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The Louvre Museum recently placed online Mariette's notebooks from the mid 19th century which include information on the find-spots of stelae from the Lesser Vaults of the Memphis Serapeum, the underground tomb complex of the Apis bulls at Saqqara. Some of these stelae name the reigning pharaoh and/or give dates for the bulls. The tombs had been ransacked but it seems that enough stelae remained close to their original positions to help determine the approximate location of each bull burial, a subject which has long been debated. Analysis of Mariette's documents suggests a greater overlap between Dynasties 22 and 25 than is generally accepted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the activities of two major British mining companies, Consolidated Gold Fields and Rio Tinto, in Australia from the 1950s to the 1990s. Both companies faced challenges as foreign companies operating in Australia and made changes to their corporate structures. Consolidated Gold Fields acquired shareholdings in other mining companies, while Rio Tinto expanded through mergers and acquisitions. The article discusses the growth and evolution of these companies and the factors that contributed to their differences. It also mentions the merger of RGC and Westralian Sands, as well as RGC's holding in Goldfields Limited, which eventually became owned by Barrick Gold. [Extracted from the article]

This article provides a biographical account of William Sydney (W.S.) Robinson, a prominent figure in the Australian mining industry. Robinson played a key role in the establishment and development of various mining companies, including Zinc Corporation and New Broken Hill Consolidated. He also contributed to the development of an aluminum industry in Australia and played a significant role in international business and government relations during the war years. Despite facing health challenges, Robinson was highly respected for his knowledge, friendliness, and commitment to worker welfare. His legacy can be seen in the lasting impact he had on the industry. The document contains a compilation of sources used for research purposes, including biographical details, speeches, letters, and other references. [Extracted from the article]

The timing and duration of dormancy can be influenced by many environmental cues, such as changes in light and temperature. This study examined the early termination of dormancy in the absence of any major changes in environmental cues. We examined maternal influence on the early termination of dormancy in Daphnia pulex, as well as the effects of early termination of dormancy on life-history traits. In a mesocosm experiment, we found that a substantial proportion of individuals emerged early, prior to experiencing a cold shock, with no significant change in environmental conditions from the maternal environment. We found that siblings from the same ephippium were more likely to emerge at the same time, even after dissection and separation, suggestive of a maternal effect. Additionally, we found that the time to first reproduction was significantly delayed in individuals that emerged early, and that early hatchers also produced fewer dormant embryos in subsequent asexual generations. We suggest that early dormancy termination may be an adaptive strategy influenced by maternal effects to generate variation in developmental timing when the length and harshness of the unfavorable season is unpredictable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a comprehensive overview of the establishment and activities of two major British mining companies, Rio Tinto and Consolidated Gold Fields, in Australia during the 1950s and 1960s. It discusses their investment programs, exploration efforts, and acquisition activities in various mineral deposits. The article also highlights the development of the Mary Kathleen uranium deposit by Rio Tinto and its subsequent search for new sources of income after the contract with the UKAEA was not renewed. It further explores Rio Tinto's diversification efforts and its challenges in negotiating with the Western Australian government for iron ore deposits. The article concludes by mentioning the merger between Rio Tinto and Consolidated Zinc and the discovery of a large hematite deposit, setting the stage for a major mining development. Researchers interested in the history of mining in Australia will find this article valuable for their studies. [Extracted from the article]

The disruption of chromatin-regulating genes is associated with many neurocognitive syndromes. While most of these genes are ubiquitously expressed across various celltypes, many chromatin regulators act upon activity regulated genes (ARGs) that play central roles in synaptic development and plasticity. Recent literature suggests a link between ARG expression disruption in neurons with the human phenotypes observed in various neurocognitive syndromes. Advances in chromatin biology have demonstrated how chromatin structure, from nucleosome occupancy to higher-order structures such as topologically associated domains, impacts the kinetics of transcription. This review discusses the dynamics of these various levels of chromatin structure and their influence on the expression of ARGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RAS variant–related functional impact on the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, and correlation between MAPK activation and MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitor responsiveness, is not established. Of 1,693 tumours sequenced, 576 harboured a RAS alteration; 62 patients received an MEK inhibitor (MEKi) and had RAS mutations that were functionally characterised. We report that RAS mutants have variable levels of MAPK activity, as measured by a functional cell-based assay that quantified MAPK pathway activation after transfection with a variety of RAS mutations. Patients with tumours harbouring RAS alterations with high versus low MAPK activity who were treated with an MEKi showed significantly longer median progression-free survival (PFS) (5.0 vs. 2.3 months; p = 0.0034) and overall survival (20.0 vs. 5.0 months; p = 0.0146) and a trend towards higher rates of clinical benefit (stable disease ≥6 months or partial/complete remission) (38% versus 15%; p = 0.095) (p-values as per univariate analysis). PFS remained statistically significant after the multivariate analysis (p = 0.003). These results support a correlation between RAS -mutant cancers with greater MAPK signalling and PFS after MEKi treatment. • Various RAS mutations and impact of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitor is not well established. • RAS mutants have variable levels of MAPK activity as assessed by a functional assay. • High MAPK activity demonstrated longer progression-free survival with MEK inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Scottish Children's Hearings System makes life-changing decisions regarding the care and protection of children up to 18 years of age referred due to a need for support – because of offending behaviour or a risk to their physical or emotional safety. In March 2020, due to the COVID-19 crisis, Hearings underwent one of the most significant changes since their inception: proceedings shifted to an online conferencing platform ("virtual hearings"), and some procedural modifications were introduced. In June 2020, we used an online survey to gather more than 270 responses from professionals, volunteers, young people, and families who had experience of virtual hearings. These responses highlight that while there are reasonable justifications for the use of virtual hearings, including the duty to ensure orders are appropriately reviewed and renewed, concerns related to children and young people's right to participation, privacy and representation bring into question the extent to which children's rights are realised in virtual Children's Hearings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

David Curtis was a pioneer in the identification of excitatory and inhibitory transmitters released at synapses in the central nervous system. He made major contributions to the identification of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) and glycine as inhibitory transmitters released at inhibitory synapses. His work laid the foundation for the subsequent acceptance that L-glutamate was the major excitatory transmitter. David's scientific work led to him receiving many accolades and honours, including Fellowships of the Australian Academy of Sciences, the Royal Society and a Companion of the Order of Australia. This memoir is the story of the life and research of David Curtis. He helped identify some of the major neurotransmitters that are released at synapses in the central nervous system. It is also an historical account of the development of neuroscience research in Australia, in which David Curtis played a major role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article, the author discusses the Russian writers he has known. Also cited are the opinion of author E. M. Forster on the novel as presented in his 1927 book "Aspects of the Novel," the components of a great novel including plot, pattern, fantasy, and prophecy, the analysis of Richard Peace of the book "The Idiot" that focus on the religious topics of Orthodoxy and Catholicism, and some Russian writers like Evgenii Popov, Nikolai Nekrasov, and Dmitrii Grigorovich.

This article explores the challenges and benefits of increased legal representation in child welfare hearings, with reference to the Scottish Children's Hearings System. We look at the role and impact of adversarial behaviours within legal environments intended to follow an informal, collaborative approach. We analyse the views of 66 individuals involved in the Hearings System, including reporters, social workers, panel members and lawyers, collected through four focus groups and 12 interviews held in 2015. We place this analysis in the context of previous research. Our findings identify concern about adversarialism, inter-professional tensions and various challenges associated with burgeoning legal representation. Difficulties stem from disparate professional values and perceived threats to the ethos of hearings. We conclude it is difficult, but possible, to incorporate an adversarial element into such forums. Doing so may help to protect rights and potentially improve decision-making for children and families. The article concludes by considering implications for the practice of lawyers and others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

John A. Agnew (1872-1939) and his son Rudolph (Dolph) J. Agnew (1896- 1960) were both mining engineers and held senior positions within the British miningfinance house founded by Cecil Rhodes and Charles Rudd - The Consolidated Gold Fields of South Africa. They worked for periods in Western Australia and made a major contribution to the development and operation of various gold mining interests from the mid-1920s, as well as broader investments in the mining industry in Australia and New Guinea. Their activities were a precursor to the formation in 1960 by Consolidated Gold Fields of a major company in the Australian mining sector, Consolidated Gold Fields Australia, which later became Renison Goldfields Consolidated. These entities developed interests in a range of Australian companies including The Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Company, Renison, Associated Minerals Consolidated and Mount Goldsworthy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is estimated that more than $150 billion is wagered on sporting events each year in the United States. Of this, only an estimated $4.5 billion is wagered legally. Why is that? Because of a federal statute ("PASPA") prohibiting state sponsored sports betting, people had to resort to offshore sports gambling websites and illegal bookies. This all changed in May 2018, when the Supreme Court declared PASPA unconstitutional, effectively lifting the ban on sports betting nationwide. With states now capable of enacting their own sports gambling schemes and regulations, Ohio is in a prime position to capitalize. I advocate for a reform of Ohio's contradictory gambling laws and argue for a more common sense and advantageous system. Through swift and comprehensive decision-making, the Ohio General Assembly can enact regulation for modern sports betting and overhaul Ohio's outdated and inconsistent gambling laws. By implementing regulations that utilize Ohio's current infrastructure and examining jurisdictions with successful sports gambling in place, Ohio can be a leading innovator in sports betting regulation throughout the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The brain has long been known to display the most complex pattern of alternative splicing, thereby producing diverse protein isoforms compared to other tissues. Recent evidence indicates that many alternative exons are neuron-specific, evolutionarily conserved, and found in regulators of transcription including DNA-binding protein and histone modifying enzymes. This raises a possibility that neurons adopt unique mechanisms of transcription. Given that transcriptional machineries are frequently mutated in neurodevelopmental disorders with cognitive dysfunction, it is important to understand how neuron-specific alternative splicing contributes to proper transcriptional regulation in the brain. In this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding how neuron-specific splicing events alter the function of transcriptional regulators and shape unique gene expression patterns in the brain and the implications of neuronal splicing to the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time and again we have been told that poststructuralism is in crisis. Poststructuralism, we hear, is ontologically exhausted, epistemologically and normatively confused and politically irrelevant to the contemporary economic and institutional conditions that have already domesticated, assimilated and recuperated it. While there is clearly merit and provocation in such critiques, for us, they underestimate the extent to which poststructuralist concepts can be transformed and made relevant to concerns we may have in our current political conjuncture. In order to counter those who would simply dismiss and depoliticise poststructuralist thought as crisis-ridden or politically outmoded, we will suggest that poststructuralism is a drama that we can productively participate in, here and now. Furthermore, we think this poststructuralist drama should be played out in the rough and tumble of everyday political life. There is what we will call a 'politics of everyday life' to be found in the poststructuralist archive and the poststructuralist archive can be recast, revitalised and even transformed when placed into the light and life of the everyday. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the contrasting perspectives of academic prose versus grant writing, and lists strategies grant specialists can use to help researchers break old habits and replace them with techniques better suited to the world of competitive grant proposals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The find spots of eight scarabs of the Hyksos Pharaoh Sheshi from Tell el-Ajjul in southwest Palestine, excavated by Petrie, are re-examined in detail and found not to agree with the levels attributed to them by Aaron Kempinski in 1983. He argued that these scarabs related to the founding of City II, but some of them actually came from the earlier City III. This may have implications for the correct relationship between two transitions, that from Middle Bronze Age II to Late Bronze Age I in Palestine and that from Dynasty fifteen to eighteen in Egypt. An appendix considers scarabs of Pharaoh Apophis at Ajjul. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing legal empowerment is a key objective of governments and justice systems worldwide. Consequently, the impact of judicable events on legal empowerment is a question of some significance. Subjective legal empowerment (SLE) is a measure of legal empowerment based on individual perceptions. SLE is based on Bandura's theory of self-efficacy. In this study, a sample of over 500 respondents from a Dutch legal assistance clinic were asked about their prior experience of legal conflicts, and completed measures of SLE in relation to a range of legal domains. The results show that previous experience of legal problems results in lowered SLE ratings across a range of different domains, regardless of success/completion of these problems, and that experience within specific legal domains results in significantly lowered empowerment ratings for future problems of that nature. The implications for both the measurement methodology and for the future design of legal procedures are examined. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article presents data from over 3300 respondents from two transition countries: Kenya and Yemen. The data from each of these countries indicate that, in transition, individuals feel less empowerment regarding employment problems than they do regarding family and neighbour problems. It is suggested that this low empowerment in relation to employment problems is due to the inaccessibility of formal dispute resolution mechanisms, and the inability of informal mechanisms to overcome power imbalances. This indicates that, in accordance with recent thinking in the development agenda, there should be a stronger focus on addressing how individuals experience and use low-level dispute mechanisms, as well as top-down organisational change. Implications are discussed, and recommendations for future evaluation of the success of transitions are made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pilot measure of subjective legal empowerment (SLE) based on self-efficacy theory was implemented in two slum areas of Nairobi (Kibera and Kamukunji) to examine the structure of SLE measured, and the discrimination between measures. The measure examined five types of legal problem (domains) in these communities both globally and through investigation of seven tasks that might be needed to solve the problem. Principal component analysis indicates that both the five domains and the seven tasks are accessing different constructs. Respondents clearly distinguished between different problem domains, as well as between tasks both within and between domains. These results support the model of SLE and highlight the need for further investigation of the constructs underlying such SLE evaluations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legal empowerment is a central pillar of the law and development agenda and as such is the focus of many interventions. However, there are many challenges in relation to measurement for impact assessment and project appraisal. In particular the comparison of activities aimed at improving legal empowerment is difficult due to a lack of a measure that is applicable to different activities. This paper presents a model of subjective legal empowerment (SLE). SLE allows measurement of legal empowerment that is comparable across different groups, interventions and experience levels. A literature review and theoretical exploration look at the challenges to measurement of legal empowerment followed by an examination of the strengths and weaknesses of the SLE model. SLE is found to be a measure that can overcome many of the difficulties inherent in comparison to different legal empowerment interventions, with different groups, in different contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: A major challenge for metazoans is to ensure that different tissues, each expressing distinctive proteomes, are nevertheless well protected at an organismal level from proteotoxic stress. We show that expression of endogenous metastable proteins in muscle cells, which rely on chaperones for proper folding, induces a systemic stress response throughout multiple tissues of C. elegans. Suppression of misfolding in muscle cells can be achieved not only by enhanced expression of HSP90 in muscle cells but as effectively by elevated expression of HSP90 in intestine or neuronal cells. This cell-nonautonomous control of HSP90 expression relies upon transcriptional feedback between somatic tissues that is regulated by the FoxA transcription factor PHA-4. This transcellular chaperone signaling response maintains organismal proteostasis when challenged by a local tissue imbalance in folding and provides the basis for organismal stress-sensing surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Metal nanoparticle–antibody conjugates are often used as optical or electrochemical markers in applications like immunohistochemistry, lateral flow tests, biosensors and immunoassays. In order to serve that role, an antibody needs to be immobilized on the surface of the nanoparticle. This is easily done, as proteins bind to gold and silver nanoparticles spontaneously. However, this immobilization process might result in nanoparticle aggregation or the loss of the bioactivity of the conjugated antibodies. In this work the optimization of antibody immobilization on silver colloid in order to obtain conjugates with the best possible activity is investigated. The parameters investigated were the type of immobilization buffer, its molarity and pH, the nanoparticle/antibody ratio and also blocking and washing protocols to reduce non-specific binding. The functionality of the obtained conjugates was tested with electrochemical immunoassay. It was found out that the optimum environment for immobilization of an anti-myoglobin antibody on silver nanoparticles was 0.2M boric acid pH 6.5 with 10μg of antibody loading per 1mL of silver colloid. For an anti-troponin antibody it was 0.1M boric acid pH 7.5 also with 10μg/mL of antibody loading. The main problem for silver conjugation was the tendency of silver nanoparticles to aggregate during the immobilization process, but by choosing the optimum conditions the aggregation problem was completely removed. Here it is demonstrated that by using the conjugates prepared with an optimized protocol an increase in the sensitivity of the assay 10 times can be achieved. The electrochemical immunoassay described here can be used as a test for quality control of conjugates and for the estimation of batch-to-batch variability. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Single-cell RNA-seq has emerged as an innovative technology used to study complex tissues and characterize cell types, states, and lineages at a single-cell level. Classification of bulk tumors by their individual cellular constituents has also created new opportunities to generate single-cell atlases for many organs, cancers, and developmental models. Despite the tremendous promise of this technology, recent evidence studying epithelial tissues and diverse carcinomas suggests the methods used for tissue processing, cell disaggregation, and preservation can significantly bias gene expression and alter the observed cell types. To determine whether sarcomas – tumors of mesenchymal origin – are subject to the same technical artifacts, we profiled patient-derived tumor explants (PDXs) propagated from three aggressive subtypes: osteosarcoma (OS), Ewing sarcoma (ES), desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT). Given the rarity of these sarcoma subtypes, we explored whether single-nuclei RNA-seq from more widely available archival frozen specimens could accurately be identified by gene expression signatures linked to tissue phenotype or pathognomonic fusion proteins. Results: We systematically assessed dissociation methods across different sarcoma subtypes. We compared gene expression from single-cell and single-nucleus RNA-sequencing of 125,831 whole-cells and nuclei from ES, DSRCT, and OS PDXs. We detected warm dissociation artifacts in single-cell samples and gene length bias in single-nucleus samples. Classic sarcoma gene signatures were observed regardless of the dissociation method. In addition, we showed that dissociation method biases could be computationally corrected. Conclusions: We highlighted transcriptional biases, including warm dissociation and gene-length biases, introduced by the dissociation method for various sarcoma subtypes. This work is the first to characterize how the dissociation methods used for sc/snRNA-seq may affect the interpretation of the molecular features in sarcoma PDXs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Article critically explores the notion of legal empowerment and adds to the existing efforts to conceptualize and measure legal empowerment. Our thesis is that legal empowerment should be sought not in the process of providing legal solutions but in the subjective self-belief that a person possesses. This belief concerns an individual's perception of his ability to mobilize the necessary resources, competencies, and energies to solve particular problems of a legal nature. This model rejects the existence of an overall quantity of legal empowerment. People's beliefs in their abilities to solve legal problems differ by type of problem, distribution of power in important relationships, social support infrastructure, language, and many other factors. We propose a measurement framework in which the model of task-specific subjective legal empowerment is estimated through a probabilistic assessment of perceived capabilities to sort out problems from everyday life, which normally could be resolved with legal means. Validity of the tool is assessed through application to convenience samples of beneficiaries of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) providing legal aid to vulnerable people in Azerbaijan, Mali, Rwanda, Egypt, and Bangladesh. The results suggest that subjective legal empowerment is an observable and measurable psychological state. The major policy implication from this proposed model of subjective legal empowerment is that it could be used as a measurable benchmark for assessing the impact of diverse legal interventions on the subjective legal empowerment of individuals and social groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When thinking about ideology as a form of practice, Deleuze and Guattari show how ideology can circulate through the social as cliche, where cliches are themselves ideological tools that function to order the world or ideologically pattern social action and social relations. Against cliches Deleuze and Guattari insist on the power and political significance of what they call slogans, where slogans or the practice of sloganizing can imply a critique of the forms of ideology we encounter in everyday life. Put differently, a Deleuze-Guattarian critique of ideology implies a clearing-away of the cliches that ideologically play through the canvas of our social-political world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate a novel, generic, sensitive electroanalytical platform method for binding reactions, such as immuno or DNA assays. It was thought that silver nano-particles of 40 nM when attached to the analyte of interest would give an electroanalytical amplification of approx. 106 resulting from silver ions produced by dissolution of the nano-particles by a mild chemical oxidant such as ferricyanide. Ferricyanide has been widely used in biochemical measurement and has been shown to relatively stable in a biosensor device. Here we have demonstrated the use of silver nano-particles as a bio-conjugate in a 96 well sandwich assay format for measuring human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to a concentration of 0.2 mIU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A preface for the "Harvard Journal of Law Public Policy" is presented.

A preface to this issue of "Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy" is presented.

This paper discusses the contrasting perspectives of academic prose versus grant writing, and lists strategies grant specialists can use to help researchers break old habits and replace them with techniques better suited to the world of competitive grant proposals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the contrasting perspectives of academic prose versus grant writing, and lists strategies grant specialists can use to help researchers break old habits and replace them with techniques better suited to the world of competitive grant proposals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an essay on the significance of tribal disobedience to the survival of American Indians which is seen by the U.S. government as a threat to national security. It is a process by which Indians took in unruly actions against the government to defend their constitutional rights. The Indians' pushy attack to advocacy is considered similar to civil disobedience. The USA Patriotic Act has confirmed the action as a threat to national security and has allowed authorities to suppress it, which paved way for other advocacy schemes including litigation, lobbying and voting.

Review panels determine the success or failure of most proposals, and writers are well advised to polish their prose in a manner that will win their approval. Indeed, many successful proposal writers count their service on review panels among the most powerful learning experiences in their own research careers. Information on how review panels work is abundant, but little has been written on the personal perspectives of reviewers-the critical factors that lead to their support or rejection of any given proposal, how they view the strengths and weaknesses of the peer review system and whether serving on panels has shaped their own proposal writing strategies. This paper presents the findings of interviews with sixteen senior Virginia Tech faculty with extensive experience on review panels. Most participants strongly endorsed the peer review system, though reservations were expressed concerning its administrative complexities and the difficulties in assigning proposals to reviewers with appropriate expertise. The paper concludes with reviewers' recommendations to improve the overall system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the citizenship dilemma of the Haudenosaunee, the indigenous people who exist within the U.S. and Canada. Sense of nationhood and political identity of Haudenosaunee, the People of the Longhouse; Implications of the attempts of the U.S. and Canadian governments to assimilate the Haudenosaunee as citizens; Ways in which Haudenosaunee citizens may be viewed as being politically loyal to the colonizing nation.

Limited submission grant programs force a sensitive gatekeeper role squarely on research administration. By limiting the number of proposals that an institution may submit in response to a program announcing sponsors (both governmental and private) are, in effect, pushing down to the universities the initial triage of competitive vs, non-competitive grant proposals, thus reducing their own work-loads to a considerable degree. At the other end, research administrators can view this role either as an onerous but necessary task, or they can seize opportunities for constructive communications, proposal improvements, and faculty development. This paper describes a process at Virginia Tech that aims at the latter approach, using ten rules for managing limited submission programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: cognitive decline is well recognised in Parkinson's disease (PD) but the best cognitive assessment tool for use in such patients remains unclear. The 30-point Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), while quick and straightforward to use, fails to cover a full range of cognitive domains and is recognised to have a ceiling effect. The Cambridge Cognitive Assessment-Revised (CAMCOG-R) is a cognitive screening tool allowing the assessment of a number of different domains of cognition. It has not previously been used specifically on PD subjects. Methods: a prevalent community, population of 135 PD patients were assessed cognitively using the MMSE. Those scoring 25 or above on the MMSE were subsequently further assessed using CAMCOG-R. Demographic and disease factors including disease duration, symptom severity, anxiety, depression and the presence of hallucinations were recorded for each participant. Results: 31/135 (23%) demonstrated cognitive impairment on the MMSE (score <25). Ninety-four of the remaining group (10 were excluded) achieved a median total CAMCOG-R score of 89/104. The results were widely distributed. The subjects scored particularly highly in the cognitive domains of orientation, comprehension and perception but relatively poorly at memory and abstract thinking. Significantly poorer scores (P < 0.05) were seen throughout the cognitive domains with increasing age, increasing PD symptom severity and increasing disease duration, but not with the presence of anxiety, depression or hallucinations in the subjects. Discussion: CAMCOG-R was found to be a viable and useful cognitive screening tool for use in PD. A wide range of cognitive ability was demonstrated in subjects who had been assessed previously by the MMSE as not having significant cognitive impairment. The group performed worse in certain cognitive domains than others and those who were older, with more severe PD symptoms and with symptoms for longer, scored less well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discocotyle sagittata oncomiracidia were rapidly killed when incubated in naïve plasma and immune sera from both rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and brown trout (Salmo trutta), the killing proceeding at a faster rate with blood material from the latter fish species. The lethal activity of naïve plasma and immune sera was comparable. This was abolished after incubation at 45 °C for 30 min and by the addition of EDTA but not EGTA supplemented with Mg2+, indicating that complement acting via the alternative pathway is responsible for the parasiticidal effect observed. Scanning electron micrographs showed varying degrees of surface disruption in larvae exposed to fish plasma, suggesting that complement acts by breaching the oncomiracidial tegument. Control (untreated) oncomiracidia showed no damage. Ultrastructural damage was more extensive in oncomiracidia exposed to brown trout plasma than to rainbow trout plasma for equal periods, suggesting that the complement cascade may be involved in mediating host susceptibility. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

With pressure mounting to increase extramural funding, new faculty become increasingly important to the overall effort, as this group has the greatest potential to add to the university's future crop of award winners. Ominously, evidence shows that those who fail to establish effective habits of research and writing early in their careers probably never will. The challenge new faculty present to research administration can be simply put: What is the best means to get them started on their research careers? I his paper describes an approach led by the grants office that uses specially designed workshops to demystify sponsored research, build collegiality among new faculty and their more experienced colleagues, and stimulate greater participation in selected grant programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents an obituary for author Georgii Nikolaevich Vladimov.

The “GI Cocktail” is a mixture of medications often given in the Emergency Department (ED) for dyspepsia symptoms. Several combinations are used, but the most effective has not yet been determined. This study compared three combinations commonly given for dyspepsia. The study was a prospective, randomized, double-blinded trial comparing antacid (group 1); antacid + Donnatal® (group 2); antacid + Donnatal® + viscous lidocaine (group 3) for acute treatment of dyspepsia in the ED. Patients were randomly assigned to receive one of the three medication combinations. Patients rated their discomfort on a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) immediately before receiving the medication and 30 min later. Change in VAS was the primary study endpoint. A 13-mm difference in VAS was considered clinically significant. VAS change in the three groups was compared using multivariable regression, controlling for pretreatment VAS, study drug, previous antacid use, and gastrointestinal (GI) history. One hundred twenty patients were enrolled between July and December 2000. One hundred thirteen subjects (113) completed the protocol: Group 1 (N = 38); Group 2 (N = 37); Group 3 (N = 38). There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of age, gender, GI history, previous antacid use, or initial degree of pain. Group 1 had a 25 ± 27 mm mean (± SD), decrease in pain; Group 2, 23 ± 22 mm decrease; and Group 3, 24 ± 26 mm decrease. There was no statistically significant difference in pain relief between the three groups on univariate analysis or multivariable regression. In conclusion, the addition of Donnatal® or Donnatal® + lidocaine to an antacid did not relieve dyspepsia better than plain antacid. The “GI Cocktail” concoction may not be necessary. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The intention in this article is to explore, explicate, and, ultimately, critique Jurgen Habermas' communication theory. Drawing on the pragmatics of Deleuze and Guattari we will propose that Habermas' defence of the importance and priority of communicative action is problematic to the extent that it implicitly involves the issuing of an imperative or order that cannot be accounted for within the normative framework that he envisages. In other words, we will be suggesting—with the help of Deleuze and Guattari—that Habermas, undoubtedly against his best intentions, precipitates, what we will call, a strategic levelling of communicative action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses proposal writing among college/university teachers to obtain extramural funding. Common proposal errors and pitfalls; Suggested techniques to avoid errors; Ways to help faculty improve their grant writing skills.

Focuses on the contributions of health communications in the effectiveness of a diphtheria vaccination program in Russia. Assessment of outcomes through vaccination coverage data and more qualitative measures; Statistics illustrating the correlation between successful vaccinations and effective health communication; Implications of findings for future immunization campaigns in the country.

Contributes to the discussion surrounding the assertions of Haudenosaunee, also known as People of the Longhouse, sovereignty in New York State. Clarification to the state's power to legislate with respect to Haudenosaunee affairs; History of New York's Involvement in Haudenosaunee affairs; Assessment of the legality of the state's Indian law; Implication of retaining invalid state Indian law.

Focuses on the traditional images of city life in Russian literature. Suggestion of an ambiguous attitude and hostile relationship towards urbanization; Effect of the modernist movement on the view of the city during the twentieth century; Presence of ambiguity in Russian literature since the 1960s.

This article presents community development as a strategy for achieving goals of prevention in small communities in Appalachia. The authors emphasize the organization of social structures and collective efforts in problem solving as a way of reducing stress, altering lifestyles, and enhancing levels of physical and mental health in these vulnerable communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The three Russian writers under discussion in this article have all sought to affirm a spiritual dimension in man which is not catered for in a militantly materialist world or in a world seduced by glib notions of progress. In the case of Alexander Solzhenitsyn this has manifested itself as overt Christian faith. For Valentin Rasputin, the spiritual element may often appear as superstition or nostalgia. While, in Vladimir Voynovich's case, solemn musings are replaced by a boisterous comedy which encourages comparisons with some Western absurdist writers, but the starting-point is the same in all three writers, a non-descriptive individual in strictly-circumscribed time and space. The animal world in Russian literature provides rich material for critics. Beneath the bewildering surface of modern Russian literature one can discern more-palpable trends and genres than politically-motivated epithets such as dissident or conformist suggest. Hence Solzhenitsyn, Rasputin and Voynovich, different in many ways, do provide interesting parallels at times. For one thing, in certain of their works they can all be described as village writers. They all offer characters in a rural setting, who operate on intuition rather than reason, who are uneducated, ignorant or hostile to the technological age and yet undoubtedly possess an implied moral superiority.

While there is unequivocal agreement on the need to support families and to avoid all unnecessary separation, there are ongoing debates across policy and practitioner communities nationally and internationally, around the place of residential care within the range of alternative care services which should be available to children who need them. This paper presents the findings of a review of evidence looking at the function, quality and outcomes of residential care based on 111 papers identified for inclusion using systematic searches. The review identifies definitional ambiguity in the use of the terms 'residential' and 'institutional' care in the literature, which, alongside the different cultural, social and economic contexts, makes generalizing challenging. However, we found insufficient evidence to substantiate claims that residential care is inherently unsuitable. We identify research gaps in the literature, including in relation to quality, children's perspectives and factors that impact upon the suitability of residential care for different children, before discussing implications of the findings for research, policy and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that program development manager Robert E. Porter has received 2005 Rod Rose Award for the best paper published in a research journal. This award is given recognizing the achievement of the authors and to honor the best paper published in the Journal of the Society of Research Administrators. Porter is working as a program development manager in research division of the company Virginia Tech. Porter has also prior experience of 20 years of working as a education administrator and private healthcare consultant.

The article presents several books about exceptional children including "The Empty Fortress," by Bruno Bettelheim, "Christmas in Purgatory: A Photographic Essay on Mental Retardation," by B. Blatt and F. Kaplan, "I Never Promised You a Rose Garden," by Hannah Green, "The World of Nigal Hunt: The Diary of a Mongoloid," by Nigel Hunt, and "The Child Who Never Grew," by Pearl S. Buck.