diets of Collembola supplemented with pollen. Our results show that Collembola are high-quality prey for spiders and pollen has positive effects on nutritional status and survival of a carnivorous species. Foraging on plant material potentially promotes population growth at early and late developmental stages by supplementing diets of poor-quality prey, and preventing starvation when prey are scarce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This quasiexperimental study used a within-subjects experimental design to determine whether adding herbs and/or spices to a reduced-fat dip increased children's willingness to taste, liking of, and consumption of vegetables. Participants were preschool children aged 3 to 5 years who attended a child-care center in Central Pennsylvania in late 2008 and early 2009. First, children's familiarity with and liking of six raw vegetables and five dips (reduced-fat plain, herb, garlic, pizza, and ranch) were assessed. In Experiment 1 (n=34), children tasted a vegetable they liked, one they disliked, and one they refused, with a reduced-fat plain dip and their favorite reduced-fat herb-flavored dip. In Experiment 2 (n=26 or n=27), they rated their liking of celery and yellow squash, with and without their favorite reduced-fat herb dip (pizza or ranch), and their intake of those vegetable snacks was measured. In Experiment 1, the herb-flavored dip was preferred over the plain dip (P<0.01), and children were three times more likely to reject the vegetable alone, compared with eating the vegetable paired with an herb dip (P<0.001). In Experiment 2, children ate significantly more of a previously rejected or disliked vegetable (celery and squash) when offered with a preferred reduced-fat herb dip than when the vegetable was served alone (P<0.05). These findings suggest that offering vegetables with reduced-fat dips containing familiar herb and spice flavors can increase tasting and thereby promote liking, acceptance, and consumption of vegetables, including vegetables previously rejected or disliked. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

BACKGROUND: Recent studies suggest that HPA-1a-specific, low-avidity maternal antibodies not detectable by conventional methods can cause neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT). We performed studies to further define the incidence and clinical significance of this type of antibody. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Surface plasmon resonance analysis was used to detect low-avidity antibodies in HPA-1a-negative, 'antibody-negative' mothers of suspected NAIT cases. The ability of antibodies detected to promote immune destruction of human platelets (PLTs) was examined in a newly developed NOD/SCID mouse model. RESULTS: Among 3478 suspected cases of NAIT, 677 HPA-1a-negative mothers were identified. HPA-1a-specific antibodies were detected by conventional antibody testing in 616 cases (91%). Low-avidity HPA-1a-specific antibodies were identified in 18 of the remaining 61 cases (9%). Clinical follow-up on 13 cases showed that eight were referred because of suspected NAIT and five because the mother's sister had previously had an infant with NAIT. Only six infants born to the 13 sensitized mothers had clinically significant thrombocytopenia at birth. Three of four low-avidity antibodies tested in the mouse caused accelerated clearance of HPA-1a/a but not HPA-1b/b PLTs. Only 3 of 12 mothers with low-avidity HPA-1a antibodies were positive for HLA-DRB3*0101. CONCLUSIONS: The findings confirm previous reports that low-avidity HPA-1a antibodies can cause NAIT but show that the presence of such an antibody does not predict that an infant will be affected. The low incidence of HLA-DRB3*0101 in this cohort (p < 0.0001) suggests that women negative for DRB3*0101 may be predisposed to produce low-avidity HPA-1a antibodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia, ( NAIT) is caused by maternal antibodies raised against alloantigens carried on fetal platelets. Although many cases are mild, NAIT is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in newborns and is the most common cause of intracranial haemorrhage in full-term infants. In this report, we review the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, laboratory diagnosis and prenatal and post-natal management of NAIT and highlight areas of controversy that deserve the attention of clinical and laboratory investigators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In the current research we suggest that in response to relationship-threat implicit self-esteem regulates connection, and this process is moderated by perceptions of a partner''s commitment. We used experimental and observational methodologies to explore this possibility. Study 1 indicated that, in the relationship-threat condition, participants high (vs. low) in implicit self-esteem reported engaging in more positive nonverbal behaviors when they perceived their partner as more committed. Participants high and low in implicit self-esteem did not differ in behavior when partner commitment was low. This pattern was not evident in the control condition. Study 2 similarly revealed that participants high (vs. low) in implicit self-esteem were observed engaging in more positive nonverbal behavior during a conflict interaction when they perceived their partner as more committed. Participants high and low in implicit self-esteem did not differ in behavior when partner commitment was low. The results suggest that implicit self-esteem predicts connection and may be particularly sensitive to evidence of a partner''s availability. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

BACKGROUND: Recent reports have shown that the HNA-3a leukocyte antigen, a target for antibodies that cause severe transfusion-related acute lung injury, correlates with an arginine 154 (rather than glutamine) polymorphism in choline transporter-like protein 2 (CTL2) but did not show directly that R154 determines HNA-3a. CTL2 peptides containing R154 are recognized by only half of HNA-3a antibodies studied to date. Constructs that react with all HNA-3a antibodies are needed to fully define the HNA-3a epitope. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: HEK293 cells were transfected with cDNA encoding full-length CTL2 linked to green fluorescent protein (GFP). Transfectants were selected for GFP expression and tested with antibodies specific for HNA-3a and -3b. RESULTS: Each of 20 HNA-3a antibodies reacted preferentially with HEK293 cells expressing the R154 CTL2 construct. An HNA-3b antibody reacted only with CTL2 (Q154). CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide direct evidence that R154 in the context of full-length CTL2 is both necessary and sufficient to create the HNA-3a epitope but suggest that posttranslational modifications of the protein, for example, S-S bonds or addition of glycans, are necessary for recognition of HNA-3a by many antibodies. This could complicate development of an assay for large-scale screening of blood donors to detect anti-HNA-3a. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Maternal immunization against low-frequency, platelet (PLT)-specific antigens is being recognized with increasing frequency as a cause of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT). STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Serologic and molecular studies were performed on PLTs and DNA from two families in which an infant was born with severe thrombocytopenia not attributable to maternal immunization against known PLT-specific alloantigens. RESULTS: Antibodies reactive only with paternal PLTs were identified in each mother using flow cytometry and solid-phase assays. Unique mutations encoding amino acid substitutions K164T in glycoprotein (GP)IIb (Case 1) and R622W in GPIIIa (Case 2) were identified in paternal DNA and in DNA from the affected infants. Each maternal antibody recognized recombinant GPIIb/IIIa mutated to contain the polymorphisms identified in the corresponding father. None of 100 unselected normal subjects possessed these paternal mutations. CONCLUSIONS: Severe NAIT observed in the affected infants was caused by maternal immunization against previously unrecognized, low-frequency antigens created by amino acid substitutions in GPIIb/IIIa (αIIb/β3 integrin). A search should be conducted for novel paternal antigens in cases of apparent NAIT not explained on the basis of maternal-fetal incompatibility for known human PLT antigens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Recent reports suggest that maternal immunization against low-frequency, platelet (PLT)-specific glycoprotein (GP) polymorphisms is a more common cause of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NATP) than previously thought. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Serologic and molecular studies were performed on PLTs and DNA from three families in which an infant was born with apparent NATP not attributable to maternal immunization against known PLT-specific alloantigens. RESULTS: Antibodies reactive only with paternal PLTs were identified in each mother. In Cases 2 (Kno) and 3 (Nos), but not Case 1 (Sta), antibody recognized paternal GPIIb/IIIa in solid-phase assays. Unique mutations encoding amino acid substitutions in GPIIb (Case 2) or GPIIIa (Cases 1 and 3) were identified in paternal DNA and in DNA from two of the affected infants. Antibody from all three cases recognized recombinant GPIIIa (Case 1 [Sta] and Case 3 [Nos]) and GPIIb (Case 2, Kno) mutated to contain the polymorphisms identified in the respective fathers. None of 100 unselected normal subjects possessed the paternal mutations. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and flow cytometric studies suggested that failure of maternal serum from Case 1 (Sta) to react with paternal GPIIIa in solid-phase assays resulted from use of a monoclonal antibody AP2, for antigen immobilization that competed with the maternal antibody for binding to the Sta epitope. CONCLUSION: NATP in the three cases was caused by maternal immunization against previously unreported, low-frequency GP polymorphisms. Maternal immunization against low-frequency PLT-specific alloantigens should be considered in cases of apparent NATP not resolved by conventional serologic and molecular testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the reported specificity of Bacillus thuringiensis proteins against target pests, a number of studies have indicated that the uptake of Bt-endotoxins from bioengineered crops could have negative effects on natural enemies. It is therefore essential to quantify exposure pathways in non-target arthropod food webs across multiple transgenic events. Adult ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) were collected from transgenic corn fields expressing lepidopteran-specific Cry1Ab, coleopteran-specific Cry3Bb1, and both Cry1Ab and Cry3Bb1 (stacked event), as well as a non-transgenic isoline. Carabid gut-contents were screened for Cry1Ab Bt-endotoxin using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Significant numbers of carabids tested positive for Cry1Ab from the lepidopteran-specific field: Harpalus pensylvanicus (39%, 25 of 64), Stenolophus comma (4%, 6 of 136), Cratacanthus dubius (50%, 1 of 2), Clivina bipustulata (50%, 1 of 2), and Cyclotrachelus sodalis (20%, 1 of 5). The highest proportion of Bt-endotoxin uptake was 4-6 weeks post-anthesis. Only one species, H. pensylvanicus (5%, 4 of 75), screened positive for Cry1Ab from the stacked line, despite similar expression of this endotoxin in plant tissue harvested from both lines. This difference in Cry1Ab uptake could be due to changes in the non-target food web or differential rates of Bt-endotoxin decay between genetic events. This study has quantified the differential uptake of Cry1Ab Bt-endotoxin by the carabid community across multiple transgenic events, thus forming the framework for future risk-assessment of transgenic crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neonatal alloimmune thrombocyto-penia (NATP) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the newborn. Optimal management of subsequent pregnancies requires knowledge of the alloantigen that caused maternal immunization, but this is possible only in a minority of cases. This study investigated whether this can be explained in part by maternal immunization against the “rare” alloantigen HPA-9b (Maxa), implicated previously only in a single NATP case. Archived paternal DNA from unresolved cases of NATP and normal individuals was typed for platelet (PLT)-specific antigens with real-time polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing. PLT-specific alloantibodies were character-ized by flow cytometry and solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Recombinant GPIIb/IIIa was expressed in stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells. Clinical information was obtained directly from attending physicians. Six of 217 fathers were positive for the presence of HPA-9b (Maxa), an incidence about seven times that in the general population. In each of five cases studied, maternal serum samples reacted with intact paternal PLTs and paternal GPIIb/IIIa. Only one of three serum samples tested recognized recombinant GPIIb/IIIa carrying the HPA-9b (Maxa) mutation. These seemingly discrepant reactions may reflect different requirements for oligosaccharides linked to residues close to the mutation in GPIIb that determines HPA-9b (Maxa). NATP in the affected children was severe and was associated with intracranial hemorrhage in three of six infants on whom information was obtained. Maternal immunization against HPA-9b (Maxa) is an important cause of NATP and should be considered in cases of apparent NATP not resolved on the basis of maternal-fetal incompatibility for “common” PLT antigens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alcohol produces a range of oral sensations, some of which have been shown to vary with the perceived bitterness of 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP), one marker for genetic variation in taste. Some studies report that offspring of alcoholics are most likely to be PROP nontasters [Physiol. Behav. 51 (1992) 1261; Physiol. Behav. 64 (1998) 147], yet others report the offspring as more responsive to sodium chloride (NaCl) and citric acid, which appears to contradict the taste genetic hypothesis. We predicted alcohol sensation and intake from measures of taste genetics (PROP bitterness and number of fungiform papilla), NaCl and citric acid intensity, and spatial taste pattern in 40 females and 43 males. Subjects used the general Labeled Magnitude Scale (gLMS) [Chem. Senses 18 (1993) 683; J. Food Qual. Pref. 14 (2002) 125] as an intensity and hedonic scale. Those who tasted PROP as most bitter or had highest numbers of fungiform papilla reported greatest oral burn from an alcohol probe; those who tasted least PROP bitterness consumed alcoholic beverages most frequently. Although higher NaCl and citric acid ratings associated with more frequent consumption of alcoholic beverages, the findings could be explained by lower intensity of tastants on the tongue tip (chorda tympani nerve) relative to whole mouth perception. In multiple regression analyses, PROP bitterness and the spatial pattern of taste perception were independent contributors to the prediction of alcohol intake. In summary, the results support that variation in oral sensation associates with alcohol intake. Those who taste PROP as least bitter and have low chorda tympani relative to whole mouth taste intensity appear to have fewest oral sensory hindrances to the consumption of alcoholic beverages. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We monitored changes in looking that emerged when 3- to 6-month-old infants were presented with 48 trials pairing familiar and novel faces. Graphic displays were used to identify changes in looking throughout the task. Many infants exhibited strong side biases produced by infants looking repeatedly in the same direction. Although an overall novelty preference was found for the group, individual infants exhibited brief novelty runs. Few infants began with a familiarity preference. We argue that variable looking patterns emerged during the task from competition between the infants' preference to look to something novel versus their tendency to look back to previous locations. Our data suggest that looking during paired-comparison tasks is a dynamic process dependent on perceptual-motor events happening during the task itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assesses how newspaper coverage of homicides corresponds to the epidemiology of homicide. Prevention of violence and other policy arenas in which substantial public cooperation is required; Primary source of information about local crime; Law enforcement data on homicide.

Objectives. Child abuse is a presumed but largely untested risk factor for child homicide. This research investigated the social and child protective service history of child homicide victims. Methods. A pairwise matched case-control design was used to assess documented child maltreatment as a risk factor for homicide vs unintentional injury death. Homicide victims aged 0 to 14 years were identified through Los Angeles Police Department case summaries. Control subjects (children who died of an unintentional injury) were matched to case subjects (children who died from homicide) by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and date of death. Case and control subjects were linked with county service records to determine any known history of maltreatment. Results. A total of 220 children were homicide victims during 1978 through 1987 in the city of Los Angeles. Only one in six children who died (of homicide or unintentional injury) or his/her family was known to county social or child protective services prior to the death. Recorded history of child protective services was associated with homicide victimization (adjusted odds ratio = 3.40, 95% confidence interval = 1.25, 9.27). Conclusions. Current service systems need assistance in identifying and protecting children at high risk of homicide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzes the interactions between the bud emergence proteins Bem1p and Bem2p and rho-type GTpases in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiea. Role of cytoskeletal elements; Subcloning of BEM2; Presence of rho-GAP domain in Bem2; Effect of absence of Bem1p function; Morphological defects of Bem2 mutants.

Transcribed sentencing phase summations were content analyzed and comparisons were made between prosecution and defense arguments. Arguments were coded to discover the themes emphasized by attorneys in arguing for life imprisonment or the death penalty. Prosecutors portrayed the defendant as a cold, remorseless killer, emphasized the brutal nature of the murder, the suffering experienced by victims, and the moral legitimacy of revenge. Defenders explained the murders in the context of the defendant's personal history, emphasized the severity of life without the possibility of parole, and argued that the death penalty is unjust and morally wrong. Defenders provided richer accounts of the life history of the defendant and prosecutors provided more vivid accounts of the murder. Attorney arguments are discussed in light of research on communication, social cognition, and persuasion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of solution‐state dielectric and intermolecular interactions on the degree of charge separation provide a route to understanding the switching properties and concentration dependence of donor–acceptor Stenhouse adducts (DASAs). Through solvatochromic analysis of the open‐form DASA in conjunction with X‐ray diffraction and computational theory, we have analyzed the ionic character of a series of DASAs. First‐ and third‐generation architectures lead to a higher zwitterionic resonance contribution of the open form and a zwitterionic closed form, whereas the second‐generation architecture possesses a less charge‐separated open form and neutral closed form. This can be correlated with equilibrium control and photoswitching solvent compatibility. As a result of the high contribution of the zwitterionic resonance forms of first‐ and third‐generation DASAs, we were able to control their switching kinetics by means of ion concentration, whereas second‐generation DASAs were less affected. Importantly, these results show how the previously reported concentration dependence of DASAs is not universal, and that DASAs with a more hybrid structure in the open form can achieve photoswitching at high concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of a woman who gave birth at 29 weeks due to less fetal movement. Topics discussed include neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT) in the baby, alloantigen Khab in glycoprotein (GP) IIIa of platelets, presence of HLA antibodies in the woman and serum of the woman reacting with HEK293 cells that expressed GPIIb/IIIa.

Donor–acceptor Stenhouse adduct (DASA) photoswitches have gained a lot of attention since their discovery in 2014. Their negative photochromism, visible light absorbance, synthetic tunability, and the large property changes between their photoisomers make them attractive candidates over other commonly used photoswitches for use in materials with responsive or adaptive properties. The development of such materials and their translation into advanced technologies continues to widely impact forefront materials research, and DASAs have thus attracted considerable interest in the field of visible-light responsive molecular switches and dynamic materials. Despite this interest, there have been challenges in understanding their complex behavior in the context of both small molecule studies and materials. Moreover, incorporation of DASAs into polymers can be challenging due to their incompatibility with the conditions for most common polymerization techniques. In this review, therefore, we examine and critically discuss the recent developments and challenges in the field of DASA-containing polymers, aiming at providing a better understanding of the interplay between the properties of both constituents (matrix and photoswitch). The first part summarizes current understanding of DASA design and switching properties. The second section discusses strategies of incorporation of DASAs into polymers, properties of DASA-containing materials, and methods for studying switching of DASAs in materials. We also discuss emerging applications for DASA photoswitches in polymeric materials, ranging from light-responsive drug delivery systems, to photothermal actuators, sensors and photoswitchable surfaces. Last, we summarize the current challenges in the field and venture on the steps required to explore novel systems and expand both the functional properties and the application opportunities of DASA-containing polymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of different bitter taste compounds on the retronasal perception of coffee aroma was investigated. A sorted napping experiment was carried out on thirteen compounds at iso-intense bitter concentrations. Differences in perceptual bitter sub-qualities among the compounds were reported by Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) and Multiple Factor Analysis (MFA) analyses. Seven exemplar compounds were further selected to investigate the impact of taste sub-qualities on cross-modal flavor interactions. In general, the different bitter compounds, when paired with a coffee aroma isolate, significantly modified the perception of the retronasal coffee aroma profile. Interestingly, the three bitter compounds endogenous to coffee had the most similar impact on the coffee aroma profile. Further sensory analysis of these sample sets indicated no significant effect of the bitter compounds on the orthonasal perception. Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis of the volatile composition of the samples headspace also indicated negligible impact of the bitter compounds on aroma release. Altogether evidence of cross-modal interactions occurring at a higher cognitive level were demonstrated in a complex food sample, supporting the importance of multi-modal sensory integration on flavor perception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A letter to the editor is presented regarding the human platelet antigen-21bw that is common among Asian and could be a predictor for neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia.

A letter to the editor on third allele of the HPA-5 (Br) platelet alloantigen system identified in investigating a case of neonatal thrombocytopenia is presented.

Hemophilia is a severe bleeding disorder treated by infusion of the missing blood coagulation protein, factor VIII or factor IX. The discovery and characterization of the anticoagulant protein tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) led to the realization that inhibition of TFPI activity could restore functional hemostasis through the extrinsic blood coagulation pathway in a manner that does not require the activity of factors VIII or IX. There are currently several therapeutic agents that inhibit TFPI in development for treatment of hemophilia. A comprehensive understanding of TFPI structure, biochemistry, and cellular expression is necessary to understand how it modulates bleeding in hemophilia and the physiological impact of therapeutic agents targeting TFPI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The planting of genetically modified crops that express insecticidal proteins is central to modern pest management, particularly for maize and cotton in the United States. An understanding of how the presence of transgenic proteins can affect the movement and feeding behavior of insect pests will allow us to better design resistance management strategies to prolong the use of this technology. In this study, the western bean cutworm, a regionally important pest of maize, was studied in artificial arena and on-plant experiments. Two more artificial experiments did not indicate significant changes to young caterpillar behavior when exposed to maize tissues expressing transgenic proteins; however, the more field-realistic and longer exposure period studies did indicate that young caterpillars would abandon plants that expressed transgenic proteins more often that those that did not. This finding has particular importance for the use of integrated versus structured refuges. Exposure of lepidopteran pests to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) proteins has been shown to affect the behavior of larvae, including increased movement and avoidance of Bt-expressing plants or diet. Therefore, we hypothesized that the behavior of western bean cutworm, Striacosta albicosta (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), an important pest of maize, could be affected when exposed to Bt plants. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a series of artificial arena and on-plant experiments to determine S. albicosta neonate behavior when exposed to Bt and non-Bt plant tissue. Video tracking experiments presented neonate larvae with the choice of Bt or non-Bt pollen in a Petri dish for 15 min while being video recorded for analysis with EthoVision software. This study showed an increase in mean velocity and total time spent moving for larvae in the presence of Cry1F vs. non-Bt when compared with Vip3A vs. non-Bt or Cry1F vs. Vip3A. However, there was no difference in total distance moved or time spent in the food zone for all scenarios. Maize tissue choice experiments allowed neonatal larvae the choice of feeding on Bt or non-Bt tassel or leaves for 9 h in Petri dish arenas. This experiment showed that larvae preferred tassel tissue over leaves but did not indicate that larvae could distinguish between Bt and non-Bt tissue. In contrast, on-plant experiments (including a whole plant neonate dispersal study under controlled conditions and an in-field silking behavior experiment) indicated that the presence of Cry1F and Vip3A Bt toxins increased plant abandonment, suggesting that larvae are able to detect and avoid Bt toxins. The discrepancy of these results is likely due to the on-plant studies providing more field-realistic environmental conditions and a longer duration of exposure to Bt toxins for the behavioral experiments. Our results represent the first steps in understanding the complex behavior of S. albicosta when exposed to Bt plants. A better understanding of the response of larvae when exposed to Bt traits can aid in the management of this pest, particularly for the design of resistance management strategies and refuge design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]