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AbstractHuman spinal cord injury (SCI) is usually accompanied by persistent cord compression. Experimental data demonstrate that compression of the traumatized cord results in rapid neurological decline over hours. Undertaking decompression in humans within this time frame has proved impractical, with the time to surgery in studies of urgent decompression averaging between 10 and 24 h. There is, therefore, an important need for a therapy to prevent the neurological deterioration of patients prior to decompressive surgery. The aim of this study was to determine if hypothermia prevents compressive SCI, thereby limiting neurological decline. Rats were subjected to a moderate mid-thoracic SCI and spacers were inserted to compress the spinal cord by 45%. Decompression, by removal of the spacer, was performed immediately, and at 2 or 8 h post-injury. Hypothermia (33°C) was commenced in half the animals at 30 mins post-injury and maintained for 7.5 h, with the other half remaining normothermic (37.3°C). Motor recovery was assessed weekly, and the volume and area of tissue damage determined at the end of the 8-week study period. The results demonstrate that hypothermia significantly improves the behavioral and histological outcome of animals undergoing 8 h of compressive injury (the primary outcome measure). The hypothermia-treated group regained weight-supported locomotion (Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan [BBB] locomotor assessment score 9.5 ± 0.9), while the normothermic group remained severely paraparetic (BBB score 5.3 ± 0.6; p≤ 0.0005). Hypothermia significantly increased the volume and area of healthy tissue in the peri-injury region, as well as the volume of preserved white and grey matter. Overall, the data suggest that hypothermia may be a useful bridging therapy to prevent neurological decline prior to decompressive surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractInflammation in the CNS predominantly involves microglia and macrophages, and is believed to be a significant cause of secondary injury following trauma. This study compares the microglial and macrophage response in the rat brain and spinal cord following discrete mechanical injury to better appreciate the degree to which these cells could contribute to secondary damage in these areas. We find that, 1 week after injury, the microglial and macrophage response is significantly greater in the spinal cord compared to the brain. This is the case for injuries to both gray and white matter. In addition, we observed a greater inflammatory response in white matter compared to gray matter within both the brain and spinal cord. Because activated microglia and macrophages appear to be effectors of secondary damage, a greater degree of inflammation in the spinal cord is likely to result in more extensive secondary damage. Tissue saving strategies utilizing anti-inflammatory treatments may therefore be more useful in traumatic spinal cord than brain injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]