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We aimed to validate a Brazilian Portuguese version of the Obsession with COVID-19 Scale (BP-OCS) using a large sample of university students in Brazil (N = 1454). The scale showed solid psychometric characteristics in terms of internal consistency (α =.78), test–retest reliability (ICC =.86), factorial validity (PAF and CFA support), and construct validity. Additionally, BP-OCS scores were found to be higher among females, participants with diagnosed depression, anxiety, and self-reported anxiety. These findings suggest that the BP-OCS is a reliable and valid measure of persistent and disturbed thinking about COVID-19 for Brazilian university students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the fear of COVID-19 infection after proper translation and cultural adaptation of the "Fear of COVID-19 Scale" to the Brazilian Portuguese language. A sample of 1,743 Brazilian participants were included. The scale showed excellent psychometric characteristics. Women showed higher anxiety levels. Fear of COVID-19 scores were lower in males with occupational risk of contamination. On the other hand, women and younger individuals showed higher fear of COVID-19 infection scores. The Brazilian Fear of COVID-19 Scale proved to be a reliable tool with excellent psychometric properties for identifying fear of COVID-19 infection in the Brazilian population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The measures implemented to contain the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in both behavioral and lifestyle changes. The "Changes in Lifestyle-Related Behavior" instrument was developed to assess lifestyle-related behaviors in the Indian population. However, considering current knowledge, this instrument was not adapted for the Brazilian population. In addition, the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and consumption of dietary supplements has not yet been evaluated. Thus, we aimed to investigate the relationship between the use of dietary supplements with lifestyle behavior and the fear of COVID-19, as well as assess the psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the "Changes in Lifestyle-Related Behavior" instrument. An online questionnaire assessed sociodemographic, occupational, anthropometric, physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire—short form), fear of COVID-19, and lifestyle behavior data from 416 Brazilian adults (237 females; 18-60y). Mann-Whitney, Chi-square test, exploratory, and confirmatory analyses were applied. Exploratory and confirmatory analyses showed a satisfactory adequacy level of the questionnaire (CMIN/DF = 2.689; Cronbach's α = 0.60) with 5 domains ('Bad eating behavior'; 'Healthy eating'; 'Sleep quality'; 'Interest in cooking'; 'Number of portions and meals'). Lower fear of COVID-19 scores and higher levels of physical activity were found in participants who reported previous dietary supplement intake during the pandemic; in addition, the group that did not ingest dietary supplements reported greater changes in stress and anxiety levels during the pandemic (p<0.05). The intake of dietary supplements before the pandemic was associated with greater energy expenditure and better coping with the fear of COVID-19 during the pandemic. Additionally, the Changes in Lifestyle-Related Behavior tool can be used to assess lifestyle-related variables during the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The aim of this work was to studied the formation, stability and characterization of oil-in-water emulsions formed by Sacha Inchi oil (SIO) 8% (w/w) with either ovalbumin (Ova) or Tween 80 (Tw80), as emulsifiers at 0.5%–2.0% (w/w) and stabilized with pectin (Pec) at 1.0%–3.0% (w/w) or xanthan gum (XG) at 0.25%–1.0% (w/w). The emulsions were evaluated at 0, 1, 7 and 14 days after preparation and kept at a temperature of 25 ± 1 °C for the ζ-potential, particle size distribution, polydispersion, and emulsion stability index measurements. The emulsions were characterized by optical microscopy, viscosity and rheological behavior. It was observed that it is possible to form oil-in-water emulsions with SIO-Ova and Pec that are stable at 25 °C for at least 14 days with a polydispersion value between 0.2 and 0.5. However, the emulsions with SIO-Ova and XG are stable at several concentrations of XG but are more viscous and can form aggregates. The presence of a biopolymer is essential for the kinetic stability of the emulsions containing Ova as the emulsifier. For the emulsions containing Tw80, this conclusion applies only to emulsions with XG concentrations of 0.5% to 1.0%, in which the stability mechanism is distinct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of probiotic ( Bacillus Subtilis ) supplementation on bone remodelling induced by mechanical loading. Methods C57BL/6 mice were divided in two groups: (1) Probiotic and (2) Vehicle (water). The probiotic (1.5 × 10 8 CFU/mL) was administered orally for 14 days, starting two days before the induction of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). OTM was determined by histomorphometric analysis by comparing the right to the left side of the maxilla. The number of osteoclasts was determined by counting TRAP-positive cells. Osteoblasts were counted on Masson’s trichrome-stained slides. Results OTM was similar between groups (with and without probiotic supplementation) (p = 0.46). The number of TRAP-positive cells increased (p < 0.01) on the experimental side (where the spring coil was installed) in comparison to the control side in both groups. However, the number of osteoclasts decreased (p ˂ 0.01) in the probiotic group, in comparison to the vehicle group. There was an increase in the number of osteoblasts (p ˂ 0.05) in both the Vehicle and Probiotic groups on the side under OTM, independent of probiotic supplementation. Conclusion Oral Supplementation with a probiotic influenced the number of osteoclasts adjacent to the tooth root during orthodontic movement in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of β-glucan on the expression of inflammatory mediators and metabolomic profile of oral cells [keratinocytes (OBA-9) and fibroblasts (HGF-1) in a dual-chamber model] infected by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. The periodontopathogen was applied and allowed to cross the top layer of cells (OBA-9) to reach the bottom layer of cells (HGF-1) and induce the synthesis of immune factors and cytokines in the host cells. β-glucan (10 μg/mL or 20 μg/mL) were added, and the transcriptional factors and metabolites produced were quantified in the remaining cell layers and supernatant. Results: The relative expression of interleukin (IL)-1-α and IL-18 genes in HGF-1 decreased with 10 μg/mL or 20 μg/mL of β-glucan, where as the expression of PTGS-2 decreased only with 10 μg/mL. The expression of IL-1-α increased with 20 μg/mL and that of IL-18 increased with 10 μg/mL in OBA-9; the expression of BCL 2, EP 300, and PTGS-2 decreased with the higher dose of β-glucan. The production of the metabolite 4-aminobutyric acid presented lower concentrations under 20 μg/mL, whereas the concentrations of 2-deoxytetronic acid NIST and oxalic acid decreased at both concentrations used. Acetophenone, benzoic acid, and pinitol presented reduced concentrations only when treated with 10 μg/mL of β-glucan. Conclusions: Treatment with β-glucans positively modulated the immune response and production of metabolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple emulsions have been recognized as a new technology for the food industry. Due to their different structure from other colloidal systems, namely the existence of two dispersed phases, this group of emulsion has advantages over conventional emulsions, especially with regard to packaging, protection and controlled release of bioactive components. Thus, the stability and bioavailability of encapsulated may be increased or optimized, a fact that enables the planning of better results by the industry through the production of new foods. Also, the prospect of increasing the nutritional value of many processed foods, infers greater contribution to the promotion of health and prevention and treatment of certain chronic diseases. This review presents the bases of the usual technology of preparation of multiple emulsion, the main processes of instability that this system is susceptible, and the application of multiple emulsions as encapsulating systems and carriers of bioactive components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Although temporomandibular disorder (TMD) has been presumed to be a condition affecting adults, studies have reported the presence of signs and symptoms in children. The purpose of this paper was to verify the influence of gender, mother's gestational behavior, malocclusion, and oral habits as risk indicators for TMD in 12-year-old adolescents. Methods: TMD pain was assessed by research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (RDC/TMD; axis I). Five-hundred fifty-eight subjects (330 girls and 228 boys) underwent examinations. Bivariate analyses were performed using the chi-sguare test The logistic regression models were adjusted estimating the odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval (CI), and significance level. Results: Only 2% of boys and 7% of girls presented one of the axis I categories. Gender was significantly related to TMD diagnosis (P<.01). Menarche, however, was not associated. Malocclusion, mother's gestational behavior, and children's oral habits were not associated with incidence of TMD (P>.05). Girls were almost 4 times more affected than boys (OR=3.97; CI=1.51-10.53). Conclusions: The mothers' gestational behavior and presence of menarche, malocclusion, and oral habits by their adolescents were not associated with diagnosis of temporomandibular disorder. Gender was the only factor associated with the incidence of TMD in 12-year-old adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To investigate the effects of high‐intensity interval training (HIIT) on periodontitis (PD) progression and behavioural outcomes. Materials and Methods: Forty‐eight Wistar rats were divided into four groups: non‐trained (NT); non‐trained with PD; HIIT with PD; and HIIT. The HIIT protocol, involving daily treadmill sessions, spanned 8 weeks, with PD induced by ligature after the 6th week. Behavioural tests were conducted to assess anxiety and memory. Post euthanasia, we evaluated the systemic inflammatory profile and oxidative stress markers in the hippocampus and amygdala. A morphological evaluation and elemental composition analysis of the mandibular alveolar bone were performed. Results: PD exacerbated alveolar bone level, bone surface damage and alterations in calcium and phosphorus percentages on the bone surface (p <.05), while HIIT attenuated these changes (p <.05). HIIT improved systemic inflammatory markers altered by PD (tumour necrosis factor [TNF]‐α, interleukin [IL]‐10, TNF‐α/IL‐10 and IL‐1β/IL‐10 ratios, p <.05). PD animals exhibited lower total antioxidant capacity and levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in the amygdala and hippocampus, respectively (p <.05). HIIT maintained these parameters at levels similar to those in NT animals. HIIT improved anxiety and memory outcomes altered by PD (p <.05). Conclusions: HIIT attenuates systemic inflammation, anxiety and memory outcomes promoted by PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the known benefits, some individuals remain apprehensive about receiving the COVID-19 vaccine, which hampers vaccination efforts and the achievement of herd immunity. Therefore, this cross-sectional study aimed to assess vaccination rates and identify factors influencing fear of the COVID-19 vaccine among individuals served by the public healthcare system (Family Health Strategy ‐ FHS) and in a university community in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Surveys were conducted face-to-face with FHS participants and online with university members, employing a free sharing approach on social media. A total of 1896 and 312 responses were collected, respectively. The survey covered sociodemographic information, COVID-19 fear levels, and vaccination status for both individuals and their children Vaccination coverage was 83% among FHS participants and 99.1% in the university setting. Female respondents in both groups exhibited higher levels of COVID-19 fear (p<0.05), with FHS-assisted women reporting greater apprehension towards vaccination (p<0.05). Educated parents demonstrated better understanding of the importance of child vaccination, while younger parents expressed heightened concerns about vaccine side effects. Among FHS participants, women exhibited a 1.6 times higher fear of vaccination compared to men. Additionally, fear of vaccination increased by 1.10 times for each additional point on the COVID-19 Fear Scale (physiological domain). Effective communication strategies and dispelling misconceptions surrounding immunization could alleviate fear and promote vaccination acceptance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endocrine physiology is a complex subject for students. Game-based learning (GBL) and case-based learning (CBL) are active methodologies that are widely used because of their potential for motivation and greater proximity to the reality of modern students. We evaluated the effectiveness of GBL and CBL among veterinary medicine students compared with a control group using peer tutoring. Students (n = 106) from two institutions volunteered to participate in this study. The participants were submitted to a pretest questionnaire and subsequently were divided into three paired groups by their performance on the pretest exam: 1) traditional class + peer tutoring, 2) traditional class + GBL, and 3) traditional class + CBL. After the students completed the activities, their performance was once again evaluated by applying a new test with the same initial 10 questions and another set of 10 different questions. The students' perceptions and satisfaction with the methodologies and learning strategies were assessed. Anxiety was assessed with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory before and after the conventional class and after the active methodologies. The GBL group significantly improved their correct answers compared with the baseline (P < 0.05), with no significant difference from CBL and peer tutoring. Anxiety levels did not differ regardless of the time of evaluation or the teaching methodology applied. GBL promoted a greater perception of the stimulus for self-study and problem-solving ability and contributed to the development of group dynamics compared with the group who received CBL (P < 0.05). In conclusion, GBL showed better results than peer tutoring and CBL. NEW & NOTEWORTHY: We compared the supplementary use of game-based learning, case-based learning, and peer tutoring in the study of endocrine physiology by veterinary students and observed a slight advantage for game-based learning over the other two methodologies. The game was developed by the authors and is an unprecedented tool that can prove useful to improve knowledge acquisition in students of veterinary medicine. Thus, game-based learning is an effective supplementary teaching strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between food choices and periodontal health status (PHS) in adults who receive care through a public health system. We evaluated food preferences and periodontal status in a sample of 442 individuals with at least eight natural teeth. We employed the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) to assess food choices and the Periodontal Screening and Recording (PSR) instrument to evaluate periodontal health status during clinical appointments. Fisher's discriminant analysis was used to differentiate the participants according to PHS severity within three age-ranges (18–39; 40–59 and > 60 years-old). The results showed that the prevalence of overweight/obesity was high in all age groups (above 65%), and BMI increased with age, accompanied by an increase in the prevalence of chronic diseases. A lower preference for natural foods and a higher intake of processed and ultra-processed foods, along with a high waist circumference and diabetes, were associated with a poorer periodontal health status. In the 18–39 age group, a lower waist circumference was associated with healthier periodontal status. In the 40–59 age group, a worse periodontal status resulted from a higher frequency of diabetes, lower intake of green leafy vegetables, olive oil, and fruit, and higher intake of industrialized juice. Conversely, a healthier periodontal status was associated with a lower frequency of diabetes and higher intake of fruit and vegetables. In the > 60age group, the worst periodontal status was associated with male sex. Overall, the study highlights the possible beneficial role of a healthy diet in maintaining periodontal health, particularly for those who receive care through a public health system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, sacha inchi oil (SIO) was microencapsulated by emulsion-based systems using ovalbumin (Ova), pectin (Pec), and xanthan gum (XG), followed by freeze-drying. The microencapsulation was confirmed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The stability of omega-3 in SIO alone as well as in microencapsulated SIO was assessed by nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H NMR) spectroscopy after human gastric simulation (HGS). The SEM results revealed distinct structures for the two types of microcapsules. The thermograms showed that the thermal resistance was increased in the microencapsulated SIO, indicating that the emulsion-based system may be a way to protect the omega-3 in the SIO. In addition, the microencapsulation conferred an increased crystallinity degree, indicating a higher structural organization. Moreover, this method did not affect the stability of SIO, as confirmed by 1 H NMR. The release of omega-3 acyl units from the SIO was correlated with the decrease of the methynic proton ( sn , 2 position) of triacylglycerol (TAG). In contrast, the increase of 1,3-diglycerides was negatively correlated with the decrease of glyceryl groups ( sn , 1,3 positions). The HGS conditions did not significantly alter the stability of the omega-3 of SIO over 180 min. The SIO-Ova microcapsules had a similar behavior to the SIO, and the presence of Ova was not enough to prevent the decrease of omega-3 content over 180 min. The SIO-Ova-Pec and SIO-Ova-XG microcapsules were shown to protect the omega-3 content effectively. In conclusion, the microcapsules developed in this study can be used to transport nutraceutical compounds because they are resistant to the human gastric conditions tested in vitro . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient known to play an important role in the antioxidant system that can potentially influence tumor growth. We aimed to investigate the effects of dietary Se supplementation after detection of 4T1 mammary tumor growth in BALB/c mice. Thirty female mice received subcutaneous inoculation of 4T1 cells. After five days, all animals presenting palpable tumors were randomly assigned to three groups: a control group (Se-control) receiving a diet with adequate Se (0.15 mg/kg) and two other groups that received Se-supplemented diets (1.4 mg/kg of total Se) with either Brazilian nuts (Se-Nuts) or selenomethionine (SeMet). Data were assessed by either One or Two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's HSD or Bonferroni's post hoc tests, respectively. Both Se-supplemented diets reduced tumor volume from the thirteenth day of feeding compared with the Se-adequate (control) diet (p < 0.05). The SeMet group presented a higher Se blood concentration (p < 0.05) than the Se-control group, with the Se-Nuts group presenting intermediate values. Selenoprotein P gene expression in the liver was higher in the Se-Nuts group than in the Se-control group (p < 0.05), while the SeMet group presented intermediate expression. Dietary Se supplementation, starting after detection of 4T1 palpable lesions, reduced tumor volume in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The suspension of social activities combined with health insecurity, uncertainty and fear of COVID-19 may influence physical activity practice. We aimed to investigate the relationship between the fear of COVID-19 and anxiety on physical activity patterns during the pandemic period. This cross-sectional study was performed in a sample of 520 Brazilian participants recruited by online sampling and snowball method. We assessed demographic variables, health perceptions, anxiety, fear of COVID-19 and physical activity characteristics. Both fear scores and anxiety were higher in woman (p < 0.0001). We observed a remarkable reduction in the frequency and intensity of physical activity and a modification in the exercise practice environment (from gym or sports centers to home-based physical activity) (p < 0.05). Sedentary (sitting) behavior increased during pandemic both in the weekdays and in the weekend (p < 0.0001). Participants who have never been infected were more prone of being classified in higher levels for physical activity (OR: 1.916, CI = 1.043–3.521) versus those who were previously infected (p = 0.05). Participants with a low or moderate level of physical activity before the pandemic presented lower chances of being classified as high physical activity level during the pandemic in comparison to those with high level before pandemic (p < 0.001). The Fear of Covid-19 score was negatively associated with the physical activity level (the higher the fear, the lower the level of physical activity); that is, for every increase in scale score, the odds of vigorous physical activity decreased 3%. In conclusion, fear of COVID-19 and previous contact with the virus negatively influenced physical activity practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Primary factors affecting food/caloric ingestion were sex, school type, and masticatory parameters. • The absence of distractor reduced meal duration. • Uncontrolled eating behavior and body mass index influenced the total and high-energy-dense amount of ingested food. Recent research highlights the influence of distraction on caloric intake in adults. This study investigated the impact of smartphone use and reading comic book on food intake of schoolchildren aged 10 to 12 years. One hundred and twenty students from public and private schools participated in experimental meal sessions. Individual parameters such as sex, age, body mass index (BMI), and eating preferences were assessed during the first session. In subsequent appointments, participants consumed standardized meals without distraction, while using a smartphone, or reading comic books in a random order. Child Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (CTFEQr-21) was administered to assess eating behavior, and total caloric intake (kcal), total amount (g) and medium/high-energy-dense amount (g) were measured in each session. No significant difference was observed in food intake among the three experimental meals (without distractor, using smartphone and reading comic book). Masticatory performance, number of chewing cycles, and time until swallow were similar between sexes and school types (p>0.05). Regression models showed that meal duration was dependent on school type, number of teeth, time until swallow and absence of distractor, while total caloric intake was dependent on school type (public), sex (male), time until swallow, and number of cycles. Besides, total amount ingested, and medium/high-energy-dense amount were dependent on school type (public), sex (male), age, size of the particles and time until swallowing, uncontrolled eating and body mass index (p<0.05). In conclusion, the primary factors affecting food/caloric ingestion were sex, school type, and masticatory parameters, while the absence of distractor had an influence on meal duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Candlenut (CN) has been used indiscriminately for weight loss. In vivo effects of CN in different doses are scarce. Objective: To evaluate the effects of CN ingestion in obese rats. Design: Thirty animals (obese and non-obese) received one of three different types of treatments: placebo, CN ingestion in a popular therapeutic regimen (8 days with oral administration of 0.2 mg/kg followed by 20 days with doses of 0.4 mg/kg), and ingestion of a doubled popular dose—called 2CN. Treatment was maintained for 28 days. Results: The fatty acid profile of CN indicated mainly linolelaidic and palmitoleic acids. Rats receiving CN and 2CN showed reduced plasmatic levels of glucose and lipoproteins (p < 0.05). A dose-dependent carcass fat reduction was observed (p < 0.05). Blood levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) reduced with CN and increased with 2CN doses (p < 0.05). Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and the atherogenic index remained similar among all treatments (p > 0.05). Hepatic vacuolation decreased with CN, but the 2CN dose produced mononuclear leucocyte infiltrate. Conclusions: Although CN presented beneficial effects on the metabolism of rats, it also caused increased risk of liver damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The study of factors potentially associated with sleep bruxism (SB) may contribute to a better understanding of its nature and etiology. Objectives: In this way, this cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the association between SB and salivary cortisol levels, heart rate, and other parafunctional habits. Design and methods: Data were collected in 100 healthy caries-free children of both genders, aged 7.23±0.60years, with (n=27) and without (n=73) signs and symptoms of SB by interview with the parents and clinical and physical examination. Salivary cortisol was measured immediately after waking up and 30min after awakening for the determination of the area under the response curve (AURC). Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, normality test, and Spearman correlation test; a stepwise logistic regression model was used to verify the association between SB, as the dependent variable, and age, gender, body mass index (BMI), heart rate, presence of sucking habit, nail biting, enuresis, and AURC (α =0.05). Results: AURC did not correlate with BMI and heart rate. Only AURC showed a significant negative association with SB, while age, gender, BMI, heart rate and other parafunctional habits did not associate with SB. Conclusion: In the studied sample, children with SB were more likely to present low concentrations of awakening salivary cortisol. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The role of texture and flavors in mastication is evident, but it is difficult to understand the interactions among food properties, oral physiology and perception. Mastication results from rhythmic mandibular movements. The teeth and masticatory muscles together form the mechanism whereby the food particles are fragmented. Masticatory performance and efficiency are defined as the capacity to reduce natural or artificial test materials during mastication, or by counting the number of strokes required to reduce food, respectively. Foods eaten for nourishment are very different from the industrial test materials used to quantify masticatory performance, thus, divergences could arise if the chewable material can or cannot be swallowed. This study presents a synopsis of masticatory performance methods, which is also related to muscle force, number of teeth and test chewing substance diversity. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The attributes of food, such as appearance, flavor and texture, as well as its interaction with saliva, number of teeth and conditions of the biomechanical system, influence the chewing process. In addition, reflex control and cognition can influence food perception and breakdown in the mouth. Food acceptability and choice depend on sensory properties of the food, which are perceived during chewing and swallowing. Masticatory performance and maximal occlusal force measurement may provide essential information that could lead to an appropriate diagnosis as regards masticatory function. Masticatory efficiency and performance can be measured to determine the individual's capacity to comminute a natural or a chewable test material. A material with uniform properties that can be reliably reproduced is essential to provide an ideal test bolus for the scientific study of masticatory effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inadequate masticatory function can be linked to oral problems and result in functional limitation. In children, this function is extremely important for their development, and therefore efforts are made to keep it adequate. To evaluate whether dental pain‐related behaviors are associated with masticatory performance (MP). A cross‐sectional study was conducted with a sample of 123 children from 3 to 5 years old. Toothache was evaluated using the Dental Discomfort Questionnaire. Anthropometric data, predominant type of breathing, presence of malocclusion, number of posterior teeth cavitated by dental caries, and masticatory units were collected. MP was measured by the median size of the crushed particles (X50) after 20 cycles of chewing the Optocal test material and was calculated with the Rosin–Rammler equation. Data analysis involved a description of variable frequencies, as well as simple and multiple linear regression, and a confidence level set at 95%. The mean scores of dental pain‐related behaviors were 1.14 (±1.90) points, and the mean X50 value was 3.96 mm (±1.34). In the multiple linear regression, a larger median size of the particles remained associated with a higher score of dental pain‐related behaviors (β = +.81, p =.01); mouth breathing (β = +.22, p =.01); and a smaller number of masticatory units (β = −.22, p =.02). Greater dental pain‐related behavior scores are associated with worse MP, regardless of the presence of associations with predominantly oral breathing and fewer chewing units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic caused several changes in the teaching-learning process, as it abruptly replaced the conventional classes into online classes despite social distancing requirements. Such changes may be associated with several mental health problems and negatively affect the quality of life and academic performance of university students. We performed a cluster analysis in a large sample of Brazilian undergraduate students, considering sociodemographic data, physical activity frequency, study areas, Burnout Syndrome (BS), Quality of Life (QoL) and perception of online learning (OL) during COVID-19 pandemic. Seven hundred and three students (between 17 and 62 years, from 67 higher education institutions) participated in the study. We identified three different profiles of students regarding psychological aspects and OL perception. The first profile, called as the 'Low QoL' group was composed of younger students, mainly females, with higher frequency of psychological disorders (as evidenced by the self-report of depression and/or anxiety), in addition to higher Burnout scores, lower QoL and worse OL perception. The second profile called 'Intermediate QoL' comprised participants with an average age of 45 years, with a greater number of men, married, with kids and working in addition to studying. They presented better OL scores than the 'Low QoL' group. The third profile called 'Better QoL' comprised students with higher scores in all domains of QoL and better OL perception, with greater frequency of physical activity and lower BS scores. Students from Health courses showed higher scores for general QoL, and also for the psychological and environmental domains in relation to the other areas. Besides, students of the Exact Sciences courses showed higher scores on all OL perception items in comparison to the other courses. Our results provide insights regarding the mental health profile of undergraduate students, allowing educational managers to outline specific coping strategies to assist students during the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern lifestyle and social demands induce changes in sleep routines that may not meet individual circadian preferences (chronotype). Such changes may be associated with the development of unhealthy lifestyles and the emergence of diseases relevant to public health services, such as obesity, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, as well as sleep bruxism (SB) and awake bruxism (AB). The present study aimed to assess the relationship between the evening, morning or intermediate chronotypes with the report of possible SB and AB in adult individuals assisted by the Family Health Strategy (FHS). The selection of participants was performed through probabilistic cluster analysis. The sample size (n = 384) was calculated to include a representative sample of the 52,628 adults registered in the FHS of a countryside city located in the Southeast Region of Brazil. The Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) was used to determine the chronotype, and Questionnaire-Based Self-Reported Bruxism was used for identifying possible SB and AB. The following clinical and social-behavioral variables were also evaluated: age, sex, BMI, income, physical activity, schooling, alcohol consumption and smoking, chronic diseases and depression. Two logistic regression models were used: one for SB and one for AB. Possible SB was associated with female sex, lack of physical activity and income above 2 minimum wages. Regarding chronotype, a 19% reduction in the chance of possible SB was observed in morning individuals compared to evening individuals (p =.017). Possible AB was associated with younger individuals, smoking and depression. In conclusion, compared with the evening circadian preference, the morning circadian preference was associated with greater protection against possible SB in an adult population assisted by the FHS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Periodontal disease is one of the most frequent comorbidities in diabetic patients and can contribute to poor blood glucose control. Objective: To evaluate the effects of ingesting different doses of beta-glucans (BG) isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae on alveolar bone loss (ABL) and inflammatory/metabolic parameters in normal and diabetic rats with ligature-induced periodontal disease (PD). Design: Sixty male rats were assigned into two groups: non-diabetic or diabetic (i.p. 70 mg/kg streptozotocin) with PD. Then, groups were subdivided into five subgroups according BG doses: 0 mg/Kg; 10 mg/Kg; 20 mg/Kg; 40 mg/Kg or 80 mg/Kg. Animals received BG for 28 days and ligatures were placed on lower first molars during the last 14 days. Results: ABL of diabetic and non-diabetic animals receiving BG 40 mg/kg (1.33 ± 0.03 mm and 0.77 ± 0.07 mm, respectively) and 80 mg/kg (1.26 ± 0.07 mm and 0.78 ± 0.05 mm, respectively) doses was lower (p < 0.05) in comparison to respective controls (1.59 ± 0.11 mm and 0.90 mm ±0.08). COX-2 (Control: 1.66 ± 0.12; 40 mg/kg: 1.13 ± 0.07; 80 mg/kg: 0.92 ± 0.18) and RANKL expressions (Control: 1.74 ± 0.34; 40 mg/kg: 1.03 ± 0.29 ;80 mg/kg: 0.75 ± 0.21), together with the RANKL/OPG ratio (Control: 1.17 ± 0.08; 40 mg/kg: 0.67 ± 0.09; 80 mg/kg: 0.63 ± 0.28) were attenuated above the same dose (p < 0.05). BG did not influence (p > 0.05) metabolic parameters in non-diabetic rats. In diabetic animals, doses above 40 mg/kg reduced IL-1β (Control: 387 ± 66; 40 mg/kg: 309 ± 27; 80 mg/kg: 300 ± 14) and TNF-α (Control: 229 ± 19; 40 mg/kg: 128 ± 53; 80 mg/kg: 71 ± 25), blood glucose levels (Control: 402 ± 49; 40 mg/kg: 334 ± 32; 80 mg/kg: 287 ± 56), total cholesterol (Control: 124 ± 8; 40 mg/kg: 120 ± 10; 80 mg/kg: 108 ± 9), LDL-c + VLDL-c (Control: 106 ± 8; 40 mg/kg: 103 ± 10; 80 mg/kg: 87 ± 10) and triacylglycerols (Control: 508 ± 90; 40 mg/kg: 301 ± 40; 80 mg/kg: 208 ± 61), whereas increased HDL-c (Control: 18 ± 0.5; 40 mg/kg: 19 ± 1; 80 mg/kg: 21 ± 1) (p < 0.05). Optimal dose needed to reduce ABL was higher in diabetic animals with PD. Conclusions: BG ingestion reduced ABL and improved inflammatory profile in a dose-dependent manner. Best effects were achieved with doses above 40 mg/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of exposure to different colors of light during egg incubation on the reproductive parameters of male and female Japanese quails. A total of 1776 eggs were incubated under four lighting conditions for 24 h a day during the entire incubation period: white LEDs, green LEDs, red LEDs and darkness (control). The experimental design was a randomized block (incubation time) with four treatments of six replicates of two cages each. After hatching, the birds were housed in brood cages with 18 birds each to 35 days of age, when they were sexed and transferred to production cages for evaluation of reproductive parameters. After the onset of laying, the number of eggs in each cage was recorded daily, and the values were used to obtain the age of the females at first egg and at 80% laying. At 35 and 60 days of age, several birds from each cage were euthanized for anatomical and histological evaluation of the gonads. Two females from each cage were weighed every three days until 60 days of age to determine the growth curve. After 60 days, eggs from each cage were collected and assessed for external and internal quality. At 70, 74 and 78 days of age, semen collection was performed and seminal quality was evaluated. Then, the males were transferred to cages containing 9 females for the fertility test. Hatchability was higher (P < 0.05) in eggs incubated in the dark and under the red LED. The age of maximum growth was higher (P < 0.05) in birds from eggs incubated in the dark and under the white LED. There was no difference (P > 0.05) in the anatomical and histological characteristics of the testicles between the groups incubated under different light colors, except for the diameter of the seminiferous tubules, which was greater (P = 0.05) in the dark and in the white LED groups. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of light color during incubation on the productive index or egg quality of adult birds. There was also no effect (P > 0.05) on sperm quality, except for sperm motility, the values of which were higher (P < 0.05) in birds from eggs incubated in different colors of light. However, this difference was not sufficient to significantly (P > 0.05) influence bird fertility. It is concluded that under the studied conditions, the incubation of quail eggs under white, red, and green LED lamps does not influence the reproductive characteristics of the quails. • Light has a strong influence on the reproductive activity of birds. • Light colors during embryonic development of the reproductive axis were studied. • Hatchability was higher in eggs incubated in the dark and under the red LED. • Light colors during embryonic development increased the sperm motility. • Light colors does not affect the fertility and characteristics of quail eggs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was aimed to verify the hypothesis that periodontal disease contributes to endothelial dysfunction in the coronary arteries of middle-aged rats. Besides we evaluated the effects of a prebiotic (β-glucan isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in preventing vascular dysfunction. The sample comprised young (sham and induced to periodontal disease) and middle-aged rats (sham, periodontal disease, sham-treated and periodontal disease-treated), at 12 and 57 weeks, respectively. The treated-groups received daily doses of β-glucan (50 mg/kg) orally (gavage) for 4 weeks, and periodontal disease was induced in the last 2 weeks by ligature. A myograph system assessed vascular reactivity. The expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1), COX-2, p47phox, gp91phox, NF-KB p65, p53, p21, and p16 was quantified by western blotting. Serum hydroperoxide production was measured by the ferrous oxidation-xylenol orange (FOX-2) assay method. Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels were evaluated by spectroscopic ultraviolet-visible analysis. Periodontal disease in middle-aged rats was associated with reduced acetylcholine-induced relaxations of coronary artery rings affecting the endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization- and the nitric oxide-mediated relaxations. The endothelial dysfunction was related to eNOS downregulation, pronounced impairment of the EDH-mediated relaxation, increased IL-1β and TNF-α proinflammatory cytokines, and also upregulation of NADPH oxidase and COXs, starting accumulate aging markers such as p53/p21 and the p16. Treatment with β-glucan effectively reduced bone loss in periodontal disease and delayed endothelial dysfunction in the coronary artery. Our data show that yeast β-glucan ingestion prevented oxidative stress and synthesis of proinflammatory marker and prevented eNOS reduction induced by periodontal disease in middle-aged rats. These results suggest that β-glucan has a beneficial effect on the coronary vascular bed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The regular intake of fiber generates numerous health benefits. However, the efficacy depends on the duration of consumption and the ingested dose. Studies investigating the optimal dose are of interest to enable the inclusion of fiber in the routine treatment of diabetic patients. Objective: We aimed to evaluate the effects of different doses of β-glucan (BG—isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae), in comparison to n-3 supplement, on the inflammatory and metabolic parameters of Wistar rats induced to diabetes by streptozotocin. Methods: Forty animals were randomly divided into six groups receiving 0 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, or 40 mg/kg BG daily for 4 weeks or fish oil derivative [1000 mg/kg of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3)] for the same period. One additional group was composed of healthy controls. Serum metabolic and immunological parameters were evaluated by colorimetric and ELISA assays respectively. Histopathological analysis of the liver, small intestine and pancreas were also conducted. Significant changes due to BG intake were set into regression models with second-degree fit in order to estimate the optimal BG dose to achieve health benefits. Results: The animals that ingested BG had lower food and water intake (p < 0.05) than the negative control group (0 mg/kg). However, consumption was still elevated in comparison to healthy controls. Blood glucose and serum levels of total cholesterol, LDL-c, and TG (p < 0.05) reduced in comparison to diabetic animals without treatment (better or similar to n-3 group depending on dose), but did not reach normal levels (in comparison to healthy controls). HDL-c was not different (p > 0.05) among all groups. These reductions were already seen with the lowest dose of 10 mg/kg. On average, the serum levels of the hepatic enzymes ALT and AST were 40% and 60% lower in the BG groups in comparison to diabetic animals without treatment (better results than n-3 group). The group receiving 40 mg/kg reached similar values of healthy controls for ALT; whereas the same result occurred from the dose of 10 mg/kg for AST. The ideal dose, estimated from the mean of all metabolic parameters was approximately 30 mg/kg/day. Regarding the immunological profile, TNF-α significantly decreased in the BG groups compared to controls (p < 0.05), reaching better values than n-3 group and similar to healthy controls. No significant differences were found between the groups in IL-1β or IL-10 (p > 0.05). No histological changes were found in the pancreas, liver, or intestine due to treatment among diabetic animals. Conclusions: BG significantly reduced blood glucose as well as serum total cholesterol, LDL-c and TG. There was a hepatoprotective effect due to the reduction in ALT and AST and a reduction in TNF-α, indicating a modulation of the immune response. In general, BG effects were better than n-3 supplement (or at least comparable) depending on the dose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brucellosis is a neglected zoonotic disease of remarkable importance worldwide. The focus of this systematic review was to investigate occupational brucellosis and to identify the main infection risks for each group exposed to the pathogen. Seven databases were used to identify papers related to occupational brucellosis: CABI, Cochrane, Pubmed, Scielo, Science Direct, Scopus and Web of Science. The search resulted in 6123 studies, of which 63 were selected using the quality assessment tools guided from National Institutes of Health (NIH) and Case Report Guidelines (CARE). Five different job-related groups were considered greatly exposed to the disease: rural workers, abattoir workers, veterinarians and veterinary assistants, laboratory workers and hunters. The main risk factors and exposure sources involved in the occupational infection observed from the analysis of the articles were direct contact with animal fluids, failure to comply with the use of personal protective equipment, accidental exposure to live attenuated anti-brucellosis vaccines and non-compliance with biosafety standards. Brucella species frequently isolated from job-related infection were Brucella melitensis, Brucella abortus, Brucella suis and Brucella canis. In addition, a meta-analysis was performed using the case-control studies and demonstrated that animal breeders, laboratory workers and abattoir workers have 3.47 [95% confidence interval (CI); 1.47–8.19] times more chance to become infected with Brucella spp. than others individuals that have no contact with the possible sources of infection. This systematic review improved the understanding of the epidemiology of brucellosis as an occupational disease. Rural workers, abattoir workers, veterinarians, laboratory workers and hunters were the groups more exposed to occupational Brucella spp. infection. Moreover, it was observed that the lack of knowledge about brucellosis among frequently exposed professionals, in addition to some behaviors, such as negligence in the use of individual and collective protective measures, increases the probability of infection. Author summary: Brucellosis is a zoonotic bacterial infection of major importance worldwide, affecting not only domestic animals but different wildlife species. Due to its ways of transmission, direct or indirect contact with infected animals or their contaminated biological products, the disease exhibits a strong occupational character. This systematic review addressed the main occupations affected by Brucella spp. infection, due to the regular exposure to aerosol and contact of non-intact skin (e.g. wounds and abrasion) with infected materials, such as carcasses, viscera and live attenuated anti-brucellosis vaccines. The main risk factors for the disease were identified, as well as the most common forms of exposure to the pathogen. In addition, the most frequently Brucella species isolated from farmers, abattoir workers, veterinarians and veterinary technicians, laboratory workers and hunters were also described. The constant contact with the pathogen, the lack of information and instructions to occupational groups exposed, as well as the low adhesion to personal protective equipment in the work environment are determining factors for the occurrence of brucellosis among these individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although daily variations in drug pharmacokinetics have been reported for a variety of teleost species, the influence of this daily variation on the cortisol response following anaesthesia remains poorly understood. To address this, two experiments were performed. The first experiment described the daily patterns of cortisol and glucose secretion in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The second experiment investigated how the timing of anaesthetic administration (specifically at mid‐light [ML] or at mid‐dark [MD]) affects the induction and recovery times and plasma cortisol and glucose levels of juvenile Nile tilapia exposed to benzocaine, clove oil or tricaine methanesulphonate (MS‐222). The results revealed that the effect on the stress response associated with the moment when anaesthesia took place (ML or MD) varied according to the treatment (p < 0.05). Cortisol levels were significantly higher at ML for MS‐222 (ML = 116.23 ± 25.55; MD = 48.25 ± 22.33 ng/dl) (p < 0.05) and clove oil (ML 59.73 ± 14.27; MD 38.26 ± 12.07 ng/dl) (p < 0.05), whereas no significant differences were found between ML and MD cortisol levels for the control treatment (ML = 72.91 ± 18.42; MD = 64.80 ± 10.68 ng/dl) (p > 0.05) or in the benzocaine‐treated group (ML = 38.7 ± 4.90; MD = 38.60 ± 3.69 ng/dl) (p > 0.05). The highest plasma cortisol level in ML was found in the MS‐222‐treated group. All the tested anaesthetics had similar cortisol levels at MD (p > 0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Spherical shape and connecting bypass screw of the OT Equator abutment (Rhein83, Italy) provides several retentive possibilities, even in non‐parallel implants. Objective: This study assessed the long‐term survival of standard‐length and short implants receiving this multifunctional abutment. Methods: Partially, edentulous patients (44 males and 64 females) (mean age 58.2 ± 10.5 years) rehabilitated with a fixed implant‐supported prosthesis where the OT Equator abutments (Rhein83) were applied. Follow‐up evaluations were performed up to 5 years following prosthesis delivery. Kaplan‐Meier survival analysis and Cox regression analysis were used to determine whether the distribution of time to failure differed based on implant characteristics (length and region), adjusting for sex (α = 0.05). Results: In total, 216 implants (5 × 8 mm, n = 126; 5 × 6 mm, n = 90) (Betwice, Mech & Human, Italy) were installed. The average follow‐up period was 25.3 months (±19.3 months). Eight failures occurred, with most observed before loading (n = 6). Cumulative survival rates (CSR) at implant and abutment levels were 94.3% and 97.1%, respectively. Regarding implant length, CSRs were 97.8% and 90.6% for short and standard‐length implants, respectively, with no difference between subgroups (logrank: χ2 = 1.34, df = 1, P = 0.25). No significant difference was also found between implants of maxilla (CSR = 92.2%) and mandible (CSR = 95.5%; logrank: χ2 = 0.08, df = 1, P = 0.78). Conclusion: The OT Equator abutment (Rhein83) showed a stable clinical performance, with continuous and predictable survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The use of smartphones during meals may possibly influence the number of ingested calories. We evaluated the influence of smartphones' distraction during eating on caloric intake. Physical (masticatory parameters, sex and body mass index - BMI); environmental (with or without distraction) and psychological (stress levels) variables were evaluated as confounding factors. Sixty-two adults were recruited for experimental snack tests performed on four different days. At baseline, we evaluated masticatory performance, swallowing threshold, masticatory frequency and body mass index (BMI). In the following three sessions, volunteers were presented a snack test in which participants ate under three experimental conditions: no distraction, using their smartphones, or reading a printed text. At the end of each session, total and nutritional compound stratified caloric intake was measured. Three-way mixed model ANOVA was used to test the effect of experimental condition on the total, carbohydrate and lipid caloric intakes. Hierarchical multiple linear regression models were used to estimate the influence of confounding factors on the total caloric intake. We found an effect of the condition (no distraction, smartphone or reading) on the total caloric (p =.007) and lipid intake (p =.002). When eating without distraction, the mean caloric intake was 535 (±164) kcal, in comparison to 591 (±203) kcal using smartphone (p =.05) and 622 (±226) kcal (p =.002) reading a text (no significant difference between distracters). Eating with distracters increased approximately 15% caloric ingestion. An interaction condition*sex effect was observed on lipid intake (p =.020). Energy intake was found to be dependent on sex and age, in which older men ingested more calories. Smartphone use during a meal increased caloric and lipid intake, depending on sex and age in young adults with complete dentition. Highlights • Eating using a smartphone increased the number of ingested calories. • Energy intake was dependent on sex and age (older men ingested more calories). • Masticatory parameters and stress did not affect food ingestion in healthy adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evaluation of mastication is important to understand the masticatory behavior and diagnose feeding difficulties. The objective of this preliminary study was to verify if there is agreement between objective and subjective validated methods of chewing evaluation in a convenience sample which consisted of 32 adolescents (mean 15.5 years), complete permanent dentition and free of tooth decay. The Quality of Masticatory Function Questionnaire with the Food-Mastication, Habits, Meat, Fruit and Vegetables domains was used in the subjective evaluation. The objective aspects consisted of maximum bite force (BF) and masticatory performance (MP) by mastication of cubes of test-material and sieving to determine the median particle size (X 50 ) and distribution in the sieves (“ b ”), and by the colorimetric method using colorchangeable chewing gum. Data were submitted to exploratory analysis, normality test and correlation tests (Pearson/Spearman). The correlation between BF and X 50 (r = − 0.43; p = 0.02) and between BF and MP chewing gum (r = 0.53; p = 0.002) was significant with large effect size. The MP evaluated by chewing gum correlated with X 50 (r = − 0.34; p = 0.055), but not with “ b ” (r = − 0.06; p = 0.73), while “ b ” correlated only with X 50 (r = 0.52, p = 0.002). No significant correlation was observed between the objective measures and the total score of the subjective evaluation; only a negative correlation was observed between “b” and Meat domain (r = − 0.40; p = 0.023). The objective methods showed moderate correlation with each other and no agreement between the objective and subjective methods was observed in this sample of healthy adolescents, emphasizing the importance of both aspects in the evaluation of masticatory function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The objective of this study was to determine the influence of masticatory function, dental caries and socioeconomic status on the body mass index (BMI) of preschool children. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 285 children aged three to five years allocated to three groups based on the BMI: underweight, ideal weight and overweight/obesity. Socioeconomic status was determined based on the responses of parents/caregivers to a specific form. Cavitated lesions were diagnosed using the criteria of the International Caries Detection and Assessment System. Masticatory function was assessed based on masticatory performance (MP) and the swallowing threshold (ST), which were evaluated based on the results of a test food. Data analysis involved the employment of the Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney and chi-square tests as well as simple and multiple linear regression analyses. Results In the final multiple regression model, BMI was influenced by monthly household income (β = 0.234; 95%CI: 1.014 to 1.647), number of cavitated teeth (β = −0.180; 95%CI: −0.293 to −0.054) and X50 of the ST (β = 0.304; 95%CI: 0.213–0.498). Conclusion Children whose food test resulted in large particles and those from families with a higher monthly income had a higher BMI. Children with a greater number of teeth with cavitated dental caries had a lower BMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the effect of inoculating fertilized eggs with carbohydrates on the hatching and posthatching characteristics of broilers. The search for scientific articles was conducted in September 2021 in different databases using the keywords (carbohydrate OR carbohydrates OR glucose OR dextrose OR dextrin OR maltodextrin OR fructose OR maltose OR isomaltose OR isomaltulose OR sucrose OR galactose OR trehalose OR sorbitol OR mannitol OR starch OR amylose OR amylopectin) AND (" in ovo ") AND (broilers OR broiler). Only articles that evaluated the effect of in ovo feeding of carbohydrates on hatching (hatchability and hatch weight) and/or posthatching (performance) parameters in broilers were used. The meta-analysis was performed using the random effects model, considering the differences between the group inoculated with carbohydrates and the placebo control. The inoculation of carbohydrates did not influence (P > 0.05) hatchability. Glucose ranging from 50 to 125 mg/egg increased (P < 0.01) hatch weight. As for the post-hatching performance, only studies with glucose were found. Glucose at 75 mg/egg increased (P < 0.01) the weight gain and decreased (P < 0.01) the feed conversion ratio, although only a single study has evaluated this dose. Inoculation of solutions between the 7th and 10th days of incubation in the albumen using deionized water as vehicle increased (P < 0.01) hatching weight and weight gain and decreased (P < 0.05) the feed conversion ratio without to affect (P > 0.05) hatchability. In conclusion, the in ovo feeding of carbohydrates can be used to improve broiler performance, with glucose at 75 mg/egg being the most appropriate carbohydrate. Deionized water should be used as a dilution vehicle, and the albumen is the recommended site for inoculation. The solutions should be inoculated between the 7th and 8th days of incubation. • The in ovo inoculation of carbohydrate in broiler eggs was evaluated by meta-analysis. • The carbohydrate inoculation improves broiler performance without affect hatchability. • Better results were obtained with Glucose (75 and 100 mg/egg). • Deionized water as dilution vehicle and albumen as inoculation site are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light and dark phase training may influences rodents’ physiologic parameters because these animals have nocturnal habits. Thus, we verify the effects of the training in different photoperiods on metabolism and corporal composition of rats. Eighteen rats were divided into three groups – G1: non-trained; G2: trained in the light phase; G3: trained in the dark phase. Rats were allowed to swim for 60 min, five times per week during six weeks. Trained animals presented a smaller weight gain and fat percentage in carcass. Rats of G3 increased gastrocnemius relative weight. The adipocyte diameter of G3 rats was smaller than the other groups. The levels of the total cholesterol, low-density proteins, and triacylglycerols were decreased in animals of G2 while the glycemia was increased. Training in light phase provided more alterations in the blood biochemical profile while the training in the dark increased the gastrocnemius weight and decreased the diameter of the adipocyte. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The present study aimed to compare the main objective parameters of mastication among individuals with different body mass indexes. One hundred and sixty participants matched for gender and age were divided in the following groups according to their body mass index (BMI): Obese group (30 ≤ BMI < 35), Overweight group (25 ≤ BMI < 30), normal range group (18.5 ≤ BMI < 25) and underweight group (17 ≤ BMI < 18.5). Each group was composed by forty subjects. The maximum bite force, the masticatory performance, chewing rate and three variables related to swallowing (number of chewing cycles, chewing time, and median particle size) were assessed in all groups. The oral conditions, including the number of teeth, number of occlusal units and salivary flow (unstimulated and stimulated) were also evaluated. Regardless of the BMI, males had a larger bite force and better masticatory and swallowing performances than females. They also chewed faster than females. Individuals of the obese group had the largest median particles sizes (both after 20 chewing cycles and at the moment of swallowing), which indicates a less good masticatory performance. The median particle sizes were negatively correlated with the number of teeth and number of occlusal units in the obese group. We did not observe large differences in masticatory performance and swallowing variables among the four weight groups, although there was a tendency that individuals of the obese group swallowed larger particles. The results of this study do not support the existence of an “obese chewing style”. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of oral ingestion of β-glucans isolated from Saccharomyces cereviseae on the metabolic profile, expression of gingival inflammatory markers and amount of alveolar bone loss in diabetic rats with periodontal disease. Diabetes mellitus was induced in 48 Wistar rats by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (80 mg/kg). After confirming the diabetes diagnosis, the animals were treated with β-glucans (by gavage) for 28 days. On the 14th day of this period, periodontal disease was induced using a ligature protocol. β-glucans reduced the amount of alveolar bone loss in animals with periodontal disease in both the diabetic and non-diabetic groups (p < 0.05). β-glucans reduced blood glucose, cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels in diabetic animals, both with and without periodontal disease (p < 0.05). Furthermore, treatment with β-glucans reduced the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand and increased osteoprotegerin expression in animals with diabetes and periodontal disease (p < 0.05). It was concluded that treatment with β-glucans has beneficial metabolic and periodontal effects in diabetic rats with periodontal disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: beta-glucans (BG) derived from plant tissues are reported to show metabolic effects. In contrast, those fibers isolated from yeast seem to be more related to immune response modulation. Since diabetic individuals are more susceptible to exacerbation of inflammatory signs, the ingestion of fibers that could conjugate both metabolic and immune effects would be of great importance.Objective: we investigated the effect of BG - Saccharomyses cerevisae - ingestion on glycemic and lipoprotein profile of diabetic rats.Design: twenty-four adult Wistar rats were used, distributed into 4 groups in a design of entirely casualized delineation with a 2 x 2 factorial model (with and without diabetes; with and without BG). Diabetes Mellitus was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of 80mg/kg of strepzotocin. Thus, animals with fasting glycemia of over 250 mg/dl were considered diabetic. Forty-eight hours after induction, the rats received daily doses of 30 mg/kg of BG or saline solution by gavage during 28 days.Results and Discussion: the Groups with DM presented a higher glycemic index and lower C peptide levels than the control groups, in addition to lower weight gain and higher ration consumption, water ingestion and urinary volume. Total cholesterol levels (CT), LDL-C + VLDL-C, plasma triacylglycerides (TAG) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were also higher in the diabetic animals (p < 0.05), and there were no alterations in the HDL-C levels. The ingestion of BG reduced blood glucose concentrations (30%), TAG (32%) and ALT (41%) (p < 0.05). No histopathological hepatic alterations were observed in any of the groups. Furthermore, the diabetic animals present increase in villous:crypt ratio (V:C) in the duodenum, without interference of BG. No alterations in the carcass were observed between the groups.Conclusion: it was concluded that the use of BG significantly reduced the glycemic, TAG and ALT levels, showing its therapeutic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluated training adaptation and physical performance parameters in rats orally supplemented with glycerol, glucose, or saline, and submitted to moderate aerobic exercise. Thirty male rats were trained for 6 weeks and administered the supplements during the last 4 weeks of the experiment. Animals were distributed in a completely randomized factorial 2 × 3 design (with or without exercise and 3 substrates). Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means were compared using the Student-Newmann-Keuls test at 5%. Among the trained animals, none of the substances caused differences in the percentages of protein, fat, or water content in the carcass. Compared with the sedentary animals, the trained animals supplemented with saline and glucose showed a higher protein percentage in the carcass. The relative mass of the heart and adrenal glands was higher in the trained animals. Glycerol improved the protein content in non-trained animals and increased the relative adrenal mass in both groups. Glycerol reduced the variation in levels of lactate and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) during the last exercise session. There was no difference between groups regarding the relative mass of the thymus and gastrocnemius or with the diameter of muscle fibers or the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio. Supplementation with glycerol was efficient at attenuating variation in AST and lactate levels during exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Functional foods have been widely utilized to reduce the symptoms of various diseases such as diabetes mellitus (DM). Among the foods used to combat these effects are soluble fibres, mainly those rich in beta- glucans (BGs).Objective: To review the effects of beta-glucans (BGs) on glucose plasmatic levels of diabetic individuals.Design: A search was conducted using the Pubmed, Science Direct and Scielo databases using the keywords: diabetes mellitus and beta-glucan and glucose and glycaemia. As inclusion criteria, only studies on diabetic human individuals (type 1 or type 2) who consumed BGs were selected.Results and Discussion: Of the 819 initial articles retrieved, only 10 fit the inclusion criteria and were used in the study. It was observed that doses around 6.0g/person/ day, for at least 4 weeks were sufficient to provoke improvements in the blood glucose levels and also lipid parameters of individuals with DM. However, glucose levels do not reach normal levels using BG alone. Low doses of BG for at least 12 weeks were also reported to promote metabolic benefits.Conclusions: Based on previous research, it was concluded that the ingestion of BGs was efficient in decreasing glucose levels of diabetic patients. The consumption of greater doses or smaller doses for longer periods of time produced better results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The metabolic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective potential of baru almonds and baru almond paste was investigated in 32 rats fed a high-fat and a normolipidic diet for 35 days. Hyperlipidic diets supplemented with baru almonds or baru almond paste resulted in lower levels of triacylglycerols, glutathione reductase, malondialdehyde, and acetylcholinesterase. Expression of the prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 gene (COX-2) was reduced. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) levels and catalase activity increased. The diet supplemented with baru almonds caused increased ferric reducing antioxidant power and expression of manganese superoxide dismutase. It also resulted in reduced total cholesterol levels, risk of cardiovascular disease, and malondialdehyde levels. Supplementation with baru almond paste led to lower levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) and a lower Castelli II index (ratio of LDL-c to HDL-c). It also led to higher levels of alanine aminotransferase, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and oxygen radical absorbing capacity. In conclusion, a hyperlipidic diet supplemented with baru almonds and baru almond paste promoted metabolic benefits in rats, which may suggest similar beneficial effects in humans. • Baru almonds and pasta are promising as they promote healthiness. • HBA and HBP diets improve the metabolic profile by regulating lipid markers. • HBA and HBP diets have a neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effect. • HBA and HBP diets reduce oxidative stress by increasing antioxidant levels. • HBA and HBP diets reduce lipid peroxidation by reducing MDA levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluated the effects of oral glycerol supplementation on trained rats fed a normal diet. Wistar rats were distributed among 6 groups in a completely randomized 2 × 3 factorial design. The animals were subjected to 6 weeks of aerobic training. In the last 4 weeks, the animals' diet was supplemented with saline, glucose, or glycerol. Data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by a Student-Newmann-Keuls test, with values for P < 0.05 considered statistically significant. The change in body mass was lower in the trained groups, and their food and water consumption were higher. Glycerol supplementation resulted in an increase in the levels of triacylglycerol (TAG) and total cholesterol, as well as in the area and diameter of adipocytes. When associated with training, these parameters were similar to those of other trained groups. Levels of low-density lipoprotein + very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased in the trained animals that received glycerol compared with the non-trained ones. Glycerol consumption caused a reduction in food intake and increased the villous:crypt (V:C) ratio. No changes in glycemia, high density lipoproteins, or density of adipocytes were observed. Supplementation with glycerol together with aerobic physical training promoted beneficial metabolic effects. However, in non-trained rats glycerol increased the diameter and area of adipocytes, as well as the levels of TAG and total cholesterol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ractopamine (RAC) causes fat deposition and/or fatty acid synthesis reduction and increases the rate of protein synthesis and muscle growth. However, there are few scientific studies detailing the mechanism of action of RAC and its possible metabolic pathways in swine. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of RAC on lipid metabolism of finishing pigs. Subcutaneous and retroperitoneal fat, muscle, and blood samples were collected at slaughter. Forty pigs were fed different RAC levels (ppm): 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20. RAC did not affect lipoprotein lipase activity in any of the tissues. There were no changes in insulin levels, but a linear increase in serum triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol (HDL-c) was seen. The insulin-dependent glucose transport (GLUT4) and fatty acid synthase amounts present in animals' adipose tissue did not differ, but the muscle GLUT4 presented a negative quadratic effect. The smallest GLUT4 amount (0.959) was estimated for 15.5 ppm of RAC. Serum glucose increased linearly, while a linear decrease in glycogen content was detected. The results indicate that RAC acts upon lipid metabolism in order to stimulate lipolysis, while there are changes in carbohydrate metabolism that might support lean growth in these animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pork is an important source of protein and the most widely consumed meat throughout the world. Besides, search for healthy food over the years has been growing, which has stimulated research to improve animal health and consequently, the quality of the fi nal product offered to consumers. People know that who eats a high-fat diet has greater risk of developing metabolism changes, such as high cholesterol levels and consequently, cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. Studies focusing handling of these lipid food components, both quantitative and qualitatively, can significantly contribute to increase acceptability of animal products by consumers because it can generate knowledge to produce meat with less cholesterol. Among the different cooking oils that can be used in animal feed, the canola oil has drawn the attention of researchers due to its high unsaturated fatty acid contents. The hypothesis is that canola oil modifies the plasmatic profile of the lipoproteins because a-linolenic acid (n-3) interfere the good functioning of LDL cholesterol (LDLc) receptors, i.e. interferes in the cholesterol turnover. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the effects of different levels of canola oil as sources of poly-unsaturated fats on modulation of total cholesterol and its fractions in the blood of pigs weighing 70 to 100 kg. Materials, Methods and Results: The experiment was conducted in the Swine Experimental Center of the Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, MG, Brazil. Thirty-two commercial hybrid barrows, with an initial weight of 73.65 (1.56) kg and fi nal weight of 107.5 (2.37) kg, were used. The animals were distributed into four treatments and four replications, with two animals per experimental unit, in a complete casualized design. Diets were based on corn and soybean for fi nishing pigs and contained four levels of canola oil (2.0; 2.5; 3.0 and 3.5%). The consumption was measured at the end of the experimental period, which lasted 34 days. Five blood collections were performed from jugular vein with a 7 days interval from the beginning of the experiment until the slaughtering day. The samples were taken with EDTA 4% and centrifuged for separation of the plasma. These blood samples were used to assess the total cholesterol (CT), VLDL cholesterol (VLDLc), HDL cholesterol (HDLc), LDLc and LDLc/HDLc relationship. Total cholesterol in the blood was determined by the enzymatic method of cholesterol oxidase and the triacylglycerols (TG) were determined by a colorimetric enzymatic test. Lipoproteins were fractioned in the plasma by gel fi ltration chromatography with FPLC (Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography). Cholesterol was determined in the fractions by a colorimetric method using a 96-wells microplate assay. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance in a completely randomized blocks design. Regression analysis was performed to estimate the best level of canola oil. Total cholesterol and triglyceride levels did not differ among all treatments (P > 0.05). Discussion: The fact that treatments have not had significant effect in the plasma lipoprotein profile might be associated to metabolic state of the animal prior to blood collection, since the animals were fasting, and this is probably why no specific VLDL peak was observed. The profiles were similar in the different treatments and in the two time periods studied, both from a qualitative and quantitative view. Similar Profiles were obtained for adult miniature pigs fed on a normal diet composed of corn and soybean meal. No results were found in the literature for animals fed on different fat sources and fat levels for comparison purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preemptive analgesia is a type of antinoceptive therapy which aims preventing both central and peripheral sensitizations, decreasing (or preferentially preventing) post-operative amplification of pain. This study had as main objective to carry out a literature review associated with the theme, seeking to identify the effectiveness of the technique and additionally to propose a pharmacological protocol with rational use of medicinal products available on the Brazilian market. The review of literature is clear regarding the safety and efficacy of the technique, however, there is no consensus on the arrangements to be standardized. It seems to be hopeful the association of analgesics with peripheral action with oral corticosteroids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: Assess the influence of salivary flow on physiological parameters of the stomatognathic system in patients who take beta-blockers or anxiolytic medications. Design: Sixty patients were divided into three groups based on the following criteria: Group 1, control (n =20; no use of medication); Group 2, use of antihypertensive beta-blockers (n =20); and Group 3, use of benzodiazepine anxiolytics (n =20). Salivary flow was assessed by determining stimulated and non-stimulated flow/minute. The quantification of the sense of taste was determined on a visual analogue scale (VAS) using solutions of 0.9% NaCl (salty), 50% sucrose (sweet), 20% unsweetened coffee (bitter) and 4.2% vinegar (sour). The DMFT index (number of decayed/missing/filled teeth) was determined by a calibrated examination, following the criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO). Masticatory performance was assessed with an Optosil comminution test and Rosim–Ramler equation. Results: The results did not reveal a significant correlation between salivary flow and masticatory performance (p >0.05). We observed significant decreased non-stimulated salivary flow for Group 2 (p =0.05) when compared to controls. However, taste perception was not influenced by salivary secretion amongst groups. Furthermore, we observed a significant negative correlation between non-stimulated salivary flow and DMFT in Group 1 (p =0.02; r =−0.52). Conclusions: Patients under beta-blockers therapy presented reduced non-stimulated salivary flow when compared to controls, without influencing the sense of taste or masticatory performance. The use of anxiolytics did not affect salivary flow and taste perception in the studied sample. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the shear strength between distinct associations of different commercial composite resins and their fracture modes. Methods: Nine composite–composite associations (n =90) were prepared for shear strength evaluation and separated into the following groups: Z/Z (Filtek Z250 UD+Filtek Z250 A2); Z/D (Filtek Z250 UD+Durafill VS A2); Z/S (Filtek Z250 UD+Filtek Supreme YT); C/C (Charisma OA2+Charisma A2); C/D (Charisma OA2+Durafill VS A2); C/S (Charisma OA2+Filtek Supreme YT); H/H (Herculite XRV B2D+Herculite XRV B2E); H/D (Herculite XRV B2D+Durafill VS A2); H/S (Herculite XRV B2D+Filtek Supreme YT). Shear tests were carried out using universal mechanical test equipment with a load of 200kgf and speed of 0.5mm/min. Ultimate shear strength data (MPa) from all tested groups were submitted to analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) and the Tukey test. The fractured surfaces of the test samples were visually evaluated by binocular stereomicroscope at 20 times magnification. Fractures were classified as either adhesive or cohesive or mixed. Results: The highest ultimate shear strength observed for composite–composite associations was found for the groups: Z/Z, C/S, H/H, H/S, Z/S and C/C. Those associations containing the Durafill resin were weaker than the others. Conclusion: Microparticle RBC associations presented lower shear strength than hybrid and/or nanoparticle RBC associations, once the only significant difference was found when the Durafill resin was involved. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]