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Solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) films based on poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF–HFP) with salt and ionic‐liquid (IL) are synthesized using the solution‐cast technique and summarized in this review. Doping ILs or salts increases ionic conductivity up to the device level. This is further confirmed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. Polarized optical microscopy (POM) affirms that enhancement in ionic conductivity is due to increase in amorphous nature of film. The complex nature of polymer electrolyte films is confirmed using Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy. Overall results show that doping IL into polyether matrix is advantageous material playing a dominant role in electrochemical devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is the most relevant discussion point in today's scenario. The research paper explains and analysis the relationship between crime and air pollution. It is important to understand that there is a remarkable increase in crimes in the recent past globally and the same can be correlated to air pollution. Studies suggest that air pollution contributed to the increased crime rate. Recent studies in this context have suggested that air pollution can be directly related to aggressive behavior and which in turn leads to an increase in the crime rate. The paper focuses on harm mitigation rather than retribution when dealing with environmental offences. Awareness of the application of restorative processes in cases of environmental harm is ambiguous and, indeed, exculpatory in nature in present scenario. It is generally accepted that environmental crimes are among some of the most lucrative types of transnational illegal activity. In 2016, their monetary worth is calculated at between US$ 91 and 259 billion annually, most likely the world's fourth largest criminal sector after narcotics, counterfeits, and trade in human beings. In this area, there is indeed a detailed list of violations, i.e., wildlife crimes, illicit mining are few to mention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the importance of materials throughout human history and their role in economic progress and social well-being. It emphasizes the application of materials in the form of devices and the ongoing research on advanced and functional materials to enhance existing technologies. The article highlights the challenges faced by researchers in synthesizing, analyzing, and characterizing materials, and the need for collaboration among scientists, engineers, and individuals from industries. The article also provides an overview of the 3rd National Conference on Materials and Devices (NCMD), which aimed to connect young researchers with senior scientists and professors and facilitate discussions on materials and their device applications. The conference featured plenary and invited speakers, as well as research papers and poster presentations by young researchers. The article expresses gratitude to the organizers, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, and the journal "Macromolecular Symposia" for their support and publication of selected papers from the conference. [Extracted from the article]

A high‐conducting salt‐doped polymer electrolyte layer has been created here for use in photocell technologies. The solution casting method is used to produce ion conducting film where poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is used as the host polymer and potassium iodide (KI) as the dopant. The conductivity and amorphic increases of the polymer electrolytes with the addition of salt concentrations helps in the enhancement of the charge transfer properties. Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), ionic conductivity is evaluated where maximum conductivity is 3.99 × 10−6 S cm‐1 at 20 wt% KI concentration. Polarized optical microscopy (POM) shows the reduction in crystallinity by salt doping, while Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) shows the complexation as well as composite nature of the film. Ionic transference number (tion) measurement shows the predominantly ionic nature of this polymer electrolyte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Future demands for energy shortages have prompted a lot of effort to be put into finding alternatives. The use of renewable energies as a revolutionary energy source has gained acceptance. Due to their high flexibility and the interaction between the electrode and the electrolyte, solid polymer electrolytes are employed as a favorable electrolyte for application of electrochemical devices to storage renewable energy. As these are easy in synthesis, have much lower mass density, shows high mechanical stability, also have low binding energy with salts, and high mobility of charge carriers, polyethylene Oxide (PEO) based electrolyte has attracted a lot of interest. Configuration rectification combining PEO with ionic liquids has been introduced to enhance the low ionic conductivity and poor thermodynamic stability of the PEO materials in high‐voltage devices at ambient temperature. This configuration modification can successfully validate the applications of PEO polymer electrolyte with large electro‐stable voltage ranges. Solution casting method has been used for the synthesis of polymer electrolyte. The essential physical characteristics of PEO in polymer matrices work as a polymer host in SPEs has been described in this review paper, along with several modifications to overcome these limitations. It has been seen that the addition of ionic liquid increases the all over conductivity of the solid polymer electrolyte in most cases also improves the electrical stability of the electrolyte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To develop a new technology, the tailoring of materials becomes the need for the scientists and researchers. With recent innovative technologies, the scientists and young researchers are playing with materials and tailoring their properties as per need. The application of materials in the form of devices always attracts the man kind for their economic progress and social well-being in any country and indeed the world as a whole. [Extracted from the article]

In this communication, PSpice simulation software is used to design and characterize reverse biasing modes in series and parallel combinations. Using multiple diodes of similar types, how the breakdown voltage and power dissipation vary in parallel and series modes in reverse bias is investigated. In this paper, correlation equations and correlation factors between voltage and current in both series and parallel combinations using n = 1‐5 diodes in reverse bias are also found. The second‐order correlation equation between voltage and current provides a new way for designing new networks of PN junction diodes for better power gain. The mathematical formulation for applied voltage and average current of n = 1‐10 diodes in parallel and series combinations is also calculated, which can help researchers to design new network circuits for switching devices in the electronics industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles are the ride of the future and efficiency in energy storage of lithium‐ion batteries turns out to be a fresh challenge when it comes to the supply chain. Unlike liquid fuel, lithium‐ion batteries are more critical when it comes to distribution into the market due to their availability in the market. Lithium storage around the world is quite limited and a solution toward its extraction, storage, and transportation is still a challenge. Several molecular science studies on lithium‐ion batteries have shown that the efficiency of lithium‐ion batteries during storage and transformation is impacted due to their cell design and structuring under physicochemical characteristics. Another problem that arises with the growth in demand for lithium‐ion batteries is its waste management and recycling procedure and how to harness the most out of the process. This paper tends to give an overview of how the supply chain for EV Lithium‐Ion batteries can be improved based on a few diagnostic and various experiment‐based studies. In this study, exploratory research based on qualitative data is conducted to better understand the various causes that impact the supply chain management of lithium‐ion batteries used in electric vehicles. This paper looks forward to better understanding the causes that act as a supply chain failure in terms of the availability, storage, and transportation of lithium‐ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study focuses on the numerous duties of "Academic Learning Centres" within the context of the Covid‐19 pandemic. The Novel Corona Virus pandemic has created new problems for all stakeholders inside the education system. Given the extrinsic obstacles of delivering services during a public health crisis, the unexpected emergence of the virus pushed libraries to migrate to digital platforms whenever possible and deliver acceptable remote services to users. The purpose of this study is to discover how technology became an impediment for India's best educational institutes during the Covid‐19 situation. The current article assists library professionals in improving their skill set in accordance with things and serving information as a responsible citizen of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study is examined that the present scenario of Information Communication Technology in the Engineering College Libraries of Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh. Recent technological developments have aided in the creation of a digital learning environment through the usage of libraries. Various ICT‐based enabling technologies that can be used to store and disseminate information The specialized function of ICT in Academic Libraries and Information Centres has become an absolute requirement. The research is carried out using a questionnaire survey of librarians and users restricted to engineering college libraries with ICT‐based resources and services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution is a big danger to medium and low‐income countries like India. It is one of the most serious pollution issues and the main source of adverse health consequences in humans. It is discovered that it is responsible for nearly 4.2 million premature deaths each year due to particulate matter (PM) pollution, which causes cardiovascular, infectious, and carcinogenic diseases. According to various epidemiological analyses, NO2, i.e., nitrogen dioxide and RSPM, i.e., respirable suspended particulate matter have a comparatively higher association with respiratory problems and a modest correlation with cough and asthma, indicating that NO2 and RSPM are of significant concern. The key cause of air pollution is an exponential increase of licensed cars, which causes traffic congestion, the proliferation of older vehicles, inadequate inspection and repair, the absence of public transit and carpooling, poor fuel quality, insufficient traffic enforcement, poor road conditions, a lack of public knowledge, and the inefficiency of pollution control boards. In 2020, based on the recommendations of the 15th Finance Commission, the Government of India has set aside about $1.7 billion to fight air pollution over the next 5 years for the 42 Indian cities that have million‐plus populations—provided they reduce their air pollution levels by 15% every year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary goal of this study is to synthesize a high‐conducting polymer electrolyte film. The PVDF‐HFP and NaSCN film are prepared which showed the highest conductivity at 30 wt% dopant of NaSCN in the Polymer PVDF‐HFP which is 1.24× 10−4 S cm−1. Therefore, here the base polymer is taken as PVDF‐HFP and NaSCN (30 wt%) and further Acetylene Black is added to check the variation in the conductivity of the polymer film. Solution casting technique is used to create solid polymer electrolyte films using poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF‐HFP) with salt sodium thiocyanate and Acetylene Black. Polarized optical microscopy (POM) is used to evaluate the morphology of the polymer film surface. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to check the presence of functional group is used, impedance spectroscopy is used for the measurement of the conductivity of the sample, linear sweep voltammetry for finding electrical stability window, and transference number measurements for concentration of charge carriers are done for the electrical studies of polymeric films. The 1 wt% Acetylene Black doped polymer electrolyte film is found to have the maximum ionic conductivity, which is 1.95 × 10−3 S cm−1. The solid polymer electrolyte film has an electrochemical stability window (ESW) of 4.8 V and tion value of 0.83. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential applications of carbon black are expected to grow as science and technology improve offering up new possibilities for innovation throughout disciplines included in the field of energy storage. The present work shows the influence of carbon black to improve the ionic conductivity of the polymer electrolyte. The synthesis of polyethylene oxide: ammonium iodide based polymer electrolyte incorporated with carbon black varying from 0.01 to 0.06 wt% with respect to PEO: NH4I system by solution casting method. Different characterizations like polarized optical microscopy (POM), impedance spectroscopy, and ionic transference number (tion) are studied in detail. The maximum ionic conductivity is achieved at 0.05 wt% carbon black shows 1.20 × 10−5 S cm−1 at ambient temperature. In accordance with POM data, the amorphous region has increased whereas the crystalline region has shrunk which further indicated the increase in ionic conductivity. The value of (tion) is calculated to be 0.97 which shows the system is ionic in nature. PEO based polymer electrolyte doped carbon black can be used for the fabrication of energy storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corrosion is the irreversible, interfacial reaction of metals in the presence of an electrochemical environment which ultimately results in the deterioration of metals. Corrosion of reinforcement is the major problem in the reinforced concrete (RC) structure. Corrosion of reinforcement is a slow process because of the protective layer of concrete. Even in a severely corrosive environment corrosion process takes time to be initiated and propagated. Since to carry out research work, some techniques are required to accelerate the corrosion process in the shortest period. To overcome this problem, in the past, many researchers use a different method to accelerate the corrosion of steel in concrete. In this paper, a review is presented of various techniques used for accelerated corrosion testing. The suitability of reviewed methods on corrosion acceleration for several research works is presented. After that few case studies review to make use of various predicted empirical models and an experimental technique for predicting corrosion rate and the assessment of the remaining life of the structure. And finally, the paper is concluded by comparing the natural method of corrosion and the accelerated method of corrosion and the future scope of accelerated corrosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial waste locks are used as raw materials to reduce harmful effects on the environment and improve environmental performance. Marble clay powder can be used as a filling aid and can fill voids in concrete structures. This article will show you how to use a maximum natural sand alternative in concrete with marble powder and quarry dust. The challenge of the 21st century is to change to a new form that can support the natural system. This necessitates a radical rethinking of how to give the community infrastructure and housing. Making a concerted effort to develop novel, innovative, and alternative construction materials may be necessary. Jungles of concrete around cause's impact on the Environment and it would result in climate change. Mankind must avoid the use of things that are detrimental to the environment. So in this paper, it is decided to address the issue by adopting the use of the green concrete concept which is environmentally friendly. Green concrete is concrete made up using industrial wastes such as marble powder, quarry dust, wood ash, paper pulp, etc. Green concrete, which is capable of sustainable development, helps to reduce the consumption of natural resources, energy use, and environmental pollution. Green concrete is more cost‐effective than ordinary concrete and reduces the cost of resultant concrete by 14%–20%. It is also observed that the alkali‐aggregate reaction and sulfate attack resistance of concrete are both significantly improved. Green concrete is a useful tool for lowering environmental pollution and enhancing concrete's resistance to harsh conditions. All stages of infrastructure construction and rehabilitation will follow this trend of using new cement and techniques. Green concrete's adaptability and its performance derivatives will meet a variety of future needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in the construction industry is inevitable. The huge production of OPC and its use in infrastructural development pose an environmental impact. Greenhouse gas emitted increases the global temperature and it is an alarming sign to everybody on the planet. Concrete is the most consuming material which is produced by using OPC and it is proven that OPC contributes a lot to CO2 emission. Hence in this study attempt is made to produce concrete by using environment‐friendly material like fly ash along with alkaline activators, which is termed Geo polymer concrete. The by‐product fly ash is widely available worldwide. It is a by‐product of thermal power plants. The use of fly ash in concrete produces less expensive and more cost‐effective concrete than concrete made up using OPC. Due to its high silicate and alumina content, fly ash reacts with an alkaline solution to create an aluminosilicate gel that binds the aggregate and results in high‐quality concrete. Fly ash is finer than cement, it occupies the pores of cement after hydration. This would result in denser concrete which gives higher strength. In comparison to ordinary concrete, fly ash‐based geopolymer concrete offers better resistance to aggressive environments and high temperatures. In the present study, an alkaline activator of molarity 8 is used to prepare geopolymer concrete. The test specimens are cast and cured for 28 days. Test results indicate that an alkaline liquid fly‐ash ratio (0.4) produces higher mechanical properties. Hence, geopolymer concrete produced in this study is found to be cost‐effective and environment friendly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The RC‐coupled small‐signal amplifier is a widely used circuit that serves as a basic building block in electronic circuits. The study of amplifier circuits with various component modifications may yield important results that can be utilized to improve circuit designs based on application needs. Using the Pspice 9.5.2 simulation tool, a study of a BJT‐based CE amplifier is carried out to determine the dependence of frequency response, bandwidth, maximum voltage gain, power dissipation, input impedance, and other parameters while using a network of BJTs coupled in parallel and in series from Q1 to Qn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PVDF/PSSA/PVP blend membrane in the blend ratio of 60/15/25 and 50/30/20 are prepared by solution cast technique. The actuating performance of PVSD/PSSA/PVP 60/15/25 and water uptake (WUP) of blend membrane is found to be higher than blend ratio of 50/30/20. PVDF/PSSA/PVP 60/15/25 characterized by different techniques such as XRD, SEM, FTIR, and electrical conductivity is determined at different frequencies. Ionic–polymer composite (IPC) actuator displays continuously large actuation displacement without back relaxation and with large blocking force at direct current (DC) voltage (1–30 V). In this membrane, PSSA is the polyelectrolyte, PVP is the hydrophilic basic polymer, and PVDF is the hydrophobic polymer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer electrolytes are studied worldwide for their possible applications in various electrochemical devices. In the last few decades, a large number of polymer electrolytes have been developed and characterized. However, in most cases, the effect of humidity has been ignored. In this paper, we report a systematic study on a polymer electrolyte's electrical and dielectric properties at different humidity. The chosen system is a Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) based polymer electrolyte in which potassium iodide (KI) with differing weight percentage is selected as the dopant salt for the synthesis of PVA‐KI films. Four different compositions of PVA‐KI films are synthesized using the solution cast technique. Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique is used to determine its conductivity at three different humidity levels: 55%, 75%, and 85%. Analysis of dielectric permittivity and electrical modulus of the films is also done at these humidity levels. The highest conductivity for all the four different compositions of films is found to be at 85% humidity level, of which the optimum ionic conductivity is seen in the 75:25 composition of PVA:KI with a value of 1.25×10−4 S cm−1.The number of charge carriers and their mobility are calculated for all samples at different humidity levels. A correlation has been established between the conductivity of the films and the mobility of charge carriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a denoising technique is proposed based on a nonlinear anisotropic diffusion model with two diffusivities parameters, i.e., Charbonnier and total variation. These diffusivities are dependent on the diffusivity function for balancing. Furthermore, proof of the existence and uniqueness theorem of the model are presented. The convergent iterative scheme is proposed for the diffusion model. To discretize the diffusion model, the finite difference method with forward‐backward diffusivities is used. The numerical results are given in terms of peak signal‐to‐noise ratio (PSNR) as a metric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unplanned urbanization, industrial enhancement, and tremendous increase in motor vehicle traffic lead to exponential rise in pollution. Air pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM 2.5 and PM 10), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), ozone (O3), and heavy metals are found at a high concentration in the atmosphere. Particulate matter with 10 µm or less in diameter (PM10) is known to have adverse effects on human health and the environment. Particle pollution is known to have many environmental effects from poor visibility to more serious consequences such as acid rain, which pollutes soil and water. Heavy metal determination in ambient air is an important area for environmental researchers because of their toxicity to human beings. Some heavy metals (hexavalent chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni)) have been listed as carcinogens. Furthermore, heavy metals in the atmosphere can accumulate in various plants and animals and enter humans through the food chain. Heavy metals have toxic effects when they are involved in biochemical reactions in living organisms. The Government of India has proposed National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)—a powerful step in acknowledging and resolving the problem of deteriorating ambient air quality. This study reports the major sources of particulate matter and heavy metals in the atmosphere, their effects and control for sustainable environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air contamination is one of the ecological concerns of developing countries including India, where most people are experiencing poor air quality. Most of the metropolis cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, and Chennai of India are being suffered from the tremendously high concentration of air contaminants. Acquaintance to air impairment is a principal aspect for both long‐ and short‐term effects on human health and is also a major environmental degradation factor. Its origin is causing health‐related problems. The national and state governments have recognized the various adverse effect of air pollution. So, it is important to address this problem among the various individuals. Moreover, continued efforts, likely the implementation of various standards, highlight the requirement to raise public consciousness about the worth of the air they inhale. A shift to non‐conventional sources of energy is a part of the plan to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. Different ministries and department should draw a long‐term integrated and comprehensive plan to address air pollution problem and ensure that citizens breathe clean air. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ionic liquid‐doped poly(vinylpyrrolidone), ammonium iodide (NH4I) ion conducting polymer electrolytes are prepared by solution cast technique. Ionic liquid (IL), 1‐hexyl‐3‐methylimidazolium (HMImI) is then added to increase the ionic conductivity of polymer electrolytes by reducing the crystallinity of polymer electrolyte. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirms the complex formation as well as composite nature. Polarized optical microscopy affirms the reduction of crystallinity in polymer electrolyte by IL doping. Electrochemical double layer capacitors are then assembled using maximum conducting polymer electrolyte and porous carbon‐based electrodes which shows excellent specific capacitance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]