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The increase of Brazilian cellulose production in the last years and, linked to it, the expansion of tree monocultivation are recent phenomena with serious economical, social, and specially territorial consequences. Advocates of this production, direct or indirect representatives of capital, and State agents look at it as a clear sign of the country's "vocation" for such activities, given its productivity and competitiveness, which are absolutely superior to those of any other country in the world. Besides the discourse, however, the Brazilian case should be understood as a manifestation of the process of fragmentation and geographical extension of the paper production circuit, now globalized, in which the complementary production movement includes Brazil, due to some specific natural and social conditions. In Brazil, it is concomitantly starting a process of moving cellulose production into the countryside. Such process is guided by national or foreign corporations' blind interest in reducing production expenses, and it is also performed through the establishment of mega enterprises in places distant from the dynamic center of the national economy. The present work aims at presenting and questioning some of the main aspects of these phenomena, as well as the most outstanding issues in relation to work (and to workers), and to the territories which have been affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]