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The systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) represents a self-amplifying cascade of inflammatory reactions and pathophysiological states triggered by infectious or non-infectious factors. The identification of disease targets and differential proteins in the liver (the unique and important immune organ) of SIRS mice treated with the lead compound D1 was conducted using the Genecards database and proteomic analysis, respectively. Subsequently, NOTCH1 was identified as the potential hub target via an intersection analysis between the aforementioned differentially expressed proteins and disease targets. Based on our previous research on the structure-activity relationship, we designed and synthesized a series of SIRS-related derivatives, wherein butyl, halogen, and ester groups were incorporated into benzophenone, aiming at exploring the anti-inflammatory protective action from the perspective of macrophage polarization. Notably, these derivatives exhibited a direct binding capability to the O-glucosylation site (SER496) or its vicinities (such as SER492, VAL485) of NOTCH1 using docking, SPR, DARTS, and CETSA techniques. Mechanistically, derivative D6 exerted anti-inflammatory effects via the dual NOTCH pathway. Firstly, it could inhibit NOTCH1 nuclear transcriptional activity, attenuate the interaction between NICD and RBPJK, concurrently suppress NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome (NLRP3, ASC, and cleaved CASP1) activation, and promote NICD (NOTCH1 active fragments) ubiquitination metabolism (the nuclear transcriptional pathway). Secondly, it might possess the ability to increase PGC1α level, subsequently, enhance ATP and MMP levels, mitigate ROS production, increase mitochondrial numbers, and ameliorate mitochondrial inflammatory damage (the mitochondrial pathway). Importantly, the activator Jagged1 could effectively reverse the aforementioned effects, while the inhibitor DAPT exhibited a synergistic effect, suggesting that the nuclear transcriptional regulation and mitochondrial regulation were both in a NOTCH1-dependent manner. Subsequently, it effectively alleviated the inflammatory response and preserved organ function as evidenced by up-regulating M2-type macrophage-related anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL10, TGFβ, CD206, and ARG1) and down-regulating M1-type macrophage-related pro-inflammatory cytokines (NO, IL6, IL18, iNOS, TNFα, CD86, and IL1β). In a word, derivative D6 modulated macrophage polarization and effectively mitigated SIRS by targeting inhibition of the dual NOTCH pathway. [Display omitted] In this study, we designed and synthesized a series of benzophenone derivatives targeting NOTCH1, which exhibited anti-inflammatory properties. Notably, the representative derivative D6 demonstrated the ability to promote M2 macrophage polarization while inhibiting M1 polarization, thereby restoring the delicate balance between M1 and M2 immune responses in the treatment of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). This effect was primarily attributed to its targeted inhibition of the NOTCH1 signaling pathway at both the transcriptional and mitochondrial levels. Importantly, this discovery unveiled a novel single-target dual-regulatory model involving nuclear transcriptional regulation (NOTCH1/NF-κB/NLRP3/ubiquitination pathway) as well as mitochondrial regulation (NOTCH1/PGC1α pathway). These findings will offer valuable insights for clinical prevention and treatment strategies for SIRS while providing a theoretical foundation for the development of 4-butylbenzophenone derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the Roesser model, the asynchronous sliding‐mode control (SMC) problem for two‐dimensional (2‐D) Markov jump systems (MJSs) with time‐varying delays is studied in this article. Since the controller mode cannot always access the system mode, the asynchronous phenomenon between the system mode and the controller mode will be described by the hidden Markov model (HMM). First, under the framework of HMM, the asynchronous 2D‐SMC law is designed based on 2‐D sliding surface function to ensure closed‐loop 2‐D discrete MJSs asymptotic mean square stability and the reachability of sliding regions around specific sliding surfaces. Second, an algorithm for deducing the law of 2‐D asynchronous SMC is presented. Finally, a numerical example is given to verify the effective of the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hole transport materials (HTMs) play a crucial role in achieving efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this work, an HTM MF-ACD with an asymmetric structure is designed by introducing two different peripheral end groups. The asymmetric feature increases the molecular dipole of MF-ACD, and endows MF-ACD with good stability and film formation properties, higher hole mobility and conductivity. Consequently, the MF-ACD-based PSC shows a high efficiency of 23.1%, which is much higher than that of the symmetric counterpart. The results show that the asymmetric configuration might be a potential choice to develop more efficient HTMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milk is one of the preferred beverages in modern healthy diets, and its freshness is of great significance for product sales and applications. By combining the two-dimensional (2D) correlation spectroscopy technique and chemometrics, a new method based on visible/near-infrared (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy was proposed to discriminate the freshness of milk. To clarify the relationship be-tween the freshness of milk and the spectra, the changes in the physicochemical indicators of milk during storage were analyzed as well as the Vis/NIR spectra and the 2D-Vis/NIR correlation spectra. The threshold-value method, linear discriminant analysis (LDA) method, and support vector machine (SVM) method were used to construct the discriminant models of milk freshness, and the parameters of the SVM-based models were optimized by the grid search method and particle swarm optimization algorithm. The results showed that with the prolongation of storage time, the absorbance of the Vis/NIR spectra of milk gradually increased, and the intensity of autocorrelation peaks and cross peaks in synchronous 2D-Vis/NIR spectra also increased significantly. Compared with the SVM-based models using Vis/NIR spectra, the SVM-based model using 2D-Vis/NIR spectra had a >15% higher prediction accuracy. Under the same conditions, the prediction performances of the SVM-based models were better than those of the threshold-value-based or LDA-based models. In addition, the accuracy rate of the SVM-based model using the synchronous 2D-Vis/NIR autocorrelation spectra was >97%. This work indicates that the 2D-Vis/NIR correlation spectra coupled with chemometrics is a great pattern to rapidly discriminate the freshness of milk, which provides technical support for improving the evaluation system of milk quality and maintaining the safety of milk product quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fruits of kiwifruit are well known for their abundant nutritional value and health benefits, but kiwifruit vines are susceptible to environmental factors such as drought or waterlogging. Optimum substrate moisture content (SMC) can decrease cultivation costs and improve the quality of seedlings in soilless cultivation. To quantify the water requirements of kiwifruit seedlings, a greenhouse study was conducted to investigate the growth, antioxidant defense, and photosynthetic parameters of seedlings of Actinidia valvata Dunn at six levels of SMC (20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100%, and 120%). Results showed that shoot and root dry matter accumulation increased gradually with the increase in SMC from 20% to 100% and was lower at 120% SMC than at 100% SMC. Electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde content were the lowest at 80% and 100% SMC. Antioxidant enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase, chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, maximal quantum yield of PSII photochemistry, photosynthetic electron transfer rate, and actual quantum yield were the highest at 80% and 100% SMC, but there was no significant difference in these parameters between the two treatments (80% and 100% SMC). However, the shoot and root dry weights of seedlings at 100% SMC were 13.20% and 33.02% higher than those at 80% SMC, respectively. In summary, 100% SMC provided optimal water supply for the photosynthetic efficiency and dry matter accumulation of shoots and roots. The results are expected to be useful for the mass production of high-quality kiwifruit seedlings in greenhouse or nursery containers, with the potential to save water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sandalwood is one of the most expensive woods in the world and is well known for its long-lasting and distinctive aroma. In our study, chromosome-level genome assemblies for two sandalwood species (Santalum album and Santalumyasi) were constructed by integrating NGS short reads, RNA-seq, and Hi-C libraries with PacBio HiFi long reads. The S. album and S. yasi genomes were both assembled into 10 pseudochromosomes with a length of 229.59 Mb and 232.64 Mb, containing 21,673 and 22,816 predicted genes and a repeat content of 28.93% and 29.54% of the total genomes, respectively. Further analyses resolved a Santalum-specific whole-genome triplication event after divergence from ancestors of the Santalales lineage Malania, yet due to dramatic differences in transposon content, the Santalum genomes were only one-sixth the size of the Malania oleifera genome. Examination of RNA-seq data revealed a suite of genes that are differentially expressed in haustoria and might be involved in host hemiparasite interactions. The two genomes presented here not only provide an important comparative dataset for studying genome evolution in early diverging eudicots and hemiparasitic plants but will also hasten the application of conservation genomics for a lineage of trees recovering from decades of overexploitation. Genome assemblies for two species of sandalwood tree, Santalum album and Santalum yasi, are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In situ heterogeneous olefin polymerization has attracted much attention for the synthesis of polyolefin composites. However, the complicated syntheses of specially designed catalysts or the detrimental effects of interactions between catalyst and solid supports pose great challenges. In this contribution, an outer‐shell self‐supporting strategy was designed to heterogenize nickel catalysts on different fillers via precipitation homopolymerization of ionic cluster type polar monomer. These catalysts demonstrated high activity, good product morphology control, and stable performances in ethylene polymerization and copolymerization. Moreover, various polyolefin composites with great mechanical and customized properties can be efficiently synthesized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In situ heterogeneous olefin polymerization has attracted much attention for the synthesis of polyolefin composites. However, the complicated syntheses of specially designed catalysts or the detrimental effects of interactions between catalyst and solid supports pose great challenges. In this contribution, an outer‐shell self‐supporting strategy was designed to heterogenize nickel catalysts on different fillers via precipitation homopolymerization of ionic cluster type polar monomer. These catalysts demonstrated high activity, good product morphology control, and stable performances in ethylene polymerization and copolymerization. Moreover, various polyolefin composites with great mechanical and customized properties can be efficiently synthesized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is an effective genetic marker in forensic practice, especially for aged bones and hair shafts. Detection of the whole mitochondrial genome (mtGenome) using traditional Sanger-type sequencing is laborious and time-consuming. Additionally, its ability to distinguish point heteroplasmy (PHP) and length heteroplasmy (LHP) is limited. The application of massively parallel sequencing in mtDNA detection helps researchers to study the mtGenome in-depth. The ForenSeq mtDNA Whole Genome Kit, which contains a total of 245 short amplicons, is one of the multiplex library preparation kits for the mtGenome. We used this system to detect the mtGenome in the blood samples and hair shafts of thirty-three individuals from eight two-generation pedigrees, one three-generation pedigree, and one four-generation pedigree. High-quality sequencing results were obtained. Ten unique mtGenome haplotypes were observed in the mothers from the ten pedigrees. A total of 26 PHPs were observed using the interpretation threshold of 6%. Eleven types of LHPs in six regions were evaluated in detail. When considering homoplasmic variants only, consistent mtGenome haplotypes were observed between the twice-sequenced libraries and between the blood and hair shafts from the same individual and among maternal relatives in the pedigrees. Four inherited PHPs were observed, and the remainder were de novo/disappearing PHPs in the pedigrees. Our results demonstrate the effective capability of the ForenSeq mtDNA Whole Genome Kit to generate the complete mtGenome in blood and hair shafts, as well as the complexity of mtDNA haplotype comparisons between different types of maternal relatives when heteroplasmy is considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Laccase-modified corn stalk piths (CPs) achieve remarkable hydrophobicity and lipophilicity. • The changing order of the functional groups was analyzed by 2D-FTIR-COS. • The maximum capacity for machine oil was found to be 46.43 g/g. • CP from agricultural waste is a potential cost-effective sorbent for oil spill removal. • The reutilization of agricultural waste can meet the needs of sustainable development. Oil pollution is causing deleterious damage to aquatic ecosystems and human health. The utilization of agricultural waste such as corn stalk (CS) to produce biosorbents has been considered an ecofriendly and efficient approach for removing oil. However, most previous studies focused on the modification of the whole CS, which is inefficient due to the heterogeneity of CS. In this study, corn stalk pith (CP), which has excellent amphipathic characteristics, was selected to prepare a high-efficiency oil sorbent by grafting dodecyl gallate (DG, a long-chain alkyl) onto CP surface lignin via laccase mediation. The modified biomass (DGCP) shows high hydrophobicity (water contact angle = 140.2°) and superoleophilicity (oil contact angle = 0°) and exhibits a high oil sorption capacity (46.43 g/g). In addition, DGCP has good stability and reusability for adsorbing oil from the aqueous phase. Kinetic and isotherm models and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy integrated with FTIR analyses revealed that the main sorption mechanism involves the H-bond effect, hydrophobic effect and van der Waals force. This work provides an ecofriendly method to prepare oil sorbents and new insights into the mechanisms underlying the removal of spilled oil from wastewater. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve the problems of the high temperature of flue gas, low boiler efficiency, and the high concentration of nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions for a 330 MW boiler fired with lean coal in a power plant, an adaptation modification by using different type of coals in the power generation unit (including pulverizing system, burners, heating surface, and so on) was carried out. The performances of boilers were tested under different combustion conditions before and after the modification. The results of the test show that the volatile content is higher and easy to burn out, and the combustible content of fly ash and slag are greatly reduced after the change in coal type (while lean coal is changed into bituminous coal). At the same time, the low-temperature economizer can greatly reduce the flue gas temperature, thus increasing the efficiency from 90.36% (lean coal, corrected) to 92.71% (bituminous coal). After the change in coal type (lean coal to bituminous coal) and the shift to low-nitrogen combustion (using low-nitrogen burner and OFA technology), the flame temperature in the main combustion area of the boiler decreases, the thermal-type NOx is reduced, and the volatile content of bituminous coal is higher in the anoxic atmosphere of the main combustion zone where the excess air coefficient is small. The intermediate reductive products tend to produce more, which can restrain and reduce NOx. Therefore, the concentration of NOx emissions can be greatly reduced. NOx average emissions at the economizer outlet decreased by 68%, from 864 mg/Nm3 to 279.4 mg/Nm3. A low-temperature economizer uses waste heat to heat feed water, which reduces coal consumption by about 1.32 g/(kW·h). The coal consumption for power supply after modification is reduced by 9.83 g/(kW·h) and the annual energy saving is 16,776 tons of standard coal, while the total carbon dioxide emissions reduction is 41,213.60 tons after the unit modification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Residual production cross sections in spallation reactions are key data for nuclear physics and related applications. Spallation reactions are very complex due to the wide range of incident energies and abundant fragments involved. Therefore, it is challenging to obtain accurate and complete energy-dependent residual cross sections. With the guidance of a simplified EPAX formula (sEPAX), the Bayesian neural network (BNN) technique is applied to form a new machine learning model (BNN + sEPAX) for predicting fragment cross sections in proton-induced nuclear spallation reactions. Three types of sample dataset for measured residual production cross sections in proton-induced nuclear spallation reactions are made, i.e. D1 consists of isotopic cross sections in reactions below 1 GeV/u, D2 consists of fragments excitation functions of reactions up to 2.6 GeV/u, and D3 is a hybrid of D1 and D2. With the constructed BNN and BNN + sEPAX models, the isotopic and mass cross section distributions are compared for the 356 MeV/u 40Ca + p and 1 GeV/u 136Xe + p reactions, and fragment excitation functions in 40Ca + p, 56Fe + p, 138Ba + p and 197Au + p reactions. It is found that the BNN model needs sufficient information to achieve good extrapolations, while the BNN + sEPAX model performs better extrapolations based on less information due to the physical guidance of the sEPAX formulas. It is suggested that the BNN + sEPAX model provides a new approach to predict the energy-dependent residual production cross sections produced in proton-induced nuclear spallation reactions of incident energies from tens of MeV/u up to several GeV/u. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook (C. lanceolate) is a fast-growing evergreen coniferous tree species with high wood yield and fantabulous timber quality. To date, numerous studies have revealed that gibberellins (GAs) regulate the formation of plant wood (secondary xylem). Moreover, GA 2-oxidases (GA2oxs) are known as the major enzymes that deactivate GAs. However, a small or no number of the GA2oxs involved in xylem development and lignin biosynthesis mediated by the GA pathway in woody plants have been identified previously. In this study, 5 GA2oxs members were identified in C. lanceolate , including 4 ClGA2ox12s and one ClGA2ox8-like. Exogenous gibberellin not only promoted lignin deposition in the stem of C. lanceolate but also up-regulated the expression of the lignin biosynthesis gene ClCAD1 by 2–3 folds and one of ClGA2ox12s (designated ClGA2ox12) by 4 folds, suggesting that ClGA2ox12 may be involved in the modulation of lignin deposition by the gibberellin signaling pathway in C. lanceolate. Furthermore, transgenic Populus tomentosa overexpressing ClGA2ox12 exhibited growth retardation and a typical dwarfing phenotype, with a reduction of approximately 40 % in the number of xylem cell layers and a decrease of approximately 16.7 %-26.9 % in lignin content relative to wild-type plants. At the same time, the expression level of lignin biosynthetic genes and lignin content were down-regulated in transgenic plants. Together, these results suggested that ClGA2ox12 functioned as a GA 2oxs catabolic enzyme that plays pivotal roles in plant growth processes, xylem development, and lignin biosynthesis, which gives insights into producing dwarf and low-lignin varieties of C. lanceolate. • Five GA2oxs members from C. lanceolate , including 4 ClGA2ox12s and one ClGA2ox8-like, were first identified and analyzed. • ClGA2ox12 of Cunninghamia lanceolate was sensitive response to GA 3. • ClGA2ox12 negatively regulated plant height in populus. • ClGA2ox12 negatively regulated xylem development and lignin biosynthesis in populus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we focus on the finite region stability (FRS) and networked predictive control (NPC) problems for two-dimensional (2-D) networked control systems (NCS) with time delays, quantization errors, packet losses and random disturbances described by the Roesser model. The random packet dropouts and disturbances are modeled as Bernoulli process, and the sufficient conditions of FRS and finite region boundedness (FRB) for 2-D NCS are obtained by using the expectation to process the Lyapunov function difference, so as to better study the transient performance of the systems. According to the recursive formula, an active compensation scheme for time delays of NPC is proposed, which takes into account quantization errors, packet losses, nonlinearity and interferences. Introducing FRS and FRB into 2-D NCS and considering the above factors in NPC scheme are new attempts made in this paper. An example is used to demonstrate the validity of the conclusions in the end. • For nonlinear 2-D NCS, sufficient conditions for FRS and FRB are established. • A new NPC scheme including nonlinearity and random disturbances is introduced. • A state feedback controller with packet losses and quantization errors is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As global change alters the composition and productivity of ecosystems, the importance of subsidies from one habitat to another may change. We experimentally manipulated black mangrove (Avicennia germinans) cover in 10 large plots and over a 5‐year period (2014–2019) quantifying the effects of mangrove cover on subsidies of floating organic material (wrack) into coastal wetlands. As mangrove cover increased from 0% to 100%, wrack cover and thickness decreased by ~60%, the distance that wrack penetrated into the plots decreased by ~70%, and the percentage of the wrack trapped in the first 6 m of the plot tripled. These patterns observed during 4 "normal" years disappeared in a fifth year following Hurricane Harvey (2017), when large quantities of wrack were pushed far into the interior of all the plots, regardless of mangrove cover. Prior to the storm, the abundance of animals collected in grab samples increased with wrack biomass. Wrack composition did not affect animal abundance or composition. Experimental outplants of two types of wrack (red algae and seagrass) revealed that animal abundance and species composition varied between the fringe and interior of the plots, and between microhabitats dominated by salt marsh versus mangrove vegetation. The importance of wrack to overall carbon stocks varied as a function of autochthonous productivity: wrack inputs (per m2) based on survey data were greater than aboveground plant biomass in the plots (42 × 24 m) dominated by salt‐marsh vegetation, but decreased to 5% of the total aboveground biomass in plots dominated by mangroves. Our results illustrate that increasing mangrove cover decreases the relative importance of marine subsidies into the intertidal at the plot level, but concentrates subsidies at the front edge of the mangrove stand. Storms, however, may temporarily override mangrove attenuation of wrack inputs. Our results highlight the importance of understanding how changes in plant species composition due to global change will impact marine subsidies and exchanges among ecosystems, and foster a broader understanding of the functional interdependence of adjacent habitats within coastal ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The improved evaluation based on the distance from average solution (EDAS) of the interval-valued intuitionistic trapezoidal fuzzy set is proposed. At first, we propose a new distance between interval-valued intuitionistic trapezoidal fuzzy numbers according to their interval endpoints and centroid point, and its properties are also discussed. Furthermore, we apply the proposed distance measure to calculate the expectation level of the emergency plan, and the optimal dynamic expectation level of the emergency plan is obtained by solving the programming model. Then, we improve the EDAS method based on the dynamic expectation level of the decision makers and apply it to calculate the optimal emergency plan. Finally, a numerical example about flood disaster rescue is given to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method, which is also compared with the existing methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the public-private partnership (PPP) projects have entered the operational period in China. Due to information asymmetry, opportunistic behavior exists in the operation period of PPP projects. The opportunistic behavior of the participating subjects is an obstacle to the success of PPP projects and one of the root causes of low project performance. To investigate the evolutionary law of this behavior, the payment matrix of the strategic interaction between the investors and the government is constructed based on evolutionary game theory. Using MATLAB to simulate the evolutionary state and through the analysis of the evolutionary behavior of the interaction process, the influence of individual strategy choice on group behavior is revealed. The results show that the path evolution system of opportunistic behavior during the operation period of PPP projects can converge in two states, "good" and "bad," and the determining factor is the relative returns of investors under various strategies. Reasonable incentives and penalties and reduced regulatory costs can effectively discourage opportunistic behavior. By regulating the parameters, the path evolution of opportunistic behavior can be optimized, and the group behavior can be induced to a good state. The research results can provide a reference for reducing the opportunistic behavior of participating subjects and improving the success rate of the PPP projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of delay-dependent stability is concerned for two-dimensional switched systems in Fornasini-Marchesini local state-space model with mixed time-varying delays and with a class of generalised Lipschitz nonlinearities in this paper. The mixed time-varying delays consist of both the discrete and the distributed delays, and the time-varying delays are allowed in the states. Adopting the fast average dwell-time switching technique with Lyapunov functional, a sufficient condition of the exponential stability for two-dimensional nonlinear switched systems with all subsystems unstable is derived in terms of linear matrix inequality. Specifically, two-dimensional Abel lemma-based finite-sum inequalities approach and Jensen inequalities approach are applied to reduce the conservativeness of the result. The obtained result on stability analysis is then utilised to design a dynamic output feedback controller to stabilise the nonlinear closed-loop switched system. Finally, two numerical examples are shown to demonstrate the validity of the proposed results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In a previous study we have shown that, in the presence of interleukin (IL)-33, repeated, per-nasal challenge of murine airways with Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) organisms induces human asthma-like airways inflammation. It is not clear, however, whether this effect is unique or manifest in response to other common respiratory pathogens.Methods: To explore this, airways of BALB/c mice were repeatedly challenged per-nasally with formaldehyde-inactivated bacterial bodies in the presence or absence of murine recombinant IL-33. Serum concentrations of S.pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis (M.catarrhalis) and Haemophilus influenzae (H.influenzae) lysates-specific IgE were measured in patients with asthma and control subjects.Results: We showed that in the presence of IL-33, repeated, per-nasal airways exposure to the bodies of these bacteria induced airways hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in the experimental mice. This was accompanied by cellular infiltration into bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), eosinophilic infiltration and mucous hypertrophy of the lung tissue, with elevated local expression of some type 2 cytokines and elevated, specific IgG and IgE in the serum. The precise characteristics of the inflammation evoked by exposure to each bacterial species were distinguishable.Conclusions: These results suggest that in the certain circumstances, inhaled or commensal bacterial body antigens of both Gram-positive (S. pneumoniae) and Gram-negative (M. catarrhalis and H. influenzae) respiratory tract bacteria may initiate type 2 inflammation typical of asthma in the airways. In addition, we demonstrated that human asthmatic patients manifest elevated serum concentrations of M.catarrhalis- and H.influenzae-specific IgE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the purification and characterization of a new immunomodulatory GlcNAc-containing polysaccharide (MIPB70-1) from Morchella importuna with molecular weights of 20.6 kDa. Structural analysis indicated that MIPB70-1 was composed of GlcNAc:Gal:Glc:Man with molar ratios of 1.00:7.16:5.54:5.61, and its primary structure was characterized as a repeating unit consisting of →6)- α -D-Glc p -(1→, α -D-Glc p NAc-(1→, α -D-Gal p -(1→, β -D-Glc p -(1→, →6)- α -D-Man p -(1→, →4)- α -D-Glc p NAc-(1→, →4)- β -D-Glc p -(1→, →3,6)- α -D-Man p -(1→, →2)- α -D-Gal p -(1→, →2,3,6)- α -D-Man p -(1→. Immunological assays indicated that MIPB70-1 enhanced the phagocytic function and promoted the secretion of nitric oxide (NO) as well as cytokines through targeting Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) on macrophage membrane and activating the downstream signaling pathways in RAW 264.7 cells. MIPB70-1 regulated mouse immunity to counteract the immune damage caused by the chemotherapy drug cyclophosphamide (CTX) in vivo. Furthermore, MIPB70-1 enhanced the anti-tumor activity of doxorubicin (DOX) and inhibited the growth of tumors, by immunomodulation in the orthotopic murine model of 4T1 breast cancer. These results demonstrate the potential of this GlcNAc-containing polysaccharide as an immune enhancer. [Display omitted] • MIPB70-1 was obtained by alkaline extraction from Morchella importuna. • The structural feature of MIPB70-1 was clarified for the first time. • MIPB70-1 enhanced the immune function of macrophages RAW 264.7 in vitro. • MIPB70-1 enhanced the immune function and exerted anti-tumor effects in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiversity exchanges across the Malesian region, linking the distinct biotas of Asia and Australia, have long attracted the curiosity of biologists. Tetrastigma (Vitaceae) has a wide distribution in Asia through the Sunda archipelago to Australia and provides a good case to elucidate floristic exchange between Asia and Australia. Tetrastigma species have fleshy fruits that are consumed by birds, representing a lineage with a predictable dispersal across island chains. We herein estimate the divergence times and reconstruct the biogeographic history of Tetrastigma with intensive taxon sampling (96 of approximately 120 species; >80%) using 10 chloroplast loci. The biogeographic history of Tetrastigma was reconstructed with 4‐area and 6‐area divisions by delineating the Sunda region into one or three areas of endemism based on a phylogenetic bioregionalization analysis and the geological history of Malesia. The 4‐area division shows that Tetrastigma originated in continental Asia and diverged from the recently segregated genus Pseudocayratia in the early Eocene (49.43 Ma). Dispersal from continental Asia might have started in the late Eocene but mainly occurred in the last 10 Myr. Continental Asia is indicated to be the most important source area while Sunda is the biggest sink, with 16 of the 27 dispersal events inferred from continental Asia to Sunda. Only seven dispersal events are inferred arriving in the Sahul plate and one reverse dispersal from Sahul back to Asia. The 6‐area division suggests that the Philippines have been an active junction between Asia and Australia. The biogeographic history of Tetrastigma illustrates an asymmetric floristic exchange between Asia and Australia in this genus, which has been facilitated by the formation of terrestrial connections in the late Miocene and the expansion of wet tropical forests across Wallace's Line and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this contribution, we install an azobenzene functionality in olefin polymerization catalysts and use light to modulate their properties via photoinduced trans–cis isomerization of the azobenzene moiety. The initially targeted azobenzene‐functionalized α‐diimine palladium and nickel catalysts are not photoresponsive. To address this issue, an imine–amine system bearing interrupted conjugation with the metal center, and a sandwich‐type α‐diimine system bearing an azobenzene unit at a position covalently far from the metal center were prepared and studied. We demonstrate that light can be used to tune their properties in ethylene polymerization and copolymerization with polar comonomers, enabling light‐induced control of the polymerization processes, polymer microstructures and polymer properties. More interestingly, the light‐mediated property changes were attributed to ligand electronic effects in one system and ligand steric effects in the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this contribution, we install an azobenzene functionality in olefin polymerization catalysts and use light to modulate their properties via photoinduced trans–cis isomerization of the azobenzene moiety. The initially targeted azobenzene‐functionalized α‐diimine palladium and nickel catalysts are not photoresponsive. To address this issue, an imine–amine system bearing interrupted conjugation with the metal center, and a sandwich‐type α‐diimine system bearing an azobenzene unit at a position covalently far from the metal center were prepared and studied. We demonstrate that light can be used to tune their properties in ethylene polymerization and copolymerization with polar comonomers, enabling light‐induced control of the polymerization processes, polymer microstructures and polymer properties. More interestingly, the light‐mediated property changes were attributed to ligand electronic effects in one system and ligand steric effects in the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) combined with chemometrics was used for the rapidly and nondestructively quantitative determination of carbonyl value (CV) of frying oils during frying process. The quality indices of frying oils during frying process were analyzed as well as the changes of its LF-NMR signal, followed by exploring the correlation between the quality indices of frying oils and the relaxation-characteristic indices and investigating the influences of modeling data and preprocessing methods on the modeling performance. Based on the echo decay curves data of LF-NMR and the relaxation-characteristic indices data, the prediction model of CV was established by partial least square (PLS), principal component regression (PCR), multiple linear regression (MLR), and support vector machine regression (SVR). Results showed that there was a significant correlation between CV and relaxation-characteristic indices (p < 0.01) with both modeling data and preprocessing methods affecting the model performance. The prediction performance of non-linear SVR model was significantly superior to that of linear modeling methods (PLS, PCR, and MLR). The best prediction model of CV was built using the SVR method based on echo decay curves data. The root mean square error of prediction and coefficient of determination were 2.599 mmol/kg and 0.9873, respectively. [Display omitted] • LF-NMR was used to build the quantitative models of carbonyl value of frying oils. • PLS, PCR and SVR models of CV were built by echo decay curves data. • MLR model of CV was constructed by relaxation-characteristic indices data. • SVR model had the better performance than PLS, PCR and MLR models. • Excellent R2 (0.9873), RMSECV (2.561) and RMSEP (2.599) were obtained for SVR model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The Cu-APC possesses a rare flexible-robust interlayer space. • The Cu-APC shows a high reversed C 2 H 6 /C 2 H 4 adsorption selectivity. • Pure C 2 H 4 can be produced in one-step process from C 2 H 6 /C 2 H 4 mixture. • The Cu-APC exhibits the C 3 H 4 -dependent stepwise gate-opening behavior. • Efficient separation of light hydrocarbons has been realized on a 2D MOF with flexible-robust interlayer space, and the related separation mechanism has also been investigated. The separation of light hydrocarbons is industrially important and scientifically challenging due to their high similarity in physicochemical properties. Two-dimensional metal–organic frameworks (2D MOFs) assembled by weak supramolecular interactions are more likely to induce structural flexibility and exhibit guest-dependent gate-opening behavior than 3D MOFs, opening new horizons for LHs storage and separation. Here, a 2D MOF (Cu-APC, APC = 2-aminopyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid) with flexible-robust interlayer space was effectively used as an adsorbent to realize C 2 and C 3 hydrocarbons separation. Evidenced by gas adsorption isotherms and the ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST) calculations, Cu-APC exhibits moderate C 2 H 2 /CO 2 selectivity (2.87), high C 2 H 6 /C 2 H 4 selectivity (2.27) and unique multistep adsorption behavior toward C 3 H 4 /C 3 H 6 at ambient conditions. Moreover, theoretical calculations revealed that C-H···N, C=O···H-C, and C-H···π interactions are formed with C 2 H 2 , CO 2 , C 2 H 4 , and C 2 H 6 in the suitable pockets within Cu-APC. The separation performances of Cu-APC for C 2 H 2 /CO 2 , C 2 H 6 /C 2 H 4 , and C 3 H 4 /C 3 H 6 mixtures were also confirmed by column breakthrough experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to use serum metabolomics to discriminate infants with severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis who later developed subsequent recurrent wheezing from those who did not and to investigate the relationship between serum metabolome and host immune responses with regard to the subsequent development of recurrent wheezing. Fifty‐one infants who were hospitalized during an initial episode of severe RSV bronchiolitis at 6 months of age or less were included and followed for up to the age of 3 years. Of them, 24 developed subsequent recurrent wheezing and 27 did not. Untargeted serum metabolomics was performed by ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with high‐resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC‐MS/MS). Cytokines were measured by multiplex immunoassay. Difference in serum metabolomic profiles was observed between infants who developed recurrent wheezing and those who did not. L‐lactic acid level was significantly higher in infants with recurrent wheezing than those without. Pyrimidine metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and arginine biosynthesis were identified as the most significant changed pathways between the two groups. Moreover, L‐lactic acid level was positively associated with serum CXCL8 level. This exploratory study showed that differential serum metabolic signatures during severe RSV bronchiolitis in early infancy were associated with the development of subsequent recurrent wheezing in later childhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous studies have demonstrated the benefits of thymosin alpha-1 (Tα1) in anti-virus, immunological enhancement and anti-inflammation. However, it is controversial about the efficacy and safety of entecavir (ETV) plus Tα1 combination therapy versus ETV monotherapy in cirrhotic patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection.Methods: The systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) were performed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ETV plus Tα1 combination therapy versus ETV monotherapy in HBV-related patients with cirrhosis. We performed a systematic literature search via PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), EMBASE, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chinese Science and Technology Journals Database (VIP), and Chinese Biological Medicine database (CBM). Relative risk (RR) and standardized mean difference (SMD) with a fixed- or random- effect model were calculated. Heterogeneity was assessed through a Cochrane Q-test and I2 values.Results: Seven RCTs involving 1144 subjects were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. Compared with ETV monotherapy, ETV plus Tα1 combination therapy led to a higher complete response (RR = 1.18; 95% CI, 1.07-1.30). In post treatment for 24 weeks, the HBV DNA undetectable rate and HBeAg loss rate were higher in ETV plus Tα1 group than in ETV alone group (RR = 1.91; 95% CI, 1.56-2.35; RR = 2.05; 95% CI, 1.62-2.60). However, after 48 and 52 weeks of treatment, there was no significant difference between the combination therapy and ETV monotherapy (RR = 1.07; 95% CI, 0.96-1.18; RR = 1.17; 95% CI, 0.89-1.55). At week 52 of treatment, the HBsAg loss rate of ETV plus Tα1 group was no significance with that of ETV alone group (RR = 1.03; 95% CI, 0.15-7.26). In comparison with ETV alone, the some biochemical parameters and liver fibrosis were obviously improved by ETV plus Tα1, and there was significant heterogeneity. In addition, the number of adverse events was significantly reduced by ETV plus Tα1, compared to ETV alone (RR = 0.48; 95% CI, 0.24-0.95).Conclusions: ETV plus Tα1 might lead to a higher clinical response and a lower comprehensive adverse reaction rate in HBV-related patients with cirrhosis, compared to ETV alone. However, the whole patients included in this meta-analysis were from Chinese mainland, so that more worldwide RCTs with a larger sample size are needed to verify the current findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Massively parallel sequencing (MPS) has rapidly become a promising method for forensic DNA typing, due to its ability to detect a large number of markers and samples simultaneously in a single reaction, and sequence information can be obtained directly. In the present study, two kinds of forensic genetic markers, short tandem repeat (STR) and identity-informative single nucleotide polymorphism (iiSNP) were analyzed simultaneously using ForenSeq DNA Signature Prep Kit, a commercially available kit on MPS platform. A total of 152 DNA markers, including 27 autosomal STR (A-STR) loci, 24 Y chromosomal STR (Y-STR) loci, 7 X chromosomal STR (X-STR) loci and 94 iiSNP loci were genotyped for 107 Tibetan individuals (53 males and 54 females). Compared with length-based STR typing methods, 112 more A-STR alleles, 41 more Y-STR alleles, and 24 more X-STR alleles were observed at 17 A-STRs, 9 Y-STRs, and 5 X-STRs using sequence-based approaches. Thirty-nine novel sequence variations were observed at 20 STR loci. When the flanking regions were also analyzed in addition to target SNPs at the 94 iiSNPs, 38 more alleles were identified. Our study provided an adequate genotype and frequencies data of the two types of genetic markers for forensic practice. Moreover, we also proved that this panel is highly polymorphic and informative in Tibetan population, and should be efficient in forensic kinship testing and personal identification cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The selective adsorption/separation of C2 hydrocarbons has been realized in a "flexible-robust" MOF, Zn2(Atz)2Ox. Owing to the distinctive guest-dependent multistep adsorption behaviors and suitable guest–framework interactions, this MOF shows outstanding separation performance for C2H2/C2H4 mixtures in a wide range of temperature confirmed by a column breakthrough experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An important feature of hesitant interval-valued fuzzy set(HIVFS) is that it can describe the hesitant situations flexibly. In this paper, we first introduce the hesitance degree of HIVFS, then some distance measures between hesitant interval-valued fuzzy sets(HIVFSs) based on the hesitancy degree and least common multiple principle are proposed, which can not only describe the degree of the decision makers' hesitance in decision making process but also measure the relationship between HIVFS more objectively. Furthermore, we develop the TOPSIS method to the proposed distance measures with different preferences for the hesitancy degree and membership values. Finally, a numerical example is given to illustrate the feasibility of the proposed method, and the effectiveness of the method is verified by some comparative analysis. In order to understand the effect of the preference parameter α and the distance parameter τ in decision making process, we make the sensitivity analysis of parameters by evaluating the example about commercialization of possible emerging technology enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Differentiated embryonic chondrocyte-expressed gene 1 (DEC1) is associated with various types of human cancer; however, there is limited data regarding the functions of DEC1 in osteosarcoma. The present study aimed to examine the expression of DEC1 in human osteosarcoma tissues and cell lines. Furthermore, the effects of DEC1 on the proliferation, adhesion, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of osteosarcoma cells were investigated. Using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blot analysis, it was found that the expression levels of DEC1 were higher in human osteosarcoma tissues and osteosarcoma cell lines than in the controls. Both gain- and loss-of-function experiments suggested that DEC1 promotes the proliferation, adhesion and invasion of osteosarcoma cells in vitro, as determined by MTT, cell adhesion and cell invasion assays, respectively. Additionally, DEC1 was found to upregulate the mesenchymal markers N-cadherin and vimentin, whilst downregulating the epithelial marker E-cadherin. In conclusion, this present study showed increased expression levels of DEC1 in human osteosarcoma tissues and cell lines, and identified that DEC1 may exert its effect on osteosarcoma progression by promoting cell proliferation, adhesion and invasion. Furthermore, DEC1 was shown to have an inducible effect on EMT in osteosarcoma cell lines, thus contributing to the aggressiveness of osteosarcoma cells. This initial study indicated that DEC1 may serve as a novel molecular target for the treatment of osteosarcoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (FHP) is a fatal interstitial pulmonary disease with limited treatment options. Lung macrophages are a heterogeneous cell population that exhibit distinct subsets with divergent functions, playing pivotal roles in the progression of pulmonary fibrosis. However, the specific macrophage subpopulations and underlying mechanisms involved in the disease remain largely unexplored. In this study, a decision tree model showed that matrix metalloproteinase-14 (MMP14) had higher scores for important features in the up-regulated genes in macrophages from mice exposed to the Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula antigen (SR-Ag). Using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) mice profiles, we identified MMP14high macrophage subcluster with a predominant M2 phenotype that exhibited higher activity in promoting fibroblast-to myofibroblast transition (FMT). We demonstrated that suppressing toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) could attenuate MMP14 expression and exosome secretion in macrophages stimulation with SR-Ag. The exosomes derived from MMP14-overexpressing macrophages were found to be more effective in regulating the transition of fibroblasts through exosomal MMP14. Importantly, it was observed that the transfer of MMP14-overexpressing macrophages into mice promoted lung inflammation and fibrosis induced by SR-Ag. NSC-405020 binding to the hemopexin domain (PEX) of MMP-14 ameliorated lung inflammation and fibrosis induced by SR-Ag in mice. Thus, MMP14-overexpressing macrophages may be an important mechanism contributing to the exacerbation of allergic reactions. Our results indicated that MMP14 in macrophages has the potential to be a therapeutic target for HP. [Display omitted] • We have identified MMP14high macrophages population in lungs via single-cell RNA sequencing duringhypersensitivity pneumonitis. • MMP14high macrophage subcluster exhibits the features of the M2-like macrophage phenotype and promotes FMT during experimental hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Exosome is crucial for promoting FMT. • MMP14 is regulated by TLR2/ NF-κB in macrophages, and inhibition of MMP14 mitigates airway inflammation and collagen deposition in hypersensitivity pneumonitis. • Our data suggest that MMP14 may represent a potential target for hypersensitivity pneumonitis therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interpersonal harm is a preventable public health problem. A growing body of literature shows persistently elevated exposure rates to physical and sexual victimization during incarceration. Yet how to prevent interpersonal harm during incarceration has proven far more elusive. A public health approach to prevention offers promise. To develop effective prevention strategies, the public health approach begins with defining and measuring the problem, followed by identifying risk and protective factors for the problem. The dynamic literature on in-prison interpersonal harm includes both parts of the public health approach but theoretical and methodological "noise" in this literature limits its instrumental utility to build effective prevention strategies. Herein, we critically review this evidence base (15 peer-reviewed articles published since 2000 with samples of 1,000+) to isolate the noise and the substance. We, then, minimize the methodological noise by testing for risk factors using self-report data that is representative of an entire U.S. state prison system for men and best data collection practices. Multilevel logistic regression is used to predict four types of interpersonal harm using theoretically grounded individual and prison-level covariates that are supported by the empirical literature. We conclude with recommendations for building an evidence base from which to develop prevention strategies that would create and sustain custodial conditions for people to be safe and healthy while incarcerated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new polysaccharide (MIPW50-1) with a molecular weight of 28.5 kDa was isolated from Morchella importuna fruiting bodies. Structural analysis indicated that MIPW50-1 was composed of N -acetylglucosamine, galactose, glucose, and mannose with molar ratios of 1.00:14.95:1.53:10.51, and its structure was characterized as a repeating unit consisting of →2,3,6)- α -D-Man p -(1→, →3,6)- α -D-Man p -(1→, →2)- α -D-Gal p -(1→, →6)- α -D-Man p -(1→, →4)- β -D-Glc p -(1→, →4)- α -D-Glc p NAc-(1→, →6)- α -D-Glc p -(1→, α -D-Gal p -(1→, α -D-Glc p NAc-(1→ and β -D-Glc p -(1→. The immunoregulatory effect of MIPW50-1 was also evaluated. MIPW50-1 was capable of stimulating macrophage function, rising phagocytosis of RAW264.7 cells as well as promoting secretion of NO, TNF- α and IL-6. Moreover, the immunoblot and ELISA assays demonstrated that MIPW50-1 exerted immune-potentiating effect through the TLR4/JNK and Akt/NF-κB signalling pathways in RAW264.7 cells. This is the first polysaccharide containing N -acetylglucosamine isolated from Morchella mushrooms, and MIPW50-1 might be used as one of potential immunoenhancing components in functional foods. Unlabelled Image • A new polysaccharide (MIPW50-1) was first isolated from Morchella importuna and its structure was characterized. • N -acetylglucosamine was first discovered in Morchella mushrooms. • MIPW50-1 enhanced phagocytosis and induced secretion of NO and TNF-α/IL-6. • MIPW50-1 activated the downstream JNK/AKT and NF-κB signalling pathways via TLR4 on the RAW264.7 cell surface. • MIPW50-1 might be researched and developed as one of the new potential functional foods with immunomodulatory effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synergistic therapy that combines drug/siRNA for the solid tumor treatment is becoming more and more popular to reduce the side effects and enhance the antitumor efficiency. Given that, a novel injectable supramolecular hydrogel mPECT(D)/GDDC-4(R)/α-CDgel (mPECT(D) represents DOX-loaded methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(ε-caprolactone-co-1,4,8-trioxa[4.6]spiro-9-un-decanone) (mPECT) nanoparticles, GDDC-4(R) represents siBcl-2-loaded PG-P(DPAx-co-DMAEMAy)-PCB (GDDC-4) complexes nanoparticles (NPs)) was prepared via the incorporation of GDDC-4/siRNA complexes NPs into the DOX-loaded mPECT NPs/α-CDgel formed by the host-guest interaction between mPEG and α-CD. In vitro degradation and release experiments revealed that siBcl-2 was released from mPECT(D)/GDDC-4(R)/α-CDgel in the form of GDDC-4/siBcl-2 complexes NPs with bioactivity, and the release behavior of DOX also demonstrated sustained-release property. Compared to the single treatment groups, the enhanced cytotoxicity to SKOV3 and HeLa cells of mPECT(D)/GDDC-4(R)/α-CDgel was observed in vitro. Moreover, in vivo experiments also indicated the significant antitumor effect of mPECT(D)/GDDC-4(R)/α-CDgel, suggesting the remarkable synergistic therapy of DOX and siBcl-2. Therefore, this work would provide a prospective platform to co-delivery of drugs and siRNA to improve the treatment effect of solid tumor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A reactive melt compounding technique using vinyl-grafted graphene was exploited for mass production of PE/graphene nanocomposites. The as-extruded nanocomposites had good filler dispersion and interfacial interaction, as evidenced by transmission electron microscopy and linear rheological results. Compared to neat PE, the nanocomposites with 1.0 wt% graphene showed one order of magnitude and nearly two orders of magnitude increment in complex viscosity and storage modulus at low frequency (<0.1 Hz), respectively. Due to strong interfacial interaction, the graphene nanoplatelets act as nucleating agents to increase the crystallization temperature of PE, but hinder the following growth of crystallites. As a result, mechanical properties and barrier to oxygen of the nanocomposites were obviously improved. This work provides a facile strategy for mass production of high-performance polyolefin/graphene nanocomposites and may be other polymer/graphene nanocomposites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Abstract Aluminium-manganese binary oxide was coated successfully on raw corncob (RCC) to increase the oxygenic functional groups, and then produced an adsorbent (named as AMOCC). Accordingly, conventional factors, such as dosages, pH values, contact time and temperature, were evaluated for its absorptive properties, while it was characterized by several analytical methods. Moreover, adsorption isotherms, kinetic and thermodynamic analysis were applied to describe its adsorption process, which reflected that Mn O, Mn OH and Al OH were introduced to the positions of hydroxyl (OH) groups, and the O of Mn O and Mn OH could play a significant role in the coordination complex with Cd (II) ions. Moreover, electrostatic interaction occurred at the position of Al OH during adsorption. Therefore, results showed that this adsorbent exhibited the maximum adsorption capacity of 45.58 mg/g, which was higher than RCC and other modified adsorbents previously reported. Further, the Langmiur isotherm and the pseudo-second-order models fitted the experimental data better, and thermodynamic equations revealed the spontaneous and endothermic nature of adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to explore the mechanisms of sunitinib‐resistance in renal cell cancer (RCC) and provide new therapeutic evidence and biomarkers for RCC treatment using human clear‐cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) cell line, 786‐O. Microarray analysis, quantitative real time PCR (qRT‐PCR), Western blot, and immunohistochemistry were used to detect Ecto‐5′‐nucleotidase (NT5E) expressions in sunitinib‐resistant tissues in RCC. 3‐(4,5‐dimethyl‐2‐thiazolyl)‐2,5‐diphenyl‐2‐H‐tetrazolium bromide, Thiazolyl Blue Tetrazolium Bromide (MTT), cell‐count kit 8 (CCK‐8), wound healing, and Transwell assays were used to investigate the influences of sunitinib and NT5E on 786‐O cell line and sunitinib‐resistant 786‐O cell line (S786‐O). Protein expressions related to epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and AKT/GSK‐3β signaling pathway in 786‐O cells and S786‐O cells were determined by Western blot. In vivo experiment was performed using NCr‐nu/nu mice to explore the effects of NT5E on cell growth and EMT signal in sunitinib environment. NT5E expression was upregulated in sunitinib‐resistant RCC tissues and cells. NT5E downregulation repressed RCC cell proliferation, migration as well as invasion. EMT course and AKT/GSK‐3β signal pathway both in vitro and in vivo in sunitinib environment was suppressed to varying degrees via NT5E inhibition. NT5E inhibition could suppress the growth of sunitinib‐resistant RCC cells and restrain EMT course and AKT/GSK‐3β signal pathway in sunitinib environment in RCC. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 71(1):113–124, 2019 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Corrigendum] The tetraspanin CD151-ARSA mutant inhibits angiogenesis via the YRSL sequence Mol Med Rep 7: 836-842, 2013; DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.1250 Subsequently to the publication of the above paper, an interested reader drew to the authors' attention that, in Fig. 4A on p. 839, the "CD151/24 h" and "CD151-ARSA/48 h" panels appeared to contain overlapping sections of data, such that they were potentially derived from the same original source, where these panels were intended to show the results from differently performed experiments. [Extracted from the article]

Passiflora is a plant genus known for its extremely distinctive and colorful flowers and a wide range of genome size variation. However, how genome characteristics are related to flower traits among Passiflora species remains poorly understood. Here, we assembled a chromosome-scale genome of P. foetida, which belongs to the same subgenus as the commercial passionfruit P. edulis. The genome of P. foetida is smaller (424.16 Mb) and contains fewer copies of long terminal repeat retrotransposons (LTR-RTs). The disparity in LTR-RTs is one of the main contributors to the differences in genome sizes between these two species and possibly in floral traits. Additionally, we observed variation in insertion times and copy numbers of LTR-RTs across different transposable element (TE) lineages. Then, by integrating transcriptomic data from 33 samples (eight floral organs and flower buds at three developmental stages) with phylogenomic and metabolomic data, we conducted an in-depth analysis of the expression, phylogeny, and copy number of MIKC-type MADS-box genes and identified essential biosynthetic genes responsible for flower color and scent from glandular bracts and other floral organs. Our study pinpoints LRT-RTs as an important player in genome size variation in Passiflora species and provides insights into future genetic improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Carboxylated corn stalk was prepared successfully by introducing amide and carboxyl groups into the cellulose structure, and were utilized as an efficient adsorbent to remove cadmium ions from an aqueous solution in batch adsorption process. The maximum adsorption capacity could be achieved 47.17 mg/g at the initial pH 5.8 of aqueous solution, significantly higher than most reported adsorbents. Meanwhile, changing of temperature could not greatly affect during the adsorption process. In addition, this adsorbent had a high selectivity of the cadmium ions in co-existing ions solution, but lead ions exerted obviously a compete effect upon the adsorption of cadmium ions. The adsorption isotherm could be correctly simulated by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Whereas, the adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Also, Thermodynamic parameters confirmed that adsorption was exothermic and chemisorption in nature. Based on the results of X-ray photoelectron spectra, the adsorption mechanism was ascribed mainly to the coordination complex between cadmium ions and the oxygen of carbonyl groups, relative to the effect of the nitrogen of amine groups. Regeneration of the adsorbent was performed with 0.1 g/L ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid to provide five cyclical regeneration. Graphical abstract Image [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract RcsAB is an atypical two-component regulatory system that can regulate exopolysaccharide biosynthesis and is involved in the virulence of K. pneumoniae. The gene galF is well known as a gene involved in the biosynthesis of capsular polysaccharide (CPS). The specific DNA identification sequence for transcriptional regulation of RcsAB was found to be present in the promoter region of galF. This study aimed to detect the function of RcsAB in virulence and in biofilm and CPS formation. In addition, the transcriptional regulation of the galF gene in K. pneumoniae was studied. To determine the function of rcsAB gene, the wild-type K. pneumoniae strain NTUH-K2044 and the rcsAB knockout and complemented strains were used. The results showed decreased virulence, biofilm formation, and CPS levels in the rcsAB knockout strain. Complementation of the knockout by introducing an rcsAB fragment on an expression plasmid partially restored the virulence, biofilm, and CPS functions of the knockout strain. It indicated that the rcsAB genes might affect CPS formation and virulence of K. pneumonia. RT-qPCR, EMSA and DNase I footprinting assays were conducted to identify the transcriptional regulation of galF by RcsAB. RcsAB was seen to bind to the galF promoter-proximal region, and the binding site was further identified to be located from -177 bp to -152 bp upstream of the galF promoter. In conclusion, RcsAB could regulate the transcription of the galF gene positively by binding to the galF promoter DNA directly, and then affects the CPS formation of K. pneumonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exotic species vary in how harmful they are. The earlier we can predict the outcome of an invasion, the more time is available for management. We conducted a "marsh organ" experiment with six elevation treatments to evaluate how the exotic grass Spartina alterniflora, which has invaded almost the entire coastline of China, affects a native (Kandelia obovata) and an exotic (Sonneratia apetala) mangrove in Zhangjiang Estuary, southern China. Survival of transplants in monoculture over two growing seasons in the marsh organ was high except at extreme high and low elevations. All three plants displayed hump‐shaped patterns of biomass across elevation in monoculture, but K. obovata performed best at slightly higher and S. alterniflora at slightly lower elevations, whereas S. apetala performed well across all four intermediate elevations and grew larger than the other two plants. In mixtures, S. alterniflora suppressed growth of mangrove seedlings of both species by up to 90%. The competitive effect of S. alterniflora was greatest at intermediate elevations where its biomass was greatest. When transplanted into adjacent stands of S. alterniflora, K. obovata remained stunted, but S. apetala grew quickly and began to emerge from the canopy of S. alterniflora by the end of the second growing season. At this site, past and ongoing disturbances to mature stands of K. obovata are likely to allow both exotics to increase in abundance. Aggressive management intervention will be needed to prevent estuaries in southern China from transitioning to near complete dominance by the exotic mangrove S. apetala. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biofilms significantly enhance antibiotic resistance by inhibiting penetration of antibiotics and are shielded from the immune system via the formation of an extracellular polymeric matrix. Innovative and novel approaches are required for the inhibition of biofilm formation and treatment of biofilm-associated infectious diseases. In the current study, a biofilm model of Staphylococcus aureus was established in vitro to explore inhibitory effects of brazilin (BN) on biofilm formation and to evaluate damaging effects of BN in the presence and absence of vancomycin (VCM) on the biofilm. Antibiofilm-infection mechanisms of BN were observed. In these experiments, the clinical strain of S. aureus C-4-4 was isolated for biofilm formation. Crystal violet staining and fluorescence microscopy revealed that BN inhibited biofilm formation in vitro and the best effect was observed with two times the minimum inhibitory concentration of BN following 48 h incubation. Additionally, the results demonstrated that BN in combination with VCM enhanced the damage to biofilms, whereas VCM alone did not. The results of the reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses demonstrated that BN downregulated gene expression of intercellular adhesion (ica) A and upregulated icaR and the quorum-sensing (QS) system regulator accessory gene regulator A. In summary, BN inhibited S. aureus biofilm formation and destroyed biofilms, while simultaneously increasing permeability to VCM. BN was able to reduce production of the extracellular polymeric matrix and inhibited the QS system. These results support the use of BN as a novel drug and treatment strategy for S. aureus biofilm-associated infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sapium sebiferum (L.) Roxb. is an important woody oil tree and traditional herbal medicine in China. Stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase (SAD) is a dehydrogenase enzyme that plays a key role in the transformation of saturated fatty acids into unsaturated fatty acids in oil; these fatty acids greatly influence the freezing tolerance of plants. However, it remains unclear whether freezing tolerance can be regulated by the expression level of SsSAD in S . sebiferum L. Our research indicated that SsSAD expression in S . sebiferum L. increased under freezing stress. To further confirm this result, we constructed a pEGAD - SsSAD vector and transformed it into B . napus L. W10 by Agrobacterium tumefaciens- mediated transformation. Transgenic plants that overexpressed the SsSAD gene exhibited significantly higher linoleic (18:2) and linolenic acid (18:3) content and advanced freezing tolerance. These results suggest that SsSAD overexpression in B . napus L. can increase the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as linoleic (18:2) and linolenic acid (18:3), which are likely pivotal in improving freezing tolerance in B . napus L. plants. Thus, SsSAD overexpression could be useful in the production of freeze-tolerant varieties of B . napus L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate the 23 autosomal short tandem repeat (STR) loci included in GoldenEye™ 25 A kit using forensic human identification and paternity testing. Subjects and methods: In total, 3751 unrelated individuals from the Southern Chinese Han population were genotyped with the 5-dye GoldenEye™ 25 A multiplex amplification system. PCR products were separated using arrayed capillary electrophoresis. Allele frequencies and forensic parameters for the 23 autosomal STR loci were statistically analysed. Results: A total of 344 alleles were observed, with corresponding allelic frequencies ranging from 0.0001-0.5519 for the 23 STR loci. No significant deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and linkage disequilibrium was observed. The combined power of discrimination (CPD) was 1-1.6290 × 10−28 and the combined power of exclusion (CPE) was 0.999 999 999 89 and 0.999 999 286 93 for trio and duo cases, respectively. From 3865 meioses, 87 mutation events were discovered. The mutation rate varied from 0-0.00285 for each locus. One-step mutation accounted for 94.25% of total mutations. The ratio of paternal vs maternal mutation was 3.76:1.13 kinds of n/(n + 1) heterozygote genotypes were observed. Conclusions: The results show that 23 STR loci of GoldenEye™ 25 A kit are highly polymorphic in the Southern Chinese Han population, indicating the kit is suitable for forensic application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sapium sebiferum (L.) Roxb [ S. sebiferum L.] is not only one of the most important economic woody oil trees, but is also a significant traditional herbal medicine in China. The CONSTANS ( CO ) gene is a key regulator of the long day-dependent flowering pathway in Arabidopsis and other plants. To gain insight into the role of CO in woody oil trees, SsCO from S. sebiferum L. was isolated and characterized in this study. The corresponding SsCO protein, with 340 amino acid residues, included two putative zinc finger motifs B-Box1 and B-Box2 in the N-terminal region and a conserved CCT domain in the C-terminal region. SsCO expression was high in flowers and exhibited distinct circadian regulation. In addition, SsCO had a transcriptional activation effect in yeast strains. Moreover, heterologous expression of SsCO complemented the late-flowering phenotype of the Arabidopsis CO mutant co-1 . These results indicate that SsCO is a transcription factor and may regulate the photoperiodic flowering time and SsCO is regulated by circadian rhythms in Sapium sebiferum L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reduce the growing menace of oil pollution on the environment and health by sorption, much attention has been paid to the production of high performance materials with modified surfaces. In this study, the sorption of crude oil, often spilled on water, was achieved using corn stalk treated with different modifiers. Corn stalk was chemically modified with alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHCS) and compared with corn stalk enzymatically modified with cellulase R10 (RCCS) and AC (ACCS) to improve the oil sorption capacity. All sorbents were fully characterized by FT-IR, XRD, BET and SEM, and the effects of different experimental factors, such as sorbent dosage, initial oil amount, and sorption time, on the sorption capacity were studied. All modified corn stalks showed a high and rapid oil sorption, and ACCS had the highest sorption capacity, which indicated that enzymatic modification exhibited better performance than chemical modification. The monolayer chemisorption of oil was predominant for all sorbents, and the Langmuir maximum sorption capacity was close to the experimental value, which was in the order of ACCS > RCCS > AHCS (27.03, 20.08 and 16.16 g/g, respectively). These results demonstrated that corn stalk modified by both cellulase and alkaline hydrogen peroxide could be considered to be an efficient and “green” material to remediate oil spills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is a large developing and transitional economy with substantial regional gaps and high trade openness. However, to our knowledge, the existing studies do not capture the regional impacts of climate policies promoting non-fossil fuels in China. To fill this gap, this study develops a new multi-country multi-region computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, with detailed energy disaggregation. It compares the regional effects of alternative climate policies and discusses how to improve the performance. The main findings are as follows. Firstly, climate policies promoting low-carbon energy are not neutral, since different regions, sectors or countries are affected disproportionally. In this regard, this study provides detailed information about regional variations and effects, which is quite useful and important for policy makers in local governments. Secondly, there are sharp differences in effects between energy subsidy and carbon tax. These two policies produce differentiated effects on renewable energy, outputs, fiscal spending and cross-border externalities. Finally, goal settings are important for designing effective climate policies. There are considerable differences between absolute-emission-reduction goals and intensity-based emission goals. Looking ahead, the Chinese government should develop well-designed policy mix to promote non-fossil fuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integrated energy system (IES) can improve energy efficiency and promote the use of renewable energy. It is of great significance to find the optimal alternative from many IES alternatives. However, most studies focused on the IES evaluation with complete information. Given this background, this paper proposes an evaluation method based on generalized regression neural network (GRNN) and probabilistic neural network (PNN) to address the issue of IES evaluation with incomplete information, which takes the running speed of the algorithm and the dynamic updating of the indexes into account. Firstly, the missing data is predicted via GRNN, and a complete evaluation matrix is obtained. Then, the evaluation indexes are clustered by affinity propagation algorithm, and the evaluation matrix of the cluster centers is determined, which can reduce the dimension of the initial matrix and improve the speed of the IES evaluation method. For the newly added evaluation indexes, the PNN is used to classify them, and the new cluster center is calculated, which can address the issue of the indexes updating. Based on the data of a hospital in Henan, case studies were carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. The results show that the proposed method performs better than the existing IES evaluation method. • GRNN is used to address the IES evaluation problem with incomplete information. • The accuracy of GRNN is verified by comparing with common prediction methods. • It is the first work to deal with the issue of indexes updating in IES evaluation. • Compared with the existing evaluation method, the proposed method performs better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]