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Objective:To determine the effects of dietary supplements containing bovine serum concentrate (BSC, a source of immunoglobulins) and/or multiple micronutrients (MMN) on children's growth velocity, rates of common infections, and MN status.Design:Randomized, controlled, community-based intervention trial.Setting:Low-income, peri-urban Guatemalan community.Subjects:Children aged 6–7 months initially.Interventions:Children received one of four maize-based dietary supplements daily for 8 months, containing: (1) BSC, (2) whey protein concentrate (WPC, control group), (3) WPC+MMN, or (4) BSC+MMN.Results:There were no significant differences in growth or rates of morbidity by treatment group. Children who received MMN had lower rates of anemia and (in the group that received WPC+MMN) less of a decline in serum ferritin than those who did not, but there were no differences in other biochemical indicators of MN status by treatment group.Conclusions:MMN supplementation reduced anemia and iron deficiency in this population, but the MMN content and source of protein in the supplements did not affect other indicators of MN status, growth or morbidity.Sponsorship:Funding was provided by LG Laboratories (Ames, Iowa), which produces the bovine serum concentrate used in this study. The members of the research team have no financial involvement in this company.European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2008) 62, 39–50; doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602682; published online 14 February 2007 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Duration of postpartum amenorrhoea (PPA) was compared among women who breast-fed for > or = 6 months (breast-feeding group) or < or = 3 months (formula-feeding group) and was found to be significantly shorter among the latter. Associations between maternal factors and duration of PPA were examined. Within the formula-feeding group, the only variable associated with duration of PPA was duration of breast-feeding. Among breast-feeding mothers who resumed menstruation after 3 months postpartum, duration of PPA was positively associated with parity and negatively associated with maternal body mass index (BMI) at 3 months postpartum. Among breast-feeding mothers who resumed menstruation after 6 months, duration of PPA was positively associated with parity, pregnancy weight gain, number of night feeds and milk volume at 6 months, and negatively associated with maternal age and BMI at 6 months postpartum. These results indicate that maternal anthropometric status is related to duration of PPA, even in a relatively well-nourished population of lactating women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although individuals with poor food security might be expected to have reduced food intake, and thus reduced body fat and less likelihood of being overweight, these associations have not been adequately studied. The purpose of the current study was to examine the relationship between food insecurity and overweight as measured by body mass index (BMI) using data from the nationally representative 1994-1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII). Overweight was defined as BMI >27.3 kg/m(2) for women and 27.8 kg/m(2) for men. Food insecurity was related to overweight status for women (n = 4509, P < 0.0001), but not for men (n = 4970, P = 0.44). Excluding the 11 severely insecure women, the prevalence of overweight among women increased as food insecurity increased, from 34% for those who were food secure (n = 3447), to 41% for those who were mildly food insecure (n = 966) and to 52% for those who were moderately food insecure (n = 86). Food insecurity remained a significant predictor of overweight status, after adjustment for potentially confounding demographic and lifestyle variables (P < 0.01). In a logistic regression analysis, mildly insecure women were 30% more likely to be overweight than those who were food secure [odds ratio (OR) 1.3, P = 0.005]. Thus, food insecurity had an unexpected and paradoxical association with overweight status among women with a higher prevalence of overweight among the food insecure, and a resulting potential for increased incidence of obesity-related chronic diseases. Given that the rates of both overweight and food insecurity are on the rise, this research area warrants further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee is widely consumed by children in Guatemala. To evaluate whether coffee has an adverse effect on growth or morbidity, 160 children 12-24 mo of age who had received coffee for > or = 2 mo and had at least one indicator of iron deficiency were stratified by initial hemoglobin (Hb) (A = anemic vs. NA = "nonanemic", i.e., Hb > or = 105 g/L) and randomly assigned to a control (C = continuation of coffee) or intervention group (S = provided with a substitute consisting of sugar and coloring) for 5 mo. Anemic children were provided iron supplements for 2-3 mo. Hematological and anthropometric measurements were made before and after the intervention, and dietary and morbidity data were collected every 2 wk. A total of 139 children completed the intervention: 45 C-NA, 56 S-NA, 19 C-A and 19 S-A. Compliance with the intervention was good: median coffee intake was 127 mL/d in group C vs. 3 mL/d in group S (P = 0.0001). There were no significant differences between C vs. S groups in food intake before or after the intervention. In the total sample, there was no effect of the intervention on weight or length gain. However, in children initially consuming more than 100 mL/d of coffee (n = 96), length gain was 22% greater in the S vs. the C group (P = 0.07), and weight gain was 46% greater in the S-A vs. the C-A group (P < 0.05; NS in the NA groups). Total illness prevalence (particularly respiratory illness) was significantly lower in the S-NA vs. the C-NA group (P < 0.05), but somewhat higher in the S-A vs. the C-A group (P = 0.09). Morbidity differences did not explain the effect of the intervention on growth. These results indicate a modest increase in growth associated with discontinuation of coffee consumption by toddlers with initial intakes >100 mL/d. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]